Problems Chapter 4: Fluid Kinematics

Problem 4.1

መ
𝐕 = 3𝑦 + 2 𝐢Ƹ + 𝑥 − 8 𝐣Ƹ + 5𝑧 𝐤

𝑢 = 3𝑦 + 2 , 𝑣 = 𝑥−8 , 𝑤 = 5𝑧

a) Speed at origin (𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0)

𝐕= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 = 3𝑦 + 2 2 + 𝑥−8 2 + 5𝑧 2 = 2 2 + −8 2 + 0 2 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟓 ft/s

b) Speed 𝒂𝒕(𝑥 = 𝑧 = 0)

𝐕= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 = 3𝑦 + 2 2 + 𝑥−8 2 + 5𝑧 2 = 3𝑦 + 2 2 + −8 2 + 0 2 = 3𝑦 + 2 2 + 64 ft/s
 Problem 4.3

20𝑦 20𝑥
𝐕= 𝐢Ƹ + 𝐣Ƹ
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

20𝑦 −20𝑥
𝑢= , 𝑣=
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2

a) Speed along x-axis, y-axis

2 2
20𝑦 −20𝑥 400 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝐕= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 = + = = 400 = 200 ft/s
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
Problem 4.3

20𝑦 −20𝑥
𝑢= , 𝑣=
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2

b) Angle at 𝑥, 𝑦 = 5,0 , 5,5 , (0,5)

𝑣 𝑥
tan 𝜽 = =−
𝑢 𝑦
𝑥
at 𝑥, 𝑦 = 5,0 ⇒ tan 𝜽 = − = −∞ ⇒ 𝜽 = −90°
𝑦
𝑥
at 𝑥, 𝑦 = 5,5 ⇒ tan 𝜽 = − = −1 ⇒ 𝜽 = −45°
𝑦
𝑥
at 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0,5 ⇒ tan 𝜽 = − = 0 ⇒ 𝜽 = 0°
𝑦
Problem 4.4

𝐕 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝐢Ƹ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 8 𝐣Ƹ

𝑢 = x − y, 𝑣 = 𝑥2𝑦 − 8

At stagnation point 𝐕 = 𝟎, thus:

𝐕= 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝑢 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 0

⟹ x − y = 0, ⟹ 𝑥 2𝑦 − 8 = 0

⟹ x = y, ⟹ 𝑥 3 = 8 ⟹ 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2

Stagnation point occurs at (x, y) = (2, 2)

 Problem 4.5

Streamline equation is defined as:

𝑑𝑦 𝑣 9𝑥 2
= = = 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 3

⟹ 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

⟹ න 𝑑𝑦 = න 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + const
 Problem 4.15

Acceleration vector equation is defined as:

𝐷 𝐕 𝜕 𝐕
𝒂= = + 𝑽∙∇ 𝐕
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
መ
𝒂 = 𝑎𝑥 𝐢Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝐤

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 Thus:
𝑎𝑥 = = + 𝑢+ 𝑣+ 𝑤
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 መ
𝒂 = 𝑎𝑥 𝐢Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝐤
𝑎𝑥 = 0 + 2𝑥 3 + 0 + 0 = 2𝑥 3
መ
𝒂 = 2𝑥 3 𝐢Ƹ + 2𝑦𝑥 2 𝐣Ƹ + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦𝐤

𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = = + 𝑢+ 𝑣+ 𝑤
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑎𝑦 = 0 − 2𝑦𝑥 2 + 4𝑦𝑥 2 + 0 = 2𝑦𝑥 2

𝑑𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝜕𝑡
+ 𝜕𝑥
𝑢 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑣 + 𝜕𝑧
𝑤
𝑎𝑧 = 0 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 0 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
2
Problem 4.17

Acceleration vector equation is defined as:

𝐷 𝐕 𝜕 𝐕
𝒂= = + 𝑽∙∇ 𝐕
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝒂 = 𝑎𝑥 𝐢Ƹ + 0𝐣Ƹ + 0𝐤መ

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑎𝑥 = = + 𝑢
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢
= Local Acceleration
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑢1 ft 𝜕𝑢2
= 4 2, = 2 ft/s 2
𝜕𝑡 s 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝑢2 −𝑢1
= <0
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥

As u>0, therefore:

𝜕𝑢
𝑢<0
𝜕𝑥
Problem 4.18

Acceleration vector equation is defined as:

𝐷 𝐕 𝜕 𝐕
𝒂= = + 𝑽∙∇ 𝐕
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝒂 = 0𝐢Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝐣Ƹ + 0𝐤መ

መ
𝐕 = 0𝐢Ƹ + 8/𝑡 + 5 𝐣Ƹ + 0𝐤

𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑦 = = + 𝑣= = −8𝑡 −2
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡

at 𝒕 = 1 ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 = −8 1 −2 = −8 m/s2
at 𝒕 = 2 ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 = −8 2 −2 = −2 m/s2
at 𝒕 = 10 ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 = −8 10 −2 = −0.08 m/s2
 Problem 4.27

𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

at 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 10 = 0 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 10
at 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 25 = 𝑎 + 10 ⇒ 𝑎 = 15
⇒ 𝑢 = 15𝑥 + 10

As u is not function of time, the local acceleration:

Acceleration vector equation is defined as: 𝜕𝑢
=0
𝜕𝑡
𝐷 𝐕 𝜕 𝐕
𝒂= = + 𝑽∙∇ 𝐕 Acceleration at point 1:
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝒂 = 𝑎𝑥 𝐢Ƹ + 0𝐣Ƹ + 0𝐤መ 𝜕𝑢
𝑎1 = 𝑢 = 15 15 0 + 10 = 150 m/s2
𝜕𝑥
መ
𝐕 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝐢Ƹ + 0 𝐣Ƹ + 0𝐤
Acceleration at point 2:
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑎2 = 𝑢 = 15 15 1 + 10 = 375 m/s2
𝑎𝑥 = + 𝑢 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
 Problem 4.60

ሶ =
𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑡 න 𝜌𝑏 𝑉 ∙ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴
out_CS

With b = 1
𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑉 cos 𝜃 න 𝑑𝐴
out_CS
1
𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 𝜌 𝑉 cos 𝜃 = 𝜌 𝑉𝐴
cos 𝜃
kg m kg
𝑉 𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑉𝐴 = 1000 2
× 3 × 1m = 3000
m3 s s
𝑛ො
With 𝐛 = 𝟏/𝝆
𝑉 ∙ 𝑛ො = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 m m 3
𝐵ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝐴 = 3 × 1m2 = 3
s s
Problems Chapter 5: Control volume analysis
 Problem 5.6

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 = 𝑄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝑄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 = 𝑄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 ⟹ 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 =
𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡

𝜋𝐷2
𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 =
4

𝜋𝐷2 𝑄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 4𝑄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 4 8912 ft3 Τs

= ⟹𝐷= = = 19.45 ft
4 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝜋𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝜋 30 ftΤ𝑠
Problem 5.8

From the Continuity Equation:

Volume flow rate = constant

𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝑉2 𝐴2

The thickness at section 1 and 2 are the same

Therefore:

𝑉1 ℎ1 = 𝑉2 ℎ2

18 0.6 = 3.4ℎ

ℎ = 3.176 ft
Problem 5.10

The flow is steady and incompressible, therefore:

Volume flow rate = constant

𝑄3 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
𝑉3 𝐴3 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2

𝑄1 = 250 galΤmin = 962.5 in3Τs

𝑄2 = 100 galΤmin = 385 in3Τs
𝐴3 = 𝜋𝑅2 = 16𝜋 = 50.27 in2

𝑄1 + 𝑄2 962.5 + 385
𝑉3 = ⟹ = 26.8 inΤs = 2.23 ftΤs
𝐴3 50.27
 Problem 5.15

a) 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑉𝐴 = 𝜌𝑄 = 0.00238 × 10 = 0.0238 slugΤs

𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝜌𝑉𝐴 = 0.0035 × 700 × 𝜋 0.05 2 = 0.019 slugΤs

𝑑𝑀
= 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.0238 − 0.019 = 0.00456 slugΤs
𝑑𝑡 sys

𝑑𝑀 𝑑 𝜌𝑉 𝑑 𝜌
b) = =𝑉
Recall: what is already there plus what comes in minus what 𝑑𝑡 sys 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
goes out equals what is there
𝑑 𝜌 𝑑 𝜌 0.00456 slug
Therefore, from the conservation of mass for steady flow: 𝑉 = 0.053 slugΤs ⟹ = = 0.000228 3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 20 ft ∙ s

𝑑𝑀
= ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝑡 sys
 Problem 5.15

From mass conservation law:

𝜕
න 𝜌 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝜌 𝑽 ∙ 𝒏ෝ 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝜕𝑡
CV CS
The water is incompressible ⟹ 𝜌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝜕
ෝ 𝑑𝐴 = 0
න 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝑽 ∙ 𝒏
𝜕𝑡
CV CS

𝑄 = 1. 0 literΤs
𝑑𝑉 𝜕𝑉
+ 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = − 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝑑𝑉
ℎ = 1.5 𝑚 − 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑉 𝑡
𝑑𝑉
𝐷 = 10 𝑚 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 ⟹ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ න 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 න 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 0 0
𝑉 = ℎ 𝜋𝑅 2 = 1.5 𝜋52 = 117.8 m3
𝑉 117.8 m3
𝑡= = = 117809.7 s = 32.7 hrs
𝑄𝑖𝑛 0.001 m3 Τs
Problem 5.45

The control volume of the momentum equation in the x-direction is given by:
𝜕
න 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝜌 𝑢 𝑽 ∙ 𝒏 ෝ 𝑑𝐴 = ෍ 𝐹x
𝜕𝑡
CV CS

𝑉 = 𝐴𝑙
𝜕
𝐴𝑙𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑢22 𝐴2 − 𝜌𝑢12 𝐴1 = 𝑝1 𝐴1 − 𝑝2 𝐴2 + 𝐹x
𝜕𝑡

𝑢1 = 𝑢2 at every second because it is only function of time not position, therefore:

𝜌𝑢22 𝐴2 = 𝜌𝑢12 𝐴1

𝐹x = 0 because we assume the only forces is the pressure forces, thus:

𝜕
𝐴𝑙𝜌𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢
⟹ 𝑙𝜌 = 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝜕𝑡
𝑚
⟹ 𝑎×𝑙 = 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝑉
𝑚
⟹𝑎× = 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
𝐴
Problem 5.45

Apply the momentum equation in the x-direction, we get:

Pout − Pin = ෍ 𝐹x = 0

𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝜌𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉2 𝜌𝑉2 𝐴2 = 0

Apply the momentum equation in the y−direction, we get:

Pout − Pin = ෍ 𝐹y = 0

𝑉 sin 𝜃 𝜌𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉1 𝜌𝑉1 𝐴1 = 0

We have 3 unknowns and 2 equations, we have to think of one more equation:

The other equation can be obtained from conservation of mass principle:

𝜌𝑉1 𝐴1 + 𝜌𝑉2 𝐴2 = 𝜌𝑉𝐴

Problems Chapter 6: Differential analysis of Fluid Flow
 Problem 6.4

b) Rotational vector

1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑦
𝜔𝑧 = − = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 = −
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 2

1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 1 𝑦
𝜔𝑥 = − = −𝑦 − 2𝑧 = − + 𝑧
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 2

1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 1 5𝑧
a) The volume deformation is equal to the divergence of the velocity vector, thus: 𝜔𝑦 = − = 3𝑧 − (−2𝑧) =
2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 2 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
∇∙𝑉 = + + 𝝎 = 𝜔𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝜔𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝜔𝑧 𝑘෠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝑦 5𝑧 𝑦
= 2𝑥, = 𝑥 + 𝑧, = −3𝑥 − 𝑧 𝝎=− + 𝑧 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + − 𝑘෠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 2 2

∇ ∙ 𝑉 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑧 − 3𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0 ⟹ no deformation
𝝎 is not zero, therefore the flow is rotational
Problem 6.5

a) 𝜻 = 𝟐𝝎:

1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 1 3
𝜔𝑧 = − = −3𝑥𝑦 2 = − 𝑥𝑦 2
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 2

1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 1
𝜔𝑥 = − = 0 =0
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 1
𝜔𝑦 = − = 0 =0
2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 2

𝝎 = 𝜔𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝜔𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝜔𝑧 𝑘෠

3
𝝎 = − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑘෠
2
𝜻 = −3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑘෠

𝝎 is not zero, therefore the flow is rotational

Problem 6.8
a) The volume deformation is equal to the divergence of the velocity vector, thus:

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
∇∙𝑉 = + + = 0 (𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

b) 𝝎:
1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑈 𝑈
𝜔𝑧 = − = − =−
2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑏 2𝑏

1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 1
𝜔𝑥 = − = 0 =0
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 1
𝜔𝑦 = − = 0 =0
2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 2

𝑈
𝝎=− 𝑘෠
2𝑏
𝑈
c) 𝜻 = 𝟐𝝎 = − 𝑏 𝑘෠

𝒅𝜶 𝒅𝜷 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖 𝑈
d) 𝜸ሶ = + 𝒅𝒕 = 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝏𝒚 =
𝒅𝒕 𝑏