PERFORMANCE & TESTING

OF
I. C. ENGINES
INTRODUCTION :
Purpose of Testing
 To determine the information, which can not be obtained by
calculation.
 To confirm the data used in design, the validity of which may
be doubtful.
 To satisfy the customer regarding the performance of the
engine.

Performance Parameter
 Dependent Parameters
 Thermal Efficiency, Brake Power, Torque, Indicated
Power, Mechanical Efficiency, Specific Fuel
Consumption, Specific Weight, Specific Power Output
etc.
 Independent Parameters
 Load, Speed, A/F ratio, Compression Ratio, Mass of
Induced Charge etc.
INDICATED POWER :
Work done per stroke is given by
W = Force X Distance
= (MEP X Area of the Piston) X Stroke Length
= Pm A L (where Pm = N/m2, A = m2, L= m)
IP = Work done/stroke X Working Stroke/min

where
x = number of cylinder
n = working stroke/min = N/2 for 4-Stroke Engine
= N for 2-Stroke Engine
Measurement of Indicated Power
 By measuring the mean effective pressure which is obtained
from indicator diagram.
 Morse Test
 By measuring BP & FP separately and adding the two.
INDICATOR DIAGRAM :
 The device which measure the variation of pressure in the cycle over
a part or full cycle is called an INDICATOR and the plot where such
information are obtained is called an INDICATOR DIAGRAM.
 Two types of Indicator diagram
 P – V Plot
 P – θ Plot
Engine Indicator
 Piston Indicator  Cathode ray Oscillograph
 Balanced Diaphragm type Engine Indicator
Indicator  Optical Indicator
 Electronic Indicator
Principle
o A pressure sensing device.
o A device for sensing the piston displacement or the angular position of
the piston over the complete cycle.
o A display device which can depict both pressure and piston
displacement on a paper or screen.
PISTON INDICATOR :

Reducing Mechanism
BRAKE POWER :
 Measurement of brake power involves the determination of the
torque and the angular speed of the engine output shaft.
 Torque measuring device is called a DYNAMOMETER.

PRINCIPLE OF A DYNAMOMETER :
Work done per revolution
W=2πRF

External Moment or Torque is

T=SXL
Now,
RXF=SXL

Thus, work done per revolution

W = 2 π SL
Hence, work done per second or Brake Power
BP = 2 π SLN = 2 π N T Watts
ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER:

W = Suspended Weight, N
S = Spring Balance Reading, N
D = Outer Diameter of the Brake Wheel, m
d = Diameter of the Rope, m
N = RPM
PRONY BRAKE DYNAMOMETER:

BAND BRAKE DYNAMOMETER:

HYDRAULIC DYNAMOMETER:
EDDY CURRENT DYNAMOMETER:
TORSION DYNAMOMETER:
FRICTION POWER :
 The friction power is the energy lost due to friction
between the piston & cylinder, friction between the shaft &
bearing, friction between gudgeon pin & connecting rod
etc.
Measurement of Frictional Power
 Willan’s Line Method
 Motoring test
 By measuring IP & BP separately and adding the two.
HEAT BALANCE :
 The heat supplied to the engine by the fuel is given by
Qs = ṁf X C V kJ/min

 Heat equivalent of
 Heat rejected to cooling water Q cw = ṁw X Cpw X (Two – Twi)
 Heat carried away by exhaust gas Q eg = ṁg X Cpg X (Tgi – Ta)
Heat given by exhaust gases = Heat Taken by Cooling Water
ṁg X Cpg X (Tgi – Tgo) = ṁw X Cpw X (Two – Twi)
⇒ Q eg = ṁw X Cpw X (Two – Twi)/ (Tgi – Tgo) X (Tgi – Ta)
Heat Balance Sheet
MEASUREMENT OF AIR CONSUMPTION :
Let A0 = Area of Orifice, m2
d = Orifice Diameter, cm
Ha = Head causing flow through orifice,
m
hw = Pressure difference measured in
U-tube manometer, cm of water.
ρw = Density of water, kg/m3
ρa = Density of air, kg/m3
Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice
v = Velocity of air, m/s
Head causing the flow of air through the
orifice is given by,
MEASUREMENT OF AIR CONSUMPTION (CONT.):
The velocity of air passing through the orifice is given by,

The volume of air passing through the orifice is given by,

The mass of air passing through the orifice is given by,

The density of atmospheric air is given by,

Thus,
The mass of air supplied per kg of fuel can also be calculated from the
following formula if volumetric analysis of exhaust gases is known,

Where,
N = % of N2 by volume in exhaust gas.
C1 = % of CO2 by volume in exhaust gas.
C2 = % of CO by volume in exhaust gas.
C = % of C in fuel by weight.