Grade

12 Self-Learning
GENERAL CHEMISTRY II
Module in
Lesson: Chemical Kinetics: Reaction Rates & Collision Theory
Quarter: 3 Week: 6-7 Day and Time: ____________________
Learning competency/ies:
1. Describe how various factors influence the rate of a reaction
(STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j-130)
2. Differentiate zero, first-, and second-order reactions (STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j-132)
3. Explain reactions qualitatively in terms of molecular collisions
(STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j-136)
4. Explain activation energy and how a catalyst affects the reaction rate
(STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j-137)
5. Cite and differentiate the types of catalysts (STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j-138)
Learning Tasks:
Study Notebook Activity Sheet
 What I know, pp.1-3  What’s New, p. 3, p. 6 & p. 9
 What I Can Do, p. 5, p. 9 &  What I have learned, p. 5, p.9, & p. 11
p.11  Assessment pp. 12-13

I. Introduction:
This module in General Chemistry 2 will help students understand the
various factors on the rates of chemical reactions and describe the collision theory,
explain reactions qualitatively in terms of molecular collisions, explain activation
energy and how a catalyst affects the reaction rate and the types of catalysts. It is
designed to make students’ study time more profitable and to provide a better
understanding of General Chemistry 2.
Each lesson should be read thoroughly before answering the activities in
each topic in order to be successful and efficient in every task given. The
introductory remarks at the beginning of lesson provide a brief review of the
background upon which the activity is predicated. The questions appearing in the
activity are designed to check the student’s understanding of the quantitative
principle learned inside and outside the classroom.

What I Know

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given
choices.
1. The rate of a reaction depends on __________.
A. collision frequency C. collision orientation
B. collision energy D. all of the above

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2. What does an increase in temperature do to the reaction rate?
A. It increases the number of effective collisions between reactants, raising
the reaction rate.
B. It increases the concentration of the molecules and slows down the rate
of reaction.
C. It decreases the number of collisions and the energy of molecules to limit
further reaction.
D. It decreases the energy of the system, limiting how much further
reaction can occur.
3. As the temperature of a reaction is increased, the rate of the reaction
increases because the __________.
A. activation energy is lowered
B. reactant molecules collide less frequently
C. reactant molecules collide less frequently and with greater energy per
collision
D. reactant molecules collide more frequently and with greater energy per
collision.
4. The minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction is called the
A. activation energy. C. entropy of reaction
B. energy of reaction. D. reaction mechanism energy
5. The rate of a chemical reaction can be expressed in
A. grams per mole. C. molarity per second
B. energy consumed per mole. D. volume of gas per unit time.
6. Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of reaction.
A. adding catalyst
B. raising the temperature
C. increasing the volume of the container
D. increasing the concentration of the reactants
7. A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by
A. increasing the concentration of reactant(s).
B. decreasing the concentration of the reactant(s).
C. increasing the activation energy of the overall reaction
D. decreasing the activation energy of the overall reaction
8. Collision theory states that:
A. all collisions lead to chemical reactions.
B. most collisions lead to chemical reactions.
C. very few reactions involve particle collisions.
D. effective collisions lead to chemical reactions
9. The average kinetic energy of colliding particles can be increased by
A. adding a catalyst. C. increasing temperature
B. increasing pressure. D. increasing reactant concentration
10. To increase the rate of a reaction, there must be
A. a decrease in the frequency of collisions.
B. an increase in the frequency of collisions.
C. a decrease in the frequency of successful collisions.
D. an increase in the frequency of successful collisions.
11. In general, a chemical reaction requiring a large activation energy will
proceed
A. at a fast rate. C. only at low temperatures.
B. at a slow rate D. only at low concentrations.
12. Which of the following will decrease the number of effective collisions
during a chemical reaction?

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 A. Adding a catalyst. C. Increasing the surface area.
B. Decreasing the temperature. D. Increasing reactant
concentrations.
13. A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction by
A. increasing kinetic energy
B. decreasing the heat of reaction
C. changing the concentration of reactants
D. providing an alternate reaction mechanism
14. A catalyst changes the rate of a reaction by
A. changing ∆H.
B. increasing the temperature.
C. decreasing the energy of the products.
D. providing an alternate reaction mechanism.
15. When a catalyst is added to a reaction, ∆H will
A. increase slowly. C. decrease slowly
B. remains constant. D. increase rapidly due to the alternate pathway.

Factors that Influence

Reaction Rate

What’s New

Activity 6.1: Arrange the scrambled word to identify the term that is being
describe in the given statement.

CENNOCAIONTTRA 1. The rates of many reactions depend on this. Rates usually

increase when one or more of the reactants increases.
_____________________________________.

PRTMEEAUERT 2. Is a measure of the kinetic energy of a system, so higher it

implies higher average kinetic energy of molecules and more collisions per unit
time. _____________________________________.

SEUERRPS 3. This factor is important for reactions involving gases, and not a
significant factor with liquids and solids. ______________________________________

CALTYSTA 4. It provides an alternate pathway of lower activation energy, an

another way to speed up a reaction rate. ______________________________________.

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NILLICOSI OEYHRT 5. It assumes that particles collide at the proper orientation
and with sufficient energy in order to react. ______________________________________.

What Is It

Factors affecting reaction rate

Chemical kinetics deals with the experimental determination of reaction

rates from which rate laws and rate constants are derived. In order for a reaction to
occur, a collision must take place. This collision has to be of proper orientation and
have sufficient energy to break the necessary bonds.

Nature of reactants
Reaction rate variation is dependent on which substances are reacting. Fast
reactions include acid reactions, the formation of salts and ion exchange. Reactions
tend to be slow when covalent bond formation takes place between the molecules
and when large molecules are formed.

Physical state
The physical state, i.e. solid, liquid or gas, of a reactant is also an important
factor of the rate of change. When reactants are in the same phase, thermal motion
brings them into contact. If they are in different phases, the reaction is limited to
the interface between reactants and reactions can only occur at their area of
contact. Vigorous shaking and stirring may be needed to complete the reaction.

Concentration
According to the collision theory of chemical reactions, concentration is an
important factor because molecules must collide in order to react with each other.
When the concentration of the reactants increases, the frequency of the molecules
colliding increases, striking each other more frequently. Increasing the amount of
one of more reactants causes the collusions to happen more often, increasing the
rate of reaction.

Temperature
Molecules at a higher temperature have more thermal energy and collision
frequency is greater at higher temperatures.

Catalysts
Catalysts are substances used to facilitate reactions but remain chemically
unchanged afterwards. The rate of reaction is increased when the catalyst provides
a different reaction mechanism to occur with lower activation energy.

4
Pressure
When the pressure is increased in a gaseous reaction, the number of
collisions between reactants will also rise, increasing the rate of reaction.

What I Have Learned

Activity 6.2: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is
incorrect.
________1. An increase in the concentration means an increase in the number of
molecules and thus a decrease in spaces between the reacting particles.
________2. Food spoils faster at room temperature specially on warm summer days.
________3. The lower the temperature the faster the molecules move, and the more
frequent they collide.
________4. With less distance to travel inside the vessel, the more frequent the
collision, the faster the rate of the reaction.
________5. The bigger the size of particles, the larger the surface area are exposed.
________6. A number of medicines are produced in the form of fine powder or small
crystals to increase the reaction rate in the body.
________7. Suspended flour in flour mills is very reactive and presents explosion
hazard, smoking is prohibited in this area.
________8. When the concentrations of the reactants are raised, the reaction
proceeds more quickly.
________9. When solids and liquids react, increasing the surface area of the solid
will increase the reaction rate.
________10. Increasing the pressure for a reaction involving gases will increase the
rate of reaction. As you increase the pressure of a gas, you decrease its volume.

What I Can Do
Activity 6.3: Apply various factors influence the rate of a reaction.
1. In your own words, describe what effect cooling has on the frequency at which
particles of reactants can collide. Provide a real life example as to how we use
temperature to alter reactions for our benefit.

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 ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. Describe why an increase in concentration can result in a change in the rate of a
reaction. Provide a real-life example as to how we adjust concentration to adjust a
reaction for our benefit.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Reaction Rates & Rate Law

What’s New
Activity 6.4: Refer to the table below. Answer what is being asked

Consider the reaction: P4+ 6 H2 → 4PH3.

[P4], mol/L [H2], mol/L Initial Rate, mol/(L . s)

0.0110 0.0075 3.20x10-4
0.0110 0.0150 6.40x10-4
0.0220 0.0150 6.39x10-4

1. What is the order with respect to: P4 _____

H2 _____
2. Write the rate law for this reaction. _____________
_____________

What Is It

Reaction rates are the key information required to quantify chemical

reactions and to describe the performance of chemical reactors. The rate of a
chemical reaction is defined as the number of moles of reactant consumed per unit
time, or the decrease in concentration of reactant with time. It can also be defined
as the number of moles of product formed per unit time, or the increase in
concentration of product with time.

Writing expressions of rate of reaction

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For the general reaction:

A + B —> C + D

The rate of the reaction may be expressed in several ways:

Rate = - D[A] = - D[B] = - D[C] = -D[D]

Δt Δt Δt Δt

The symbol Δ denotes change; t is time and [ ] indicates molar concentration.

Since rate is a positive quantity, the concentrations of the products C and D
increase with time while that of the products decrease. A negative sign is placed
before the change in concentration of reactants, indicating that the concentration of
the reactant decreases with time. A negative sign is always used whenever
reactants express the rate of a reaction. Putting a negative sign will result in rate
with a positive sign.

Rate law
The rate law for a reaction is an expression that gives the mathematical
relationship of the rate of a reaction and the concentration of reactants.

Consider the following equations:

For the general reaction A+bB→C with no intermediate steps in its reaction
mechanism, meaning that it is an elementary reaction, the rate law is given by:
r=k[A]x[B]y
In this equation, [A] and [B] express the concentrations of A and B,
respectively, in units of moles per liter. The exponents x and y vary for each
reaction, and they must be determined experimentally; they are not related to the
stoichiometric coefficients of the chemical equation. Lastly, k is known as the rate
constant of the reaction. The value of this coefficient k will vary with conditions
that affect reaction rate, such as temperature, pressure, surface area, etc. A
smaller rate constant indicates a slower reaction, while a larger rate constant
indicates a faster reaction.

Reaction Order

7
 To reiterate, the exponents x and y are not derived from the balanced
chemical equation, and the rate law of a reaction must be determined
experimentally. These exponents may be either integers or fractions, and the sum
of these exponents is known as the overall reaction order. A reaction can also be
described in terms of the order of each reactant.

1
A certain rate law is given as Rate=k[H2][Br2]
2
What is the reaction order?
1
x=1,y=
2
1 3
reaction order = x + y = 1+ =
2 2
3
The reaction is first-order in hydrogen, one-half-order in bromine, and - order overall.
2
Example:
The reaction between nitric oxide and ozone, NO(g)+O3(g)→NO2(g)+O2(g), is
first order in both nitric oxide and ozone. The rate law equation for this reaction is:
Rate=k[NO]1[O3]1. The overall order of the reaction is 1 + 1 = 2.
First-Order Reactions
A first-order reaction depends on the concentration of one reactant, and the rate law is:

r=−dAdt=k[A]. A first-order reaction depends on the concentration of only one

reactant. As such, a first-order reaction is sometimes referred to as a unimolecular
reaction. While other reactants can be present, each will be zero-order, since the

concentrations of these reactants do not affect the rate. r=−d[A]dt=k[A]

Second-Order Reactions
A second-order reaction is second-order in only one reactant, or first-order
in two reactants. A reaction is said to be second-order when the overall order is
two. For a reaction with the general form aA+bB→C, the reaction can be second
order in two possible ways. It can be second-order in either A or B, or first-order in
both A and B. If the reaction were second-order in either reactant, it would lead to

the following rate laws: rate=k[A]2 or rate=k[B]2

Zero-Order Reactions
A zero-order reaction has a constant rate that is independent of the
concentration of the reactant(s); the rate law is simply rate=k.

8
Unlike the other orders of reaction, a zero-order reaction has a rate that is
independent of the concentration of the reactant(s). As such, increasing or
decreasing the concentration of the reacting species will not speed up or slow down
the reaction rate. Zero-order reactions are typically found when a material that is
required for the reaction to proceed, such as a surface or a catalyst, is saturated by
the reactants.
The rate law for a zero-order reaction is rate = k, where k is the rate constant. In
the case of a zero-order reaction, the rate constant k will have units of
concentration/time, such as M/s.

What I Have Learned

Activity 6.5: Draw or create a line graph that shows zero, first, and second order
reactions. Product vs. time is possible.

What I Can Do
Activity 6.6: When two compounds, A and B, are mixed together, they
form compound C, by a reaction that’s not well understood. Fortunately, the
following rate information was experimentally determined, as shown below:

Experiment [A] (mol/L) [B] (mol/L) Rate (mol/L.sec)

1 0.050 0.050 4.0 x 10-3
2 0.10 0.050 8.0 x 10-3
3 0.050 0.10 1.6 x 10-2

a) Determine the rate law for this reaction.

b) Determine the rate constant for this reaction.

Collision Theory

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What’s New
Activity 7.1: Write effective if the statement is true and ineffective if the
statement is false.
______________________1. The reactants are NO and O3, and the new products formed are
NO2 and O2.
______________________2. In order for a chemical reaction to take place, the reactants
must collide.
______________________3. Molecules must collide with the correct orientation and enough
energy in order to react.
______________________4. The collision transfers kinetic energy needed to break the
necessary bonds so that new bonds can be formed.
______________________5. The higher the frequency of effective collisions, the faster the
reaction rate.

What Is It
Collision theory

Collision theory, theory used to predict the rates of chemical reactions,

particularly for gases. The collision theory is based on the assumption that for a
reaction to occur it is necessary for the reacting species (atoms or molecules) to
come together or collide with one another. Not all collisions, however, bring about
chemical change. A collision will be effective in producing chemical change only if
the species brought together possess a certain minimum value of internal energy,
equal to the activation energy of the reaction. Furthermore, the colliding species
must be oriented in a manner favorable to the necessary rearrangement of atoms
and electrons. Thus, according to the collision theory, the rate at which a chemical
reaction proceeds is equal to the frequency of effective collisions. Because atomic or
molecular frequencies of collisions can be calculated with some degree of accuracy
only for gases (by application of the kinetic theory), the application of the collision
theory is limited to gas-phase reactions.
Collision theory is a set of principles that states that the reacting particles
can form products when they collide with one another provided those collisions
have enough kinetic energy and the correct orientation. Particles that lack the
necessary kinetic energy may collide, but the particles will simply bounce off one
another unchanged. The figure below illustrates the difference. In the first collision,

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the particles bounce off one another and no rearrangement of atoms has occurred.
The second collision occurs with greater kinetic energy, and so the bond between
the two red atoms breaks. One red atom bonds with the other molecule as one
product, while the single red atom is the other product. The first collision is called
an ineffective collision , while the second collision is called an effective collision
.

Figure 1. An ineffective collision (A) is one that does not result in product
formation. An effective collision (B) is one in which chemical bonds are broken and
a product is formed. Figure from the CK-12 Foundation – Christopher Auyeung.

Catalysts are substances that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction
rate without getting consumed in the process. They usually work by
1. Lowering the energy of the transition state, thus lowering the activation
energy, and/or
2. Changing the mechanism of the reaction. This also changes the nature (and
energy) of the transition state.
Catalysts are everywhere! Many biochemical processes, such as the oxidation of
glucose, are heavily dependent on enzymes, proteins that behave as catalysts.
Other common kinds of catalysts include acid-base catalysts and heterogeneous
(or surface) catalysts.

What I Have Learned

Activity 7.2: Explain how the 3 state of matter molecules react to each other, and
how much kinetic energy are released in which it expresses qualitatively.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

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Activity 7.3: Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer

1. What is the ability of a catalyst to accelerate the chemical reaction ?

a. activity c. positive catalysis
b. selectivity d. negative catalysis
2. Which is a biological catalyst?
a. a carbohydrate c. a nitrogen molecule
b. an enzyme d. an amino acid
3. What kind of catalyst can be explained by the adsorption theory?
a. enzyme catalysis c. acid base catalysis
b. homogeneous catalysis d. heterogeneous catalysis
4. Which depends the rate of reaction in homogeneous catalytic reactions?
a. depends upon the concentration of catalyst
b. depends upon physical state of catalyst
c. is independent of the physical state of catalyst
d. is independent of the concentration of catalyst
5. What happen to a catalyst on a chemical reaction:
a. reduces enthalpy of the reaction.
b. decreases rate constant of the reaction
c. increases activation energy of the reaction
d. does not affect equilibrium constant of the reaction
Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among
the given choices.
1. What happen when the rate of reaction increases as the temperature of a
reaction is also increased?
A. activation energy is lowered
B. reactant molecules collide less frequently
C. reactant molecules collide less frequently and with greater energy per
collision
D. reactant molecules collide more frequently and with greater energy per
collision.
2. How do catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction?
A. increasing kinetic energy
B. decreasing the heat of reaction
C. changing the concentration of reactants
D. providing an alternate reaction mechanism
3. How to increase the rate of a reaction?
A. a decrease in the frequency of collisions.
B. an increase in the frequency of collisions.
C. a decrease in the frequency of successful collisions.

12
 D. an increase in the frequency of successful collisions.
4. Which statement refers to a Collision theory?
A. all collisions lead to chemical reactions.
B. most collisions lead to chemical reactions.
C. very few reactions involve particle collisions.
D. effective collisions lead to chemical reactions
5. What happen to ∆H when a catalyst is added to a reaction?
A. increase slowly. C. decrease slowly
B. remain constant. D. increase rapidly due to the alternate pathway.
6. When there is an increase in temperature what happen to the reaction rate?
A. It increases the number of effective collisions between reactants, raising
the reaction rate.
B. It increases the concentration of the molecules and slows down the rate
of reaction.
C. It decreases the number of collisions and the energy of molecules to limit
further reaction.
D. It decreases the energy of the system, limiting how much further
reaction can occur.
7. What is the rate of a chemical reaction?
A. grams per mole. C. molarity per second
B. energy consumed per mole. D. volume of gas per unit time.
8. How a catalyst changes the rate of a reaction?
A. by changing ∆H.
B. by increasing the temperature.
C. by decreasing the energy of the products.
D. by providing an alternate reaction mechanism.
9. Which depends the rate of a reaction?
A. collision frequency C. collision orientation
B. collision energy D. all of the above
10. What is needed to start a reaction to the minimum amount of energy?
A. activation energy. C. entropy of reaction
B. energy of reaction. D. reaction mechanism energy
11. Identify on how to NOT increase the rate of reaction.
A. adding catalyst C. increasing the volume of the container
B. raising the temperature D. increasing the concentration of the
reactants

13
 12. How to increased the average kinetic energy of colliding particles?
A. adding a catalyst. C. increasing temperature
B. increasing pressure. D. increasing reactant concentration
13. How a chemical reaction requiring a large activation energy?
A. at a fast rate. C. only at low temperatures.
B. at a slow rate D. only at low concentrations.
14. How to decrease the number of effective collisions during a chemical
reaction?
A. Adding a catalyst. C. Increasing the surface area.
B. Decreasing the temperature. D. Increasing reactant
concentrations.
15.How do catalyst increases the rate of a reaction?
A. by increasing the concentration of reactant(s).
B. by decreasing the concentration of the reactant(s).
C. by increasing the activation energy of the overall reaction
D. by decreasing the activation energy of the overall reaction

Key Answers
What I know
1. D 9. C
2. A 10. D
3. D 11. B
4. A 12. B
5. C 13. D
6. C 14. D
7. D 15. B
8. D
Activity 6.3
answer may vary
Activity 6.5
answer may vary
Activity 6.6

1. When you double the concentration of A, the rate doubles, which suggests
that the reaction is first order in A. When you double the concentration of
B, the rate quadruples, which suggests that the reaction is second order
in B. Using this to generate a rate equation, we get:
14 2
Rate = k[A][B]

2. Plugging the concentrations into the equation with the rate, we solve for k
(incidentally, it doesn’t matter which trial we use – the numbers work out
References

A. Books
Marcelita Coronel Magno , 2016. Advanced Chemistry. Mandaluyong City,
Philippines: Anvil Publising Inc. pp. 98-113
Saranay “Sol” M. Baguio , Rose Mary B. Buturan. Breaking Through Chemistry
Quezon City Philippines. C&E Publishing, Inc.pp.366-369
Saranay “Sol” M. Baguio, Rose Mary B. Baturan. 2006. Breaking Through
Chemistry. Quezon City, Philippines: C&E Publishing, Inc., pp.384-386
Saranay “Sol” M. Baguio, Rose Mary B. Baturan. 2006. Breaking Through
Chemistry. Quezon City, Philippines: C&E Publishing, Inc., pp.389-392

B. Online and Other Sources

 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/factors-that-affect-
reaction-rate/

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 https://www.bscsd.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?
moduleinstanceid=374&dataid=1507&FileName=apchemistrykineticspracticeprobl
emssolutions2006.pdf
 http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/chemistry/courses/ch2213/ch222/2011/
Week%208%20Worksheet%20Notes.pdf
 https://www.cohassetk12.org/cms/lib010/MA01907530/Centricity/Domain/
345/Intro%20Chem%20A/Unit%203%20-%20States%20of%20Matter/3-
3%20KMT%20Worksheet%20SOL.pdf

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