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Second Canadian Edition
Randy J. Larsen
Washington University In St. Louis
David M. Buss
University of Texas at Austin
David B. King
University of British Columbia
Carolyn E. Ensley
Wilfrid Laurier University
lar65774_fm_i-xxiv.indd 1 1/20/20 5:36 PM

Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature
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Dedication
To Tommy and Ana.
RL
To my father and first personality teacher, Arnold H. Buss.

DB
To Chris, whose personality is the best part of my day; and to

Atticus and London, whose spirits are greatly missed.
DK
To my husband, Henry, my best friend and greatest supporter.

CE
iii

Brief Contents
Introduction
1. Introduction to Personality Psychology 1
2. Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design 21
Part I
The Dispositional Domain
3. Traits and Trait Taxonomies 55
4. Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology 88
5. Personality Dispositions over Time: Stability, Coherence, and Change 123
Part II
The Biological Domain
6. Genetics and Personality 158
7. Physiological Approaches to Personality 189
8. Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality 227
Part III
The Intrapsychic Domain
9. Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality 263
10. Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues 300
11. Motives and Personality 331
Part IV
The Cognitive/Experiential Domain
12. Cognitive Topics in Personality 371
13. Emotion and Personality 402
14. Approaches to the Self 438
Part V
The Social and Cultural Domain
15. Personality and Social Interaction 470
16. Sex, Gender, and Personality 500
17. Culture and Personality 534
Part VI
The Adjustment Domain
18. Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health 568
19. Disorders of Personality 602
Conclusion
20. Summary and Future Directions 644
iv

Contents
About the Authors xi | Preface xiii Observer-Report Data (O-Data) 26
Introduction Test Data (T-Data) 28
Life-Outcome Data (L-Data) 33
Chapter 1 Issues in Personality Assessment 35
Introduction to Personality Psychology 1 Evaluation of Personality Measures 36
Reliability 36
Personality Defined 3
Validity 41
Personality Is the Set of Psychological
Generalizability 42
Traits . . . 3
Research Designs in Personality 43
And Mechanisms . . . 4
Experimental Methods 43
Within the Individual . . . 5
Correlational Studies 46
That Are Organized and Relatively
Case Studies 49
Enduring . . . 5
When to Use Experimental, Correlational, and
And That Influence . . . 6
Case Study Designs 51
The Individual’s Interactions with . . . 6
Summary and Evaluation 52
And Adaptations to . . . 7
Key Terms 53
The Environment 7
Three Levels of Personality Analysis 9
Part I
Human Nature 9
Individual and Group Differences 9 The Dispositional Domain
Individual Uniqueness 10
A Fissure in the Field 11
Chapter 3
Grand Theories of Personality 11 Traits and Trait Taxonomies 55
Contemporary Research in Personality 11 What Is a Trait? Two Basic Formulations 57
Six Domains of Knowledge About Human Traits as Internal Causal Properties 57
Nature 12 Traits as Purely Descriptive Summaries 58
Dispositional Domain 13 The Act Frequency Formulation of Traits—An
Biological Domain 14 Illustration of the Descriptive Summary
Intrapsychic Domain 14 Formulation 58
Cognitive-Experiential Domain 15 Act Frequency Research Program 59
Social and Cultural Domain 15 Evaluation of the Act Frequency
Adjustment Domain 16 Formulation 60
The Role of Personality Theory 17 Identification of the Most Important Traits 62
Standards for Evaluating Personality Lexical Approach 62
Theories 18 Statistical Approach 63
Is There a Grand Ultimate and True Theory of Theoretical Approach 64
Personality? 19 Evaluating the Approaches for Identifying
Key Terms 20 Important Traits 66
Taxonomies of Personality 66
Chapter 2 Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of
Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Personality 67
Research Design 21 Circumplex Taxonomies of Personality 71
Sources of Personality Data 22 The Five-Factor Model (“Big Five”) 73
Self-Report Data (S-Data) 22 The HEXACO Model 83

Contents
Summary and Evaluation 85 Personality Stability over Time 130

Key Terms 86 Stability of Temperament During
Infancy 130
Chapter 4 Stability During Childhood 132
Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Rank Order Stability in Adulthood 135
Trait Psychology 88 Mean Level Stability in Adulthood 137
Theoretical Issues 90 Personality Change 141
Meaningful Differences Among Changes in Self-Esteem from Adolescence to
Individuals 90 Adulthood 142
Consistency over Time 91 Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership, and
Consistency Across Situations 92 Ambition 144
Person–Situation Interaction 95 Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity 144
Aggregation 99 Increasing Openness and Creativity 145
Measurement Issues 103 Personality Changes Across Cohorts:
Carelessness 103 Assertiveness and Narcissism 147
Faking on Questionnaires 104 Volitional Personality Change: Is it
Beware of Barnum Statements in Personality Possible? 148
Test Interpretations 105 Personality Coherence over Time: Prediction of
Personality and Prediction 106 Socially Relevant Outcomes 149
Applications of Personality Testing in the Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and
Workplace 107 Divorce 149
Legal Issues in Personality Testing in Alcoholism, Drug Use, and Emotional
Employment Settings 108 Disturbance 150
Personnel Selection—Choosing the Right Religiousness and Spirituality 150
Person for the Job 112 Education, Academic Achievement, and
Selection in Business Settings—The Myers- Dropping Out 151
Briggs Type Indicator 114 Health and Longevity 151
Selection in Business Settings—The Hogan Predicting Personality Change 153
Personality Inventory 118 Summary and Evaluation 154
Summary and Evaluation 121 Key Terms 155
Key Terms 122
Part II
Chapter 5 The Biological Domain
Personality Dispositions over Time:
Stability, Coherence, and Change 123 Chapter 6
Conceptual Issues: Personality Development, Genetics and Personality 158
Stability, Coherence, and Change 124 The Human Genome 159
What Is Personality Development? 125 Controversy About Genes and Personality 160
Rank Order Stability 125 Goals of Behavioural Genetics 161
Mean Level Stability 125 What Is Heritability? 163
Personality Coherence 126 Misconceptions About Heritability 164
Personality Change 128 Nature–Nurture Debate Clarified 164
Three Levels of Analysis 128 Behavioural Genetic Methods 165
Population Level 129 Selective Breeding—Studies of Humans’ Best
Group Differences Level 129 Friend 165
Individual Differences Level 130 Family Studies 166
vi

Contents
Twin Studies 167 Sexual Selection 229

Adoption Studies 170 Genes and Inclusive Fitness 230
Major Findings from Behavioural Genetic Products of the Evolutionary Process 231
Research 171 Evolutionary Psychology 233
Personality Traits 171 Premises of Evolutionary Psychology 233
Attitudes and Preferences 174 Empirical Testing of Evolutionary
Drinking and Smoking 177 Hypotheses 234
Marriage 177 Human Nature 236
Shared versus Nonshared Environmental Need to Belong 236
Influences: A Riddle 178 Helping and Altruism 238
Genes and the Environment 180 Universal Emotions 240
Genotype–Environment Interaction 180 Sex Differences 241
Genotype–Environment Correlation 181 Sex Differences in Aggression 242
Molecular Genetics 183 Sex Differences in Jealousy 244
Behavioural Genetics, Science, Politics, and Sex Differences in Mate Preferences 246
Values 185 Individual Differences 247
Summary and Evaluation 186 Environmental Triggers of Individual
Key Terms 188 Differences 249
Heritable Individual Differences Contingent
Chapter 7 on Other Traits 250
Physiological Approaches to Frequency–Dependent Strategic Individual
Personality 189 Differences 252
A Physiological Approach to Personality 195 The Big Five, Motivation, and Evolutionarily
Physiological Measures Commonly Used in Relevant Adaptive Problems 255
Personality Research 196 Limitations of Evolutionary
Electrodermal Activity (Skin Psychology 257
Conductance) 197 Summary and Evaluation 258
Cardiovascular Activity 197 Key Terms 260
Brain Activity 198
Other Measures 200 Part III
Physiologically Based Theories of The Intrapsychic Domain
Personality 201
Extraversion–Introversion 201 Chapter 9
Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment 206 Psychoanalytic Approaches to
Sensation Seeking 210 Personality 263
Neurotransmitters and Personality 215 Sigmund Freud: A Brief Biography 265
Morningness–Eveningness 217 Fundamental Assumptions
Brain Asymmetry and Affective Style 220 of Psychoanalytic Theory 266
Summary and Evaluation 224 Basic Instincts: Sex and Aggression 267
Key Terms 226 Unconscious Motivation: Sometimes We Don’t
Know Why We Do What We Do 267
Chapter 8 Psychic Determinism: Nothing Happens by
Evolutionary Perspectives Chance 269
on Personality 227 Structure of Personality 272
Evolution and Natural Selection 228 Id: Reservoir of Psychic Energy 272
Natural Selection 229 Ego: Executive of Personality 273
vii

Contents
Superego: Upholder of Societal Values and Need for Achievement 340

Ideals 276 Need for Power 346
Interaction of the Id, Ego, and Superego 277 Need for Intimacy 349
Dynamics of Personality 277 Humanistic Tradition: The Motive to Self-
Types of Anxiety 277 Actualize 351
Defence Mechanisms 278 Abraham Maslow’s Contributions 352
Psychosexual Stages of Personality Carl Rogers’ Contributions 359
Development 285 Summary and Evaluation 366
Personality and Psychoanalysis 289 Key Terms 368
Techniques for Revealing the
Unconscious 289 Part IV
The Process of Psychoanalysis 293 The Cognitive/Experiential Domain
Why Is Psychoanalysis Important? 295
Evaluation of Freud’s Contributions 295 Chapter 12
Summary and Evaluation 298 Cognitive Topics in Personality 371
Key Terms 298
Personality Revealed Through Perception 374
Chapter 10 Field Dependence 375
Pain Tolerance and Sensation Reducing/
Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary
Augmenting 379
Issues 300
Personality Revealed Through
The Neo-Analytic Movement 302 Interpretation 380
Repression and Contemporary Research on Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory 381
Memory 302 Locus of Control 383
Contemporary Views on the Learned Helplessness 386
Unconscious 309 Personality Revealed Through Goals 391
Ego Psychology 311 Personal Projects Analysis 391
Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development 312 Cognitive Social Learning Theory 392
Karen Horney and a Feminist Interpretation Intelligence 396
of Psychoanalysis 318 Summary and Evaluation 399
Emphasis on Self and the Notion of Key Terms 401
Narcissism 319
Object Relations Theory 321 Chapter 13
Early Childhood Attachment 322 Emotion and Personality 402
Adult Relationships 324
Issues in Emotion Research 404
Emotional States versus Emotional
Key Terms 329
Traits 404
Chapter 11 Categorical versus Dimensional Approach to
Emotion 404
Motives and Personality 331
Content versus Style of Emotional Life 409
Basic Concepts 333
Content of Emotional Life 409
Need 334
Style of Emotional Life 430
Press 336
Interaction of Content and Style in Emotional
Apperception and the TAT 336
Life 435
The Big Three Motives: Achievement, Power,
and Intimacy 340
Key Terms 437
viii

Contents
Chapter 14 Evocation Through Expectancy

Confirmation 486
Approaches to the Self 438
Manipulation: Social Influence Tactics 487
Descriptive Component of the Self: Self- A Taxonomy of Eleven Tactics of
Concept 440 Manipulation 487
Self-Concept Development 440 Personality Predictors of Tactics of
Self-Schemas: Possible Selves, Ought Selves, Manipulation 489
and Undesired Selves 446 Panning Back: An Overview of Personality
Is There a “True” Self? 448 and Social Interaction 494
Evaluative Component of the Self: Self- Summary and Evaluation 497
Esteem 449 Key Terms 499
Evaluation of Oneself 449
Research on Self-Esteem 452 Chapter 16
Social Component of the Self: Social Sex, Gender, and Personality 500
Identity 461
The Science and Politics of Studying Sex
The Nature of Identity 461
and Gender 502
Identity Development 462
History of the Study of Sex Differences 502
Identity Crises 462
Calculation of Effect Size: How Large Are the
Sex Differences? 503
Key Terms 467
Minimalists and Maximalists 505
Sex Differences in Personality 505
Part V Temperament in Children 505
The Social and Cultural Domain Five-Factor Model 506
Basic Emotions: Frequency and
Chapter 15 Intensity 511
Personality and Social Interaction 470 Other Dimensions of Personality 512
Selection 472 Masculinity/Femininity, Gender Stereotypes,
Personality Characteristics Desired in a and Gender Identity 515
Partner 472 Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny 515
Assortative Mating for Personality: The Search Gender Stereotypes 519
for the Similar 473 Gender Identity 521
Do People Get the Partners They Want? And Theories of Sex Differences 524
Are They Happy? 477 Socialization and Social Roles 524
Personality and the Selective Breakup of Hormonal Theories 527
Couples 479 Evolutionary Psychology Theory 529
Shyness and the Selection of Risky An Integrated Theoretical Perspective 530
Situations 480 Summary and Evaluation 531
Other Personality Traits and the Selection of Key Terms 533
Situations 481
Evocation 482
Chapter 17
Aggression and the Evocation of Culture and Personality 534
Hostility 482 Cultural Violations: An Illustration 535
Evocation of Anger and Upset in What Is Cultural Personality Psychology? 536
Couples 483 Cultural Differences in Personality 537
Evocation of Likability, Pleasure, and Evoked Culture 537
Pain 486 Transmitted Culture 540
ix

Contents
Do Cultures Have Distinctive Personality The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Profiles? 554 Mental Disorders 607
Cultural Similarities in Personality 556 What Is a Personality Disorder? 608
Cultural Universals 556 Specific Personality Disorders 610
Summary and Evaluation 564 Cluster A. The Eccentric Cluster: Ways of
Key Terms 566 Being Different 610
Cluster B. The Erratic Cluster: Ways of Being
Part VI Unstable and Emotional 615
The Adjustment Domain Cluster C. The Anxious Cluster: Ways of Being
Fearful and Distressed 627
Chapter 18 Prevalence of Personality Disorders 633
Stress, Coping, Adjustment, Gender Differences in Personality Disorders 636
and Health 568 Dimensional Model of Personality Disorders 637
Causes of Personality Disorders 638
Models of the Personality–Illness
Connection 570
Key Terms 643
The Concept of Stress 575
The Stress Response 576
Major Life Events 577 Conclusion
Daily Hassles 579
Varieties of Stress 579 Chapter 20
Primary and Secondary Appraisal 581 Summary and Future Directions 644
Coping Strategies and Styles 582 Current Status of the Field 645
Explanatory Style 582 Domains of Knowledge: Where We’ve Been,
Optimism and Health 584 Where We’re Going 646
Management of Emotions and Dispositional Domain 646
Disclosure 587 Biological Domain 647
Hardiness and Resilience 592 Intrapsychic Domain 649
Type A Personality and Cardiovascular Cognitive/Experiential Domain 650
Disease 593 Social and Cultural Domain 651
Hostility: The Lethal Component of the Adjustment Domain 652
Type A Behaviour Pattern 596 Integration: Personality in the Twenty-First
How the Arteries Are Damaged by Hostile Century 653
Type A Behaviour 597
Summary and Evaluation 599 Glossary GL-1
Key Terms 600 References RE-1
Chapter 19 Chapter Sources CS -1
Disorders of Personality 602 Name Index NI-1
The Building Blocks of Personality
Subject Index SI-1
Disorders 604
The Concept of Disorder 605
What Is Abnormal? 606

About the Authors
Randy J. Larsen received his PhD in Personality
Psychology from the University of Illinois at Champaign–
Urbana in 1984. In 1992, he was awarded the Distinguished
Scientific Achievement Award for Early Career Contributions
to Personality Psychology from the American Psychological
Association, and in 1987 he received a Research Scientist
Development Award from the National Institute of Mental
Health. He has been an associate editor at the Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology and the Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin, and has been on the editorial boards
of the Journal of Research in Personality, Review of General
Psychology, and the Journal of Personality. Randy Larsen has
served on several Scientific Review Groups for the National
Institute of Mental Health and the National Research Council. Courtesy of Randy J. Larsen
He is a Fellow in the Association for Psychological Science and
the American Psychological Association. His research on personality has been supported by the National
Institute of Mental Health, the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Aging, the McDonnell
Foundation for Cognitive Neuroscience, and the Solon Summerfield Foundation. In 2000 he was elected presi-
dent of the Midwestern Psychological Association. He has served on the faculty at Purdue University and the
University of Michigan. Currently Randy Larsen is chairman of the Psychology Department, and the William
R. Stuckenberg Professor of Human Values and Moral Development, at Washington University in St. Louis,
where he teaches Personality Psychology and other courses. He lives in St. Louis with his wife and two children.
David M. Buss received his PhD in 1981 from the

University of California at Berkeley. He served on the facul-
ties of Harvard University and the University of Michigan be-
fore accepting a professorship at the University of Texas at
Austin, where he has taught since 1996. Buss received the
American Psychological Association (APA) Distinguished
Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution to Psychology
in 1988, the APA G. Stanley Hall Award in 1990, and the APA
Distinguished Scientist Lecturer Award in 2001. Books by
David Buss include The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of
Human Mating (Revised Edition) (Basic Books, 2003), which
has been translated into 10 languages; Evolutionary
Psychology: The New Science of the Mind (4th ed.) (Allyn &
Bacon, 2012), which was presented with the Robert W.
Courtesy of David M. Buss
Hamilton Book Award; The Dangerous Passion: Why Jealousy
Is as Necessary as Love and Sex (Free Press, 2000), which has been translated into 13 languages; and The
Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (Wiley, 2005). Buss has authored more than 250 scientific publications
and has also written articles for The New York Times and the Times Higher Education Supplement. He appears
in the ISI List of Most Highly Cited Psychologists Worldwide, and as the 27th Most Cited Psychologist in
Introductory Psychology textbooks. He lectures widely throughout the United States and abroad and has ex-
tensive cross-cultural research collaborations. David Buss greatly enjoys teaching, and in 2001 he won the
President’s Teaching Excellence Award at the University of Texas.
xi

About the Authors
David B. King received his PhD in 2013 from the

University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. During
his doctoral training, he specialized in the field of health psy-
chology, studying social factors in the daily stress of Canadian
paramedics. He also holds a Master of Science degree in statis-
tical modelling and a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology,
both from Trent University. David’s current research addresses
the question of how stress unfolds within social contexts of
varying size and complexity. Within dyads and small groups,
he is interested in understanding how individuals cope with
stress together and carry stress across roles and settings. On
the sociocultural level, he explores how people cope with
stress arising from disease outbreaks, pandemics, and other
collective threats to health. In addition to his research, David Courtesy of David B. King
has been teaching at the university level since 2012, leading
courses in personality, gender, health, and death and dying in the Department of Psychology at the University of
British Columbia. He remains dedicated to his goal of fostering critical thinking and student engagement in
psychology, as well as improving science literacy more broadly in the community. David has authored multiple
papers in peer-reviewed academic journals and is the co-author of one additional textbook, the Canadian edi-
tion of Health Psychology: Biopsychosocial Interactions (Sarafino, Smith, King, & DeLongis, 2015). He has also
received multiple awards, including an Early Career Achievement Award from the American Psychological
Association and a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Award from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research
Council of Canada. In his spare time, David enjoys writing, staying active, and spending time in nature with his
husband, Chris, and his two rescue dogs from Mexico, Hunter and Scout.
Carolyn E. Ensley received her PhD in 1999 from

the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Canada. Carolyn’s
doctoral research examined dual-task interference and the
role of attention in visual information processing. After com-
pleting her PhD, Carolyn began a post-doctoral fellowship for
the Ontario government, which involved developing an as-
sessment tool that could accurately predict the length of stay
for psychiatric patients at inpatient facilities. The tool is now
used at psychiatric facilities across Ontario. In 2004 Carolyn
began teaching at Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo and
since that time has developed and taught more than 60
courses covering a wide variety of topics in undergraduate
psychology. Carolyn is an expert on evolutionary influences
on personality and personality and psychological disorders.
Courtesy of Carolyn E. Ensley
When not working, Carolyn enjoys reading, birding, garden-
ing, and spending time with her husband, Henry, and her
sons Jonathan, James, and Joshua.
xii

Preface
We are pleased and excited to present the second Canadian edition of Personality Psychology: Domains of
Knowledge About Human Nature. As with previous editions of the book, the second Canadian edition contin-
ues to adopt a framework of six important domains of knowledge about personality functioning, rather than
organizing material around the traditional grand theories of personality. This innovative framework is one of
the reasons Domains of Knowledge has remained a forerunner among personality texts, and it has proven
equally valuable within a Canadian context. These six domains are the dispositional domain (traits, trait tax-
onomies, and personality dispositions over time), the biological domain (genetics, physiology, evolution), the
intrapsychic domain (psychodynamics, motives), the cognitive-experiential domain (cognition, emotion, and
the self), the social and cultural domain (social interaction, gender, and culture), and the adjustment domain
(stress, coping, health, and personality disorders). Original authors Randy Larsen and David Buss believed
that these domains of knowledge represented the contemporary state of affairs in personality psychology, and
progress in the field since publication of the first American edition has continued to bear out that belief.
In line with the goals of previous editions, we envision our text as a reflection of the field of personality psy-
chology, both generally and now specifically within a Canadian context. Our desire is to capture the excite-
ment of what the science of personality is all about and how it remains relevant to Canadians. For the second
Canadian edition, we did our best to remain true to that vision. We believe that the field of personality psy-
chology has entered a golden age of sorts, and we hope that the changes we’ve made to this edition convey a
discipline that is vibrant in a way it never has been before. After all, no other field is devoted to the study of all
that it means to be human.
For the previous American edition on which the first Canadian edition was based, each chapter was stream-
lined through judicious trimming. This provided room for discussing new research and made the book a bit
shorter and more economical. The book has since been edited and revised further to resonate with a Canadian
readership. Key additions and revisions to the first and second Canadian editions are described below. We
have updated the language of the text (to improve gender neutrality, to remove potentially stigmatizing lan-
guage, and to ensure that examples are relevant within a modern context), added more salient cultural refer-
ences, and paid special attention to current social issues that many Canadians consider important. In order to
showcase Canadian contributions to personality research, we have included in each chapter a Highlight On
Canadian Research box describing research by Canadian scientists. At the end of each chapter (as well as sec-
tions within), we have also added a few questions (referred to as “Concept Checks”) to help students think
more critically about the material.
Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
• Research on social desirability and impression management, including a highlight of leading Canadian
research by Del Paulhus.
• Updated practical examples of personality assessment and research methods.
Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies
• An expanded look at the HEXACO model of personality developed by Canadian researchers, which is
now featured as a main taxonomy following the Five Factor Model.
• A detailed discussion of the Honesty–Humility trait and new research supporting its inclusion as a
sixth factor of personality.
xiii

Preface
• A new and expanded examination of the Dark Triad and Dark Tetrad models, including definitions of
narcissism, subclinical psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and dispositional sadism. These additions
better enable the reader’s understanding of research findings on the dark traits discussed throughout
the text.
Chapter 4: Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology
• Highlighted discussion of the work of Canadian researcher Sampo Paunonen, including expanded
discussions of the hierarchical organization of traits.
• Information on personality testing in RCMP officers.
• New research on gender diversity in the Canadian workforce.
Chapter 5: Personality Dispositions over Time: Stability, Coherence, and Change
• New research on impulsivity in the section on sensation seeking, including findings on differential
developmental trajectories of these traits.
• New content on increasing openness and creativity.
• New content on volitional personality change.
• Information on the Victoria Longitudinal Study addressing stability and change of personality traits
over time.
• Updated research findings on historical changes in narcissism.
Chapter 6: Genetics and Personality
• Findings from a Canadian twin study on mental toughness.

• New material from behavioural genetics on the link between social values and personality.
Chapter 7: Physiological Approaches to Personality
• An overview of the famous Canadian case study of the brain injury of Patient K. C., including the
contributions of the case to modern psychology.
• A highlighted discussion of Canadian research from the Centre for Gambling Research at the
University of British Columbia.
• A closer look at fascinating research that demonstrates how the brain uses its own models of
personality to predict behaviour.
Chapter 8: Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
• Research on the adaptive rumination hypothesis, which proposes that depression is an evolved
mechanism in humans.
• Information on how ADHD may have evolved as an adaptive trait.
Chapter 9: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality
• The discussion of a famous Canadian case of repression.

• Canadian research on dream analysis and dream interpretation.
xiv

Preface
Chapter 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
• The inclusion of an example of a Canadian court case that was influenced by false memories.
• Research on Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development among Holocaust survivors from Canadian
psychologist Peter Suedfeld.
• Updated research on attachment theory and narcissism.
Chapter 11: Motives and Personality
• Significant updates and corrections to the table of Murray’s needs.

• Research on the effects of Canadian acculturation on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for
achievement.
• Updated research on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-actualization, including a brief discussion
of self-transcendence.
• An expanded discussion of peak experiences, flow, and the autotelic personality.
Chapter 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality
• The inclusion of a clearer definition of schema.

• Information on learned helplessness among First Nations youth.
• New exercise on intelligence, numeracy, and information-processing within the context of analyzing
data.
Chapter 13: Emotion and Personality
• Updated research on the basic emotion of pride from Canadian researcher Jessica Tracy.
• Updated research on money and happiness, including Canadian research on prosocial spending.
• A closer look at the link between money and happiness in a Canadian context.
Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self
• Updated research on the mirror recognition test in other species.

• Canadian research on the link between ambiguous text messaging and social anxiety.
• An expanded discussion of the distinction between shyness and social disinterest in childhood, based
on Canadian research.
• Canadian research on implicit and explicit self-esteem.
• Canadian research examining self-concept and body dissatisfaction among First Nations
schoolchildren.
• New discussion on self-concept differentiation and related research.
Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction
• More inclusive language when discussing relationships and families.

• Where available, research on gay and lesbian relationships, including new research on assortative
mating among gay men.
• Canadian research on Internet trolling behaviour and its psychological underpinnings.
xv

Preface
Chapter 16: Sex, Gender, and Personality
• Updated discussion of sex and gender (including additional definitions of key terms) to better align the
text with a contemporary Canadian perspective.
• New section on gender identity.
• Updated research on sex differences throughout, with outdated research removed or replaced.
• Updated research on masculinity/femininity, gender stereotypes, and theories of sex differences.
• Information on the challenges faced by the transgender community, including a highlight box on
Canadian research examining increased suicide risk resulting from discrimination.
Chapter 17: Culture and Personality
• New and comprehensive highlight box examining cultural identity (and related psychosocial factors) in In-
digenous peoples of Canada, reviewed by David Newhouse, Chair of Indigenous Studies at Trent University.
• An expanded discussion of acculturation, including new Canadian research.
• Intriguing Canadian research on a third type of self-construal, the metapersonal type, and its link to
environmental awareness and conservation behaviour.
• A detailed discussion of the limitations of Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
(WEIRD) populations in research, as outlined by Canadian researchers.
• Information on the Cross-Cultural (Chinese) Personality Assessment Inventory and how it differs from
conventional measures and models of personality.
Chapter 18: Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health
• New section on hardiness and resilience.

• Improved integration of research findings on the role of the Big Five traits in stress, coping, and health.
• Canadian research on the effects of acute social stress on children’s emotional processing in the lab.
• Information on coping in a social context, including Canadian research on the role of neuroticism in
relationship-focused coping.
Chapter 19: Disorders of Personality
• Reordering of clusters to align with the layout of the DSM-5.

• Inclusion of Cluster letters (A, B, or C) to better align with the DSM-5 and improve cross-referencing.
• Reviews of Canadian cases of antisocial personality disorder.
• Canadian research on ambiguous facial expressions and borderline personality disorder.
• A closer look at alexithymia, including a discussion of Canadian research on the topic.
Canadian Researchers/Psychologists Cited in Personality Psychology,

Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
• Brian Connelly, University of Toronto Scarborough

• Del Paulhus, University of British Columbia
• W. Q. Elaine Perunovic (Xun), New Brunswick University
• Michael Ross, University of Waterloo
• Ann Wilson, Wilfrid Laurier University
xvi

Preface
Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies
• Michael Ashton, Brock University

• Kibeom Lee, University of Calgary
• Jessie Miller, McMaster University
Chapter 4: Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology
• Norman Endler, York University (deceased)

• Ian Gellatly, University of Alberta
• Richard Goffin, University of Western Ontario
• Jacob Hirsh, University of Toronto
• Douglas Jackson, University of Western Ontario
• Adelheid Nicol, Royal Military College of Canada
• Thomas O’Neill, University of Calgary
• Sampo Paunonen, University of Western Ontario (deceased)
• Jordan Peterson, University of Toronto
• Deborah Powell, University of Guelph
Chapter 5: Personality Dispositions over Time: Stability, Coherence, and Change
• Roger Dixon, University of Alberta

• Lorraine Greaves, BC Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health
• David Hultsch, University of Victoria
• Joy Johnson, University of British Columbia
• Carsten Wrosch, Concordia University
Chapter 6: Genetics and Personality
• Kerry Jang, University of British Columbia

• James Olson, University of Western Ontario
• Julie Schermer, University of Western Ontario
• Philip Vernon, University of Western Ontario
Chapter 7: Physiological Approaches to Personality
• Luke Clark, University of British Columbia

• Donald Hebb, Dalhousie University (deceased)
• Stefan Kohler, University of Western Ontario
• Shayna Rosenbaum, University of Toronto
• Robert Stelmack, University of Ottawa
Chapter 8: Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
• Paul Andrews, McMaster University
xvii

Preface
Chapter 9: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality
• Teresa DeCicco, Trent University

• David King, University of British Columbia
• Peter Humphreys, Trent University
Chapter 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
• Don Dutton, University of British Columbia

• J. D. Haltigan, University of Ottawa
• Peter Suedfeld, University of British Columbia
Chapter 11: Motives and Personality
• Shaljan Areepattamannil, Queen’s University

• John G. Freeman, Queen’s University
• Frédéric Guay, Université Laval
• Don A. Klinger, Queen’s University
• Richard Koestner, McGill University
• Marina Milyavskaya, University of Toronto
• Catherine F. Ratelle, Université Laval
Chapter 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality
• Mariangela Artuso, York University

• Janice Johnson, York University
• Suzanne Prior, York University
• Magdalena Smolewski, Royal Roads University
• Cynthia Wesley-Esquimaux, Lakehead University
• Susan Wingert, University of Western Ontario
Chapter 13: Emotion and Personality
• Lara Aknin, Simon Fraser University

• Elizabeth Dunn, University of British Columbia
• Andrew Spiers, University of Alberta
• Jessica Tracy, University of British Columbia
• Gordon Walker, University of Alberta
Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self
• Daniel Bailis, University of Manitoba

• James Battle, Edmonton Public School Board
• Tara Callaghan, St. Francis Xavier University
• Judith Chipperfield, University of Manitoba
• Robert Coplan, Carleton University
• Joseph Henrich, University of British Columbia
• Todd Jackson, University of Windsor
xviii

Preface
• Mila Kingsbury, Carleton University

• Tara Marshall, University of Toronto
• Diane Santesso, University of Waterloo
• Louis Schmidt, McMaster University
• Sidney Segalowitz, Brock University
• Romin Tafarodi, University of Toronto
• Shelagh Towson, University of Windsor
• Noreen Willows, University of Alberta
• Jennifer Wong, Simon Fraser University
• Joanne Wood, University of Waterloo
Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction

• Louis Schmidt, McMaster University
• Paul Trapnell, University of Winnipeg
Chapter 16: Sex, Gender, and Personality
• Lucy Barney, Provincial Health Services Authority of British Columbia

• Greta Bauer, University of Western Ontario
• Lorraine Greaves, BC Excellence for Women’s Health
• Natalie Hemsing, BC Excellence for Women’s Health
• Jacob Hirsh, University of Toronto
• Joy Johnson, University of British Columbia
• Chizimuzo Okoli, BC Excellence for Women’s Health
• Annie Qu, BC Excellence for Women’s Health
Chapter 17: Culture and Personality
• Billie Allan, University of Victoria

• Marie Battiste, University of Saskatchewan
• Jacob Burack, McGill University
• Michael Chandler, University of British Columbia (deceased)
• Teresa DeCicco, Trent University
• Roxane de la Sablonnière, Université de Montréal
• Tara Flanagan, McGill University
• James Frideres, University of Calgary
• Joyce Green, University of Regina
• Steven Heine, University of British Columbia
• Laurence Kirmayer, McGill University
• Christopher Lalonde, University of Victoria
• Clarry Lay, York University
• Darrin Lehman, University of British Columbia
• Aislin Mushquash, Lakehead University
• Christopher Mushquash, Lakehead University
• Ara Norenzayan, University of British Columbia
xix

Preface
• Janet Smylie, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute

• Sherry Stewart, Dalhousie University
• Mirella Stroink, Lakehead University
• Donald Taylor, McGill University
• Jessica Tracy, University of British Columbia
• Esther Usborne, Université de Montréal
• Sarah Wright Cardinal, University of Victoria
Chapter 18: Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health
• Frances Chen, University of British Columbia

• Anita DeLongis, University of British Columbia
• Susan Holtzman, University of British Columbia–Okanagan
• David King, University of British Columbia
• Hans Selye, Université de Montréal (deceased)
Chapter 19: Disorders of Personality
• Michael Bagby, University of Toronto

• Alexander Daros, University of Toronto
• Kevin Douglas, Simon Fraser University
• Alasdair Goodwill, Ryerson University
• Laura Guy, Simon Fraser University
• Robert Hare, University of British Columbia
• Paul Links, Western University
• Shelley McMain, University of Toronto
• James Parker, Trent University
• Anthony Ruocco, University of Toronto
• Graeme Taylor, Western University
• Amanda Uliaszek, University of Toronto
• Carolyn Watters, Dalhousie University
xx

Acknowledgments
A project of this scope and magnitude requires the efforts of many people. We are greatly indebted to our col-
leagues who reviewed this and previous editions in their various stages. We sincerely appreciate their time,
effort, and thoughtful feedback. We would also like to thank our team at McGraw-Hill, including Alex
Campbell, Portfolio Manager, Melissa Hudson, Content Developer, Jessica Barnoski, Senior Supervising
Editor, Marnie Lamb, Permissions Editor, and Margaret Henderson, Copy Editor. Thanks to David Newhouse,
Chair of Indigenous Studies at Trent University, for providing invaluable feedback reviewing the Indigenous
content in this edition. For their help and assistance on the first Canadian edition, we would like to give spe-
cial thanks to Karolina Donasewicz and Juliane Dmyterko. Their time, effort, and feedback throughout the
original Canadianization of this book proved invaluable to the project. David King feels especially indebted to
their assistance in the initial research and editing process.
xxi

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Chapter 1
Introduction to Personality
Psychology
Personality Defined
Personality Is the Set of Psychological Traits . . .
And Mechanisms . . .
Within the Individual . . .
That Are Organized and Relatively Enduring . . .
And That Influence . . .
The Individual’s Interactions with . . .
And Adaptations to . . .
The Environment
Three Levels of Personality Analysis

Human Nature
Individual and Group Differences
Individual Uniqueness
A Fissure in the Field

Grand Theories of Personality
Contemporary Research in Personality
Six Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature

Dispositional Domain
Biological Domain
Intrapsychic Domain
Cognitive-Experiential Domain
Social and Cultural Domain
Adjustment Domain
The Role of Personality Theory

Standards for Evaluating Personality Theories
Is There a Grand Ultimate and True Theory of Personality?
Key Terms
lar65774_ch01_001-020.indd 1 1/20/20 5:05 PM

Introduction
Introduction
Those who carry humour to excess are thought to be vulgar buffoons, striving after humour at all costs, not
caring about pain to the object of their fun; . . . while those who can neither make a joke themselves nor put
up with those who do are thought to be boorish and unpolished. But those who joke in a tasteful way are
called ready-witted and tactful . . . and it is the mark of a tactful person to say and listen to such things as
befit a good and well-bred person.
A ristotle, in The Nicomachean Ethics, expressed

these wise observations on the subject of hu-
mour and people who do and do not indulge in it. In
this quote we see Aristotle behaving much as a per-
sonality psychologist. He is analyzing the character-
istics of individuals who have an appropriate sense
of humour, providing some details about what fea-
tures are associated with a sense of humour. Aristo-
tle adds to this description by comparing people who
are extreme, having either too much or too little
sense of humour. In his book on ethics, Aristotle de-
scribed and analyzed many personality characteris- Each person is, in certain respects, like all other persons,
tics, including truthfulness, courage, intelligence, like some other persons, and like no other person.
self-indulgence, anger proneness, and friendliness. ©FatCamera/Getty Images
We might conclude that Aristotle was an amateur personality psychologist. But aren’t we all amateur person-
ality psychologists to some extent? Aren’t we all curious about the characteristics people possess, including
our own characteristics? Don’t we all use personality characteristics in describing people? And haven’t we all
used personality characteristics to explain behaviour, either our own or that of others?
When we say that a friend goes to a lot of parties because they are outgoing, we are using personality to ex-
plain their behaviour. When we refer to another friend as conscientious and reliable, we are describing fea-
tures of their personality. When we characterize ourselves as thoughtful, intelligent, and ambitious, we are
describing features of our personality.
Features of personality make people different from one another, and these features usually take the form of
adjectives; for instance, John is lazy, Lina is optimistic, and Samir is anxious. Adjectives that can be used to
describe characteristics of people are called trait-descriptive adjectives. There are nearly 20,000 such trait-
descriptive adjectives in the English language. This astonishing fact alone tells us that, in everyday life, there
are compelling reasons for trying to understand and describe those we interact with, as well as ourselves.
Notice that the adjectives describing personality refer to several very different aspects of people. Words such as
thoughtful refer to inner qualities of the mind. Words such as charming and humorous refer to the effects a person
has on other people. Words such as domineering are relational and signify a person’s position, or stance, toward
others. Words such as ambitious refer to the intensity of desire to reach our goals. Words such as creative refer both
to a quality of mind and to the nature of the products we produce. Words such as deceitful may refer to the strate-
gies used to attain one’s goals, however socially problematic. All of these features describe aspects of personality.
lar65774_ch01_001-020.indd 2 1/20/20 5:06 PM

Chapter 1 Introduction to Personality Psychology
Exercise
Think of someone you know well—say, a friend, family member, or roommate. Consider the many
characteristics that make this person unique. List the five adjectives you think best capture this
person’s personality. For example, if you were to describe this person to someone, what five adjec-
tives would you use? Now, ask your target person to list the five adjectives they think make them
most unique. Compare your lists. How similar or different are they?
Personality Defined
Establishing a definition for something as complex as human personality is difficult. The authors of the first
textbooks on personality—Gordon Allport (1937) and Henry Murray (1938)—struggled with the definition.
The problem is how to establish a definition that is sufficiently comprehensive to include all of the aspects
mentioned in the introduction to this chapter,
including inner features, social effects, quali-
ties of the mind, qualities of the body, relations
to others, and inner goals. Because of these
complexities, some texts on personality omit a
formal definition entirely. Nonetheless, the
following definition captures the essential ele-
ments of personality: Personality is the set of
psychological traits and mechanisms within the
individual that are organized and relatively en-
during and that influence the individual’s
interactions with, and adaptations to, the intra-
psychic, physical, and social environments. Let’s
examine the elements of this definition more
closely.
Personality Is the Set of

Psychological Traits . . .
Psychological traits are characteristics that
describe ways in which people are different
from each other. Saying that someone is shy is
to mention one way in which that person dif- People are different from each other in many ways. The
fers from others who are more outgoing. Traits science of personality psychology provides an understanding
also define ways in which people are similar to of the psychological ways that people differ from one another.
Clockwise from top left: ©Ingram Publishing/SuperStock; ©Design Pics/
some others. For example, people who are shy
Darren Greenwood; ©Shutterstock/Merla; ©Shutterstock/oneinchpunch;
are similar to each other in that they are anx- ©BananaStock/Alamy; ©A. Ramey/PhotoEdit; ©Shutterstock/Monkey
ious in social situations, particularly when Business Images; ©stevecoleimages/Getty Images; ©Kevin Peterson/Getty
there is an audience watching them. Images; ©Purestock/Superstock.
lar65774_ch01_001-020.indd 3 1/20/20 5:08 PM

Introduction
Consider another example—the trait of talkativeness. This characteristic can be meaningfully applied to peo-
ple and describes a dimension of difference among them. Typically, a talkative person is that way from day to
day, from week to week, and from year to year. Certainly, even the most talkative person can have quiet
moments, quiet days, or even quiet weeks. Over time, however, those with the trait of talkativeness tend to
emit verbal behaviour with greater frequency than those who are low on talkativeness. In this sense, traits
describe the average tendencies of a person. On average, a high-talkative person starts more conversations
than a low-talkative person.
Research on personality traits asks four kinds of questions:
• How many traits are there?

• How are the traits organized?
• What are the origins of traits?
• What are the correlates and consequences of traits?
One primary question is how many fundamental traits there are. Are there dozens or hundreds of traits, or
merely a few? The second research question pertains to the organization, or structure, of traits. For example,
how is talkativeness related to other traits, such as impulsivity and extraversion? A third research question
concerns the origins of traits—where they come from and how they develop. Does heredity influence talk-
ativeness? What sorts of cultural and child-rearing practices affect the development of traits such as talkative-
ness? A fourth key question pertains to the correlations and consequences of traits in terms of experience,
behaviour, and life outcomes. Do talkative people have many friends? Do they have a more extended social
network to draw upon in times of trouble? Do they annoy people who are trying to study?
The four research questions constitute the core of the research program of many personality psychologists.
Psychological traits are useful for at least three reasons. First, they help describe people and help understand the
dimensions of difference among people. Second, traits are useful because they help explain behaviour. The rea-
sons people act may be partly a function of their personality traits. Third, traits are useful because they can help
predict future behaviour—for example, the sorts of careers individuals will find satisfying, who will tolerate stress
better, and who is likely to get along well with others. Thus, personality is useful in describing, explaining, and
predicting differences among individuals. All good scientific theories enable researchers to describe, explain, and
predict in their domains. Just as an economic theory
might be useful in describing, explaining, and predicting
fluctuations in the economy, personality traits describe,
explain, and predict differences among people.
And Mechanisms . . .
Psychological mechanisms are like traits, except that
the term mechanisms refers more to the processes of
personality. For example, most psychological mecha-
nisms involve an information-processing activity.
Someone who is extraverted, for example, may look for
and notice opportunities to interact with other people. Courage is an example of a trait that is activated
That is, an extraverted person is prepared to notice and only under particular circumstances.
act on certain kinds of social information. ©RubberBall/Alamy Stock Photo
lar65774_ch01_001-020.indd 4 1/20/20 5:08 PM

Chapter 1 Introduction to Personality Psychology
Most psychological mechanisms have three essential ingredients: inputs, decision rules, and outputs. A psycho-
logical mechanism may make people more sensitive to certain kinds of information from the environment
(input), may make them more likely to think about specific options (decision rules), and may guide their be-
haviour toward certain categories of action (outputs). For example, an extraverted person may look for oppor-
tunities to be with other people, may consider in each situation the possibilities for human contact and
interaction, and may encourage others to interact with them. Our personalities contain many psychological
mechanisms of this sort—information-processing procedures that have the key elements of inputs, decision
rules, and outputs (see Figure 1.1).
Figure 1.1 Psychological mechanisms have three essential ingredients. Our

personalities contain many such mechanisms.
This does not mean that all of our traits and psychological mechanisms are activated at all times. In fact, at
any point in time, only a few are activated. Consider the trait of courageousness. This trait is activated only
under particular conditions, such as when people face serious dangers and threats to their lives. Some people
are more courageous than others, but we will never know which people are courageous unless and until the
right situation presents itself. Look around next time you are in class: Who do you think has the trait of coura-
geousness? You won’t know until you are in a situation that provides the potential for courageous behaviour.
Within the Individual . . .

Within the individual means that personality is something a person carries with themselves over time and
from one situation to the next. Typically, we feel that we are today the same people we were last week, last
month, and last year. We also feel that we will continue to have these personalities into the coming months
and years. And, although our personalities are certainly influenced by our environments, and especially by the
significant others in our lives, we feel that we carry with us the same personalities from situation to situation
in our lives. The definition of personality stresses that the important sources of personality reside within the
individual and, hence, are at least somewhat stable over time and somewhat consistent over situations.
That Are Organized and Relatively Enduring . . .

Organized means that the psychological traits and mechanisms for a given person are not simply a random
collection of elements. Rather, personality is organized because the mechanisms and traits are linked to one
another in a coherent fashion. Imagine the simple case of two desires—a desire for food and a desire for
lar65774_ch01_001-020.indd 5 1/20/20 5:08 PM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
France ne li venoit trop grande. Et pour ce que la besongne se tailloit
que tout premierement li sièges se metteroit devant Vennes,
messires Carles de Blois i envoia en garnison deux cens lances, et
en fist chapitainne mesire Olivier de Cliçon et mesire Hervi de Lion.
Et ensi de garnison en garnison il envoia ses chevaliers, et puis s’en
retourna à Nantes. Et manda et escripsi tout l’estat de Bretagne à
son oncle le roi Phelippe et à son cousin le duch de Normendie, et à
son frère le comte de Blois et à ses cousins, ceuls de Chastellon.
Fº 89.
P. 13, l. 9: Garlande.—Mss. A 1 à 7, 11 à 14, 18, 19 à 33:
Guerrande. Fº 103.—Mss. A 15 à 17: Garrande. Fº 104 vº.—Mss. A
8 et 9: Garlande. Fº 94 vº.
§ 189. P. 13, l. 17: Messires.—Ms. d’Amiens: Messire Robers

d’Artois, si comme vous poéz oïr, avoit assegiet la chité de Vennes à
mil hommes d’armes et à troix mil archiers, et couroit le pays tout
environ, ardoit, essilloit, et destruisoit tout jusquez à Dinant et
jusquez à le Roche Periot, jusquez à Ghoy le Forrest et jusques à le
Roce Bernart et jusquez au Suseniot, et n’osoit nulx demorer sus le
plat pays, mais avoient le leur retret ens ès fortrèces. Le siège
durant, il y eult as bailles de le ville mainte escarmuche, mainte
envaye et tamaintez bellez appertisses d’armes faittez. Chil dedens,
loist assavoir li sirez de Clichon, messires Hervis de Lion et li autre
chevalier, s’i portoient si vassaument que mieus ne pooient, et ung
tampz y acquissent il grant grace. Et sachiés que toudis se tenoit la
comtesse de Montfort au siège devant Vennes avoecq monseigneur
Robert d’Artois. Ossi messires Gautiers de Mauni, qui s’estoit tenus
en Hainbon ung grant temps, recarga le dite ville et castiel à
monseigneur Guillaumme de Quadudal, à monseigneur Henry et à
monseigneur Olivier de Pennefort et à messire Gerart de Rochefort,
et le laissa bien pourveue pour touttes aventurez, puis prist avoecq
lui monseigneur Yvon de Tiguery et cent hommes d’armez et deux
cens archers, et vinrent en l’ost devant Vennez, où il furent recheu à
grant joie de monseigneur Robert d’Artois et des barons
d’Engleterre.
Assés tost apriès, se fist uns assaux devant Vennes moult grans
et moult fiers, et assaillirent le chité chil qui assegiet l’avoient en troix
lieux et toutte à une fois, et trop donnèrent affaire à chiaux de
dedens; car li archier d’Engleterre traioient si ouniement et si
espessement, c’a painnes s’osoient chil qui deffendoient, amoustrer
as gharitez. Et dura chilz assaux ung jour tout entier. Si y eut moult
de bleciéz et de navréz d’un lés et de l’autre. Quant che vint sus le
soir, li Englès se retrayrent à leurs logeis, et chil de dedens à leurs
hostelz, tous lassés et moult travilliés. Si se desarmèrent, mès chil
de l’ost ne fissent mies enssi, ainchois se tinrent en leurs armeurez
et ostèrent tant seullement leurs bachinés, et burent ung cop
chacuns et se rafresquirent. Depuis, par l’avis et consseil
monseigneur Robert d’Artois, qui fu ungs grans et sages gueriièrez,
il s’ordonnèrent en trois batailles, et en envoiièrent les deux à deux
portez là où il faisoit le plus fort assaillir, et le tierche fissent tenir
toutte quoye couvertement. Et ordonnèrent que si trestost que li
autre aroient assailli une bonne espasse, et que chil de dedens
entenderoient à yaux deffendre, il se trairoient avant sus ce plus
foible lés et seroient tout pourveu d’escielles cordées à grawès de
fier, pour jetter sus les dis murs et atachier as gharitez, et asaieroient
se ceste voie le poroient concquerre.
Tout ensi comme il eurent ordonnet et estaubli, il fissent. Et s’en
vint messires Robers d’Artois en le première bataille assaillir et
escarmuchier à le baille de le porte, et li comtez de Sallebrin enssi à
l’autre. Et pour ce qu’il faisoit tart, et affin ossi que chil de dedens en
fuissent plus esbahis, il alumèrent grans feux, si ques li clartés en
resplendissoit dedens le chité. Adonc tout à une vois li homme de le
ville qui virent le feu et le lumierre, et especialment cil dou castiel,
quidèrent que leurs maisons ardissent. Si criièrent: «Trahy! trahy!
armés vous! armés vous!» Jà estoient li pluiseur couchiet et retret
pour yaux reposer. Si se levèrent soudainement et s’en vinrent, sans
arroy et sans ordonnanche et sans parler à leur cappitainnes, celle
part où li feux estoit; et ossi li seigneur qui en les hostelx estoient,
s’armoient. Entroes que ensi il estoient entoueilliet et empeschiet, li
comtez de Kenfort et messires Gautiers de Mauni et leur routte, qui
estoient ordené pour l’esciellement, entendirent à faire leur emprise
et vinrent de ce costet où nus n’entendoit, et drechièrent leurs
eschiellez et montèrent amont, les targes sus lor testez, et entrèrent
en le cité par celle mannierre assés paisivlement. Et ne s’en
donnèrent garde li Franchois et li Breton qui dedens estoient. Si
virent leurs ennemis sus le rue et yaux assaillir devant et derière:
dont n’y eut si hardi, qui ne fuist tous esbahis, et tournèrent en fuitez
chacuns pour lui sauver, et quidièrent que li meschiés fuist plus
grans que il n’estoit; car, se il se fuissent retourné et deffendu de
bonne vollenté, il ewissent bien mis hors les Englès qui entrés
dedens estoient. Et furent li seigneur qui cappittainne en estoient, si
souspris, que à painnes peurent il monter à ceval, et quidièrent y
estre tout trahi. Et s’en parti tout premiers pour son corps sauver
messires Oliviers de Clichon, et fist ouvrir une porte et prist les
camps. Ossi tout li seigneur qui dedens estoient, se sauvèrent,
chacuns qui mieux peut.
Là eut, je vous di, grant encauch, grant noise, grant occision
d’ommes, de femmez et d’enfans, car cil qui escellé l’avoient, vinrent
as portes et coppèrent les flayaux, et ouvrirent lez portes et puis lez
baillez. Si entrèrent ens touttes mannierrez de gens, premiers
messires Robers d’Artois et se bannierre et toutte se routte,
messires Richart de Stamfort et se bannierre, li comtez de
Pennebrucq et se bannierre, et ensi tout li autre chevalier et escuier,
qui mieux mieux. Et chil de Vennes widoient et fuioient leurs
maisons, et laissoient femmes et enffans, draps et jeuiaux. Et vous
di que, se che ewist estet de jour ossi bien que ce fu de nuit, tout
chevalier et escuier et autres bonnez gens de Vennes ewissent estet
tout mort et pris. Mès li Englès ne chachièrent point, car pas ne
congnissoient lez usaiges ne les voies d’environ le chité, et si leur
sambla qu’il ewissent trop bien exploitiet, quant il avoient pris le ville
et le chité de Vennes par assault et boutté hors leurs ennemis.
Fº 76.
—Ms. de Rome: Droit as octaves de la Saint Jehan Baptiste s’en
vinrent la contesse de Montfort, messires Robers d’Artois, messires
Gautiers de Mauni et li chevalier de Bretagne et d’Engleterre mettre
le siège devant la chité de Vennes, et l’environnèrent si avant que
assegier le porent, car bien estoient gens pour ce faire. Cil de la
chité se confioient grandement en la bonne chevalerie qui dedens
estoient, et à bonne cause; car c’estoient tous vaillans honmes et de
grant prudense. Euls venu devant Vennes, il i fissent pluisseurs
assaus as portes et as barrières. Et moult vaillanment asalloient li
Englois; et aussi li chevalier et li esquier qui dedens estoient, par
grande apertise d’armes se deffendoient.
Mesires Carles de Blois mettoit grande entente à ce conment il
peuist avoir tant de gens d’armes et de Geneuois que il peuist lever
le siège, et resister contre la poissance de la contesse, et avoit ses
messages alans et cevauçans en France nuit et jour deviers le roi
Phelippe et les signeurs. Mais pour lors la cours dou roi de France
estoit si raemplie d’uiseuses et si lontainne en esplois, que à
painnes pooit on avoir nulle delivrance, ne on ne pooit avenir
jusques au roi, car tous jours estoit il en ses deduis. Et jà se tenoient
li tresorier de France tout hodé et moult acargiet dou fait de la guerre
de Bretagne, car trop d’or et d’argent, à ce que il faisoient entendant
au roi et à son consel, reversoient là.
Dou conmencement de ces gerres de Bretagne, li rois Phelippes
de grant volonté aida son cousin à continuer la gerre et à lui envoiier
gens d’armes et saudoiiers. Et puis que les gerres furent escaufées,
et que les Englois s’en ensonniièrent, il s’en refroida, à ce que on vei
les apparans, dont les besongnes en furent plus laides pour messire
Carle de Blois.
Or retournons au siège de Vennes. Messires Robers d’Artois et
messires Gautiers de Mauni rendoient grant painne à ce que il
peuissent conquerir la chité de Vennes, pour faire garnison et
frontière contre le demorant dou pais. Bien savoient que par trettié
jamès ne le raueroient, car elle estoit garnie et pourveue de vaillans
honmes et grans signeurs de Bretagne et bien amis à mesire Carle
de Blois, qui jamais n’entenderoient à nul trettiet. Et lor estoit avis
que, se il poient avoir Vennes et conquerir, il seroient grant signeur
sus la frontière, car il aueroient Vennes, Hainbon et Brest, et tout
seant sus la mer. Et poroient ces trois garnisons sans dangier
conforter l’un l’autre et retraire au besoing, se poissance de gens
d’armes lor croissoit dou roiaume de France. Pour ce soutilloient il
nuit et jour conment il le poroient avoir, et tant i visèrent et
soutillièrent que il vinrent à lor entente.
Entre les asaus que les Englois et les Bretons fissent à la chité de
Vennes, il en i ot un grant et bien continué, car il dura un jour tout
entier, et se ensonniièrent priès toutes les gens d’armes de l’oost et
chil de dedens. Qant ce vint sus le soir, tout se retraiièrent dedens et
dehors à lors logeis. Messires Robers d’Artois et les Englois et
Bretons d’un lés soupèrent bien briefment, et point ne se
desarmèrent, et reposèrent un petit. Et tantos apriès mie nuit, il
sallirent sus, sans faire grant noise, et s’ordonnèrent en pluisseurs
routes, et s’en vinrent pour assallir Vennes. Et fissent alumer grant
fuisson de feus de busce au plus hault de la ville au dehors et au
desus dou vent, et dou plus priès de la ville que il porent.
Chil qui faisoient le gait pour la nuit dedens Vennes, veirent les
feus eslever contre mont à celle heure là. Si furent tout esmervilliet,
et quidièrent de premiers que li feus fust en la ville. Si vinrent celle
part; si conmenchièrent à faire grant noise et à resvillier ceuls qui
dormoient. Chevalier et esquier sallirent sus apertement, et quidoient
que la ville fust prise. Et ensi que il issoient hors de lors hostels, et il
veoient les feus et les fumières au dehors, il quidoient que ce
fuissent les maisons de Vennes qui ardissent, et estoient tout esfraé.
A celle heure i avoit très grant assaut à deus portes de Vennes; et
pour ce que li hus et li cris estoient là, toutes gens d’armes s’i
traioient.
D’autre part, mesires Robers d’Artois, mesires Gautiers de Mauni
et une bataille d’Englois et de Bretons estoient aviset de lor fait et
pourveu d’escelles de cordes, et alèrent tout à l’oposite de l’asaut et
dou hustin, là où nuls n’estoit ne n’entendoit. Et jettèrent lors
escelles à cros de fier, et les atachièrent as murs, et puis montèrent
amont, sans estre oï, sceu ne veu, car li aultre menoient si très grant
hustin, qui asalloient et qui se deffendoient, que on n’ooit de nulle
part goute pour euls. Par celle manière entrèrent en la chité de
Vennes plus de deus cens honmes d’armes, mesires Robers d’Artois
et sa banière et li sirez Espensiers et sa banière, li sires de Fil Watier
et son pennon, mesires Gautiers de Mauni et son pennon, et fu chils
qui tous premiers i entra. Et qant il furent tout dedens, il se missent
en bonne ordenance et arroi, et descendirent tout parmi une rue, en
escriant lors cris, et en abatant tous ceuls que il encontroient. Li
François estoient et furent soudainnement si effraé et en tel desroi
que il conmencièrent à fuir, li uns chà et li aultres là, sans mettre
nulle deffense en euls. Toutes fois, li sires de Cliçon, mesires Hervis
de Lion, mesires Guis de Lohiac et li chevalier qui en garnison là
dedens estoient, se sauvèrent et montèrent sus lors chevaus et
laissièrent tout lor arroi. Onques riens n’enportèrent, et quidièrent
bien estre trahi. Les portes, au lés où les Englois et Bretons
asalloient, furent ouvertes, et entrèrent dedens tout
abandonneement. Ensi fu Vennes prise de par mesire Robert
d’Artois et mesire Gautier de Mauni; mais trop furent les Englois
courouchié que li quatre baron qui dedens estoient, lor estoient ensi
escapet, et li aultre chevalier de Bretagne et de France, car bien i
avoit de prisonniers pour cent mille florins. Fos 89 vº et 90.
P. 13, l. 19: trois mille.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 18, 19: trois cens. Fº 103.
P. 13, l. 21: Dinant.—Mss. A 1 à 7, 11 à 14, 18 à 33: Dignant.
Fº 103.
P. 13, l. 21: et jusques à le Roce Periot.—Ces mots ont été ajoutés
dans les mss. B.
P. 13, l. 24: Souseniot.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14, 18, 19: Sustinot.
Fº 103.—Ms. A 7: Suseniou. Fº 98.—Mss. A 8 et 9: Suseniot.
Fº 94 vº.—Mss. A 15 à 17: Sussenioth. Fº 104 vº.
P. 13, l. 29: Lyon.—Les mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14, 18, 19 à 23
ajoutent: le sire de Tournemine. Fº 103.
P. 14, l. 8: as deux frères de Pennefort.—Les mss. A 1 à 9, 11 à
19, 23 à 33 substituent: et à messire Gerard de Rochefort. Fº 103 vº.
P. 14, l. 9: Tigri.--Mss. A 1 à 7, 18 à 33: Triviguidi, Treviguidi.
Fº 103 vº.—Mss. A 8, 9, 15 à 17: Tigri. Fº 94 vº.—Mss. A 11 à 14:
Tringuidi. Fº 99.
P. 15, l. 5: grawès.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14, 18, 19: crapes,
crappes. Fº 103 vº.—Mss. A 20 à 22: grapins. Fº 154.
§ 190. P. 16, l. 24: Ensi.—Ms. d’Amiens: Ensi que je vous recorde

et par l’emprise et soutieuté monseigneur Robert d’Artois, fu la chité
de Vennes prise, et fissent de ceux et de celles qu’il trouvèrent
laiens, leur vollenté. Quant ce vint au matin, que tout li baron et li
chevalier eurent entendu à leur besoingnez et veirent que point de
recouvrier n’y avoit ens ès Franchois, ne nul samblant de retourner
pour combattre, si se tinrent pour tout asseuret et vinrent querre la
comtesse de Montfort et l’amenèrent dedenz le chité en grant joie. Et
disnèrent ou castiel tout li seigneur avoecq monseigneur Robert
d’Artois et la dessus ditte comtesse. Or vous parlerons dou pays qui
fu durement effraés et esmervilliés de ceste avenue; meysmes
messires Charlez de Blois par especial en fu trop durement
courouchiés. Si manda à son marescal monseigneur Robert de
Biaumanoir et au viscomte de Rohem qu’il chevauçaissent celle part,
car li prise de Vennez estoit trop perilleuse pour le pays. Et manda
encorrez messires Carlez de Blois à monseigneur Loeis d’Espaigne
que il pourveist la ville de Camper Corentin bien et suffisamment et y
lasast bons cappitainnes et seurs, et rentrast en mer et gardast les
frontières de Saint Malo et de Saint Mahieu de Finne Postierne, dou
port de Bay et de Gredo, de Garlande et de Camperli, et que il ne
pooit faire milleur esploit que de gueriier sur mer allans et venans
d’Engleterre en Bretaingne, ou kas que li Englès li estoient ennemy.
A l’ordonnance de monseigneur Carle de Blois vot obeir li dessus dis
messires Loeys, et laissa dedens Camper Correntin le seigneur de
Quitin et messire Guillaumme dou Broeil et messire Henri de le
Saucerrelle, puis s’en parti et se mist avoecq Espagnos et Geneuois
sus mer en le compaignie de monseigneur Carle Grimaus et de
monseigneur Othon Doriie. Or renvenrons à monseigneur Robiert
d’Artois et as seigneurs d’Engleterre qui estoient dedens la cité de
Vennes.
Au cinquime jour que la cité de Vennes eult estet prise,
ordonnèrent li seigneur que messires Gautiers de Mauny et
messires Yves de Tigueri ramenaissent la comtesse de Montfort
dedens le ville de Hainbon, et de là ne partesissent jusques à tant
que il orroient autrez nouvelles, mais fuissent songneux de garder le
forterèce, car c’est une grant clés ou pays pour yaulx. Messires
Ghautiers s’i acorda, et ramenèrent la dite comtesse à grant routte,
qui y fu liement rechupte. Encorrez ordonna messires Robers
d’Artois, comme chiéz et souverains de ceste chevauchie et armée
de par le roy englès, que li comtez de Sallebrin, li comtez de
Pennebrucq, li comtez de Sufforch, li comtes de Cornuaille et aucun
autre baron alaissent assegier la cité de Rennes et il demorroit en
Vennes, et messires Richart de Stamfort o lui, et garderoit là le chité
et l’entrée. Enssi comme il l’ordounna, il fu fait. Chil seigneur
d’Engleterre et leurs gens s’appareillièrent pour venir devant
Rennes. Cez nouvellez sceut messires Carlez de Bloix que li Englès
venroient assegier Rennes. Si eut consseil qu’il s’en partiroit et
madamme sa femme ossi, car mieux entenderoient à leurs
besoingnes, se il avoient lez clés des camps, que ce que il fuissent
là dedens enclos. Si fist sa femme amenner à Nantes, et il s’en vint
au Suseniot, et laissa dedens Rennes à cappitainne le seigneur
d’Ansenis, messire Ievain Charuiel, qui estoit adonc jones bacelers,
et monseigneur Bertran de Claieqin, qui ossi estoit moult jones et de
grant emprise, et avoecq yaux pluisseurs escuiers de Bretaingne, de
Bourgoingne et de Normendie. Et li dessus dit seigneur d’Engleterre
s’en vinrent devant Rennes, et l’assegièrent de tous les poins, et i
fissent tamaint assault. Et li saudoiier et compaignon de la chité,
parmi l’ayde des bourgois, ossi le gardèrent très bien. Fos 76 vº
et 77.
P. 17, l. 12: trois mille.—Mss. A 1 à 29: quatre mille. Fº 104.
P. 17, l. 20 et 21: d’Engleterre.--Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14, 18 à 22: de
Bretaigne. Fº 104.
§ 191. P. 17, l. 24: Pour le prise.—Ms. d’Amiens: Pour la prise de

la cité de Vennes fu li pays durement esmeus et courouchiés; car
bien quidoient que li dessus dit seigneur et cappittainne, qui dedens
estoient quant elle fu prise, le dewissent deffendre et garder ung
tamps contre tout le monde, car elle estoit forte assés et bien
pourveue de toute artillerie et d’autres pourveanches, et bien garnie
de gens d’armes. Si en estoient par le mesavenue tout honteux li
sirez de Clichon et messires Hervis de Lion, car aussi li envieux en
parloient villainnement sus leur partie. De quoy li doy seigneur ne
veurent mies plenté sejourner, ne yaux endormir en le renoumée des
mesdisans; ains quellièrent grant fuisson de bons compaignons,
chevaliers et escuiers de Bretaingne, et priièrent as cappittainnez
des fors que il volsissent y estre à cel jour [que ordonné et nommé
avoient entre yaus, sur les champs], à tout tel quantité de gens; et se
il plaisoit à Dieu, il feroient ung tel fet d’armes qu’il y aroient honneur,
et tous li pays prouffit. Si le segnefiièrent il ossi à monseigneur
Robert de Biaumanoir, marescal del pays de Bretaingne de par
monseigneur Carle de Blois, liquelx ne s’escuza nullement, mès dist
qu’il y seroit vollentiers. A che jour que li dessus dit ordonnèrent,
vinrent les cappittainnez de là environ: messires Pière Porteboef,
cappittainne de Dinant, et amena bien mil hommez; li cappittainne
d’Auroi en amena deux cens; Gerars de Malain, castelain de Roce
Piriot, deux cens; Reniers de Malain, castelain de Fauet, cent; li
sirez de Quitin, cappittainne de Camper Correntin, cinq cens.
Briefment, chevalier et escuier et touttes manierres de gens se
queillirent et assamblèrent par le pourkas et à le priière des dessus
dis, et furent tout venu ung certain jour devant Vennez. Et estoient
bien dix mil hommes parmy le communauté dou pays, et assegièrent
le cité de Vennes de tous costéz et puis coummenchièrent fortement
à assaillir. Fº 77.
—Ms. de Rome: Pour la prise et la perte de la chité de Vennes fu li
pais de là environ tous esmeus et courechiés. La contesse de
Montfort i entra à grant joie. Et furent pris auquns bourgois de la ville
et mis en prison, et corrigiet les auquns de lors vies et de lors
cavances, pour tant que l’autre fois si legierement il s’estoient rendu
et tourné à mesire Carle de Blois. Si se tint la contesse là, je ne sçai
qans jours, et puis s’en retourna à Hainbon et laissa mesire Robert
d’Artois et mesire Gautier de Mauni couvenir de sa gerre. Mesires
Oliviers de Cliçon, mesires Hervis de Lion, mesires Guis de Lohiac
et li sires de Tournemine et chil qui sauver se porent, au
departement de Vennes, s’en vinrent à Rennes, et trouvèrent là
mesire Carle de Blois et sa fenme et les signeurs. Si recordèrent les
aventures qui avenues lor estoient, et conment Vennes estoit
perdue. En parlèrent li seigneur en pluisseurs manières. Li auqun
disoient que il i avoit eu trahison, et li aultre, non. Meismement chil
qui en retournoient, n’en savoient point parler bien proprement. Et
disoient li auqun en requoi que Vennes avoit esté perdue par
simplèce et povre garde et negligense de mesire Olivier de Cliçon et
de mesire Hervi de Lion. Et tant montèrent les murmurations que li
doi chevalier en furent enfourmé; et leur fu dit de ceuls qui les
amoient, que la vois dou pais parloit vilainnement sus lor partie. Et
qant il oïrent ce, si furent moult courouchié et à bonne cause, et
jurèrent que jamais n’entenderoient à aultre cose, si aueroient repris
la chité de Vennes ou il i metteroient les vies. Et se ordonnèrent à ce
faire, et priièrent tous lors amis, dont il avoient grant fuisson, et tous
les chapitainnes des forterèces de Bretagne; et s’estendoient les
priières et mandemens ensi que, sus un jour que il i ordonnoient, il
fuissent tout là où il les voloit avoir. Tout i furent, et i ot à lor priière
grant asamblée de gens d’armes; et s’en vinrent de fait et sus un un
jour mettre le siège devant Vennes. La contesse de Montfort s’en
estoit partie un petit devant et retraite en Hainbon, mais messires
Robers d’Artois et grant fuisson de bonnes gens d’armes
d’Engleterre et d’archiers i estoient demoret. Si se trouvèrent les
François et les Bretons, qant il furent là tout assamblé, plus de
douse mille, et ne sejournèrent point longement devant, qant il le
conmenchièrent à asallir. Fº 90.
P. 18, l. 4: li envieus en parloit.—Mss. A 1 à 33: les ennemis en
parloient. Fº 104 vº.
P. 18, l. 15: plus de douze mille.—Ms. B 6: bien cinq mille. Fº 122.
P. 18, l. 17 et 18: Biaumanoir.—Mss. A 8, 9, 15 à 17: Beaumont.
Fº 95 vº.—Mss. A 20 à 22: Beauvaiz. Fº 155.
§ 192. P. 18, l. 21: Quant.—Ms. d’Amiens: Quant messires

Robiers d’Artois se vit assegiéz dedens Vennes, si ne fu mies
esbahis de lui tenir vassaument et de deffendre le chité. Li Breton
qui devant estoient, comme tout fourssenet de ce, che leur sambloit,
que perdu l’avoient, s’aventuroient à l’assaillir durement et
corageusement, et se hastoient d’iaux aventurer, par quoy chil qui
seoient devant Rennes et chil qui estoient dedens Hainbon, ne leur
venissent pour yaux brisier leur emprise. Dont il avint que li Breton
estaublirent et liv[rè]rent ung tel assault, si dur et si bien ordonné, et
si corageusement s’i esprouvèrent li assallant, chevalier et escuier et
meysmement li bon homme dou pays, et tant donnèrent affaire à
chiaux de dedens, qu’il concquissent les baillez et puis le porte, et
entrèrent ens par force et par proèce, volsissent ou non li Englès, et
furent mis en cace. Et mout y eut adonc d’Englès mors et navrés, et
par especial messires Robers d’Artois fu durement navrés, et à grant
meschief mis hors de le presse et sauvés de ses gens, et
l’enportèrent vers Hainbon. Ossi à grant meschief se sauva messires
Richars de Stamfort. Et là fu ossi navrez li sirez Despenssiers, un
grans barons d’Engleterre, et pris de monseigneur Hervi de Lion et
siermentés à prison, mès il ne vesqui despuis que troix jours.
Enssi que je vous compte, par assaut et par biau fet d’armes fu la
cité de Vennes reconcquise, et mis et cachiet hors ou pris tous li
Englès qui s’i tenoient. Et fu messires Robiers d’Artois aportés
durement blechiés et navréz à Hainbon, de quoy la comtesse de
Montfort fu durement courouchie, et ossi furent tout li baron et li
chevalier d’Engleterre qui là estoient. Ceste nouvelle s’espandi
parmy le pays que la cité de Vennes estoit reprise, et messires
Robert d’Artois navrés à mort et pluisseur aultre. Si furent
grandement resjoy cil qui devant en avoient estet courouciet, et
meysmement messire Charle de Blois: che fu bien raisons.
Li Englès qui assegiet avoient la chité de Rennes, entendirent ces
nouvelles. Si en furent moult dolent, et plus de le navreure
monseigneur Robiert d’Artois, que de la prisse de Vennes.
Nonpourquant il ne veurent mies brisier leur siège, ains le
renforcièrent de jour en jour, car chil qui escappet estoient de
Vennes, se traioient celle part, et ossi la comtesse de Montfort y
envoya grans gens. Si devés savoir que messires Robiers d’Artois
depuis ne vesqui nient plentet, ains trespassa de che siècle et
ordonna qu’il fuist rapportez à Londres. Là fu il ensevelis. Enssi
morut li dessus dis messires Robers, qui fu moult gentilz et haus
homs et de noble lignie, qui premierement mist le guerre entre le roy
de Franche et le roi d’Engleterre.
Quant li roys englès seut que ses oncles messires Robiers
d’Artois estoit mors et par le bleçure qu’il avoit euv à Vennes, si fu
trop durement courouchiéz, et dist qu’il n’entenderoit jammais à
autre cose, si l’aroit vengiet. Auques nouvellement estoit la trieuwe
fallie entre lui et le roy de France, celle qui avoit estet premeute et
pourparlée devant Tournay et confremée en la chité d’Arras. Si fist li
roys englès tantost escripre lettrez et mander par tout son royaume
que chacuns, noblez et non noblez, fust appareilliés pour mouvoir
avoecq lui au chief dou mois, puis fist grans pourveanches de naves
et de vaissiaux et de touttez autres coses. Au chief del mois, il se
mist en mer à grant navie et vint prendre port assés priès de
Vennes, là où messire Robiers d’Artois et se compaignie avoient
l’autre fois arivet, puis descendi à terre; et missent hors des
vaissiaux premierement leurs chevaux et touttes leurs
pourveanches, et puis s’aroutèrent et chevaucièrent deviers Vennes.
Bien estoient quinze cens hommes d’armes et cinq mil archiers.
Fº 77.
—Ms. de Rome: Qant mesires Robers d’Artois se vei assegiés
dedens Vennes, si ne fu pas trop hesbahis de soi tenir vassaument
et de deffendre la chité. Li Breton qui devant estoient, conme tout
foursenet de ce que lor sambloit que perdu l’avoient si simplement,
s’aventuroient durement à l’asallir corageusement, et se doubtoient
que par force de gens d’armes et d’archiers, fust de nuit ou de jour,
on ne venist lever le siège. Pour ce se delivroient il de faire lor
[emprise] dou plus tos que il pooient, et estoient priès nuit et jour tout
dis en armes. Et par especial il i ot un assaut si dur et si fort et si
bien continuet que, de force et par biau fait d’armes, les bailles de
l’une des portes furent conquises et copées. Adonc vinrent toutes
gens d’armes si efforciement à la porte où li Englois estoient, qui
ouverte l’avoient, pour livrer deffenses as bailles, que de fait et de
force il efforcièrent les Englois; et entrèrent li asallant en Vennes,
vosissent ou non li deffendant. Si estoient là present messires
Robers d’Artois et sa banière, li sires Espensiers et sa banière; mais
on voelt dire que chil de la ville rendirent grant painne à ce
reconquès, et se tournèrent avoecques les François. Là furent navré
durement li sires Espensiers, et aussi fu mesires Robers d’Artois et
biau cop d’aultres. Et là furent pris mesires Richars de Stanfort et
mesires Jehans de Lille, et aussi fu messires Edouwars li
Espensiers. A grant meschief se sauvèrent mesires Robers d’Artois
et li aultre, et issirent par une posterne et vinrent à Hainbon.
De ces nouvelles et dou reconquès de la chité de Vennes furent la
contesse et tout chil de sa partie courouchié et à bonne cause, mais
amender ne le porent. Li sires Espensiers, tous prisonniers à mesire
Hervi de Lion, des plaies que il ot morut. Mesires Robers d’Artois
onques ne pot estre bien sanés de une plaie que il ot ou chief, et li
prist volenté de retourner en Engleterre, et ot un sauf conduit de
mesire Carle de Blois, lui dousime de chevaliers. Si monta en mer li
dis mesires Robers, bien accompagniés de chevaliers et d’esquiers,
dont il fist folie, car encores n’estoit il pas bien sanés. Et sus la mer,
pour la marine, ses plaies s’esmurent tellement et si le ragrevèrent
que, li retourné en Engleterre, il ne vesqui point depuis longement,
mais morut. De laquelle mort li rois d’Engleterre fu moult
courouchiés, et s’en vesti de noir, et ses ainnés fils li princes de
Galles et li contes Derbi; et fu ensepvelis moult solempnement as
Augustins en la chité de Londres, et là li fist on son obsèque moult
reveranment. Et y furent li rois et la roine d’Engleterre et leurs fils li
princes, et tout li prelat et li baron d’Engleterre, qui pour ces jours
estoient en Engleterre. Assés tos apriès fu fais aussi li obsèques dou
signeur Espensier, mesires Edouwars; et demorèrent de li quatre fils,
Edouwars, Hues, Thomas et Henris. Et furent depuis li troi,
chevaliers, et Henris, evesques de Nordvich; et fu lor mère fille au
signeur de Ferrières d’Engleterre.
Moult fu li rois d’Engleterre courouchiés de la mort mesire Robert
d’Artois, et dist et jura que jamès n’entenderoit à aultre cose si
aueroit esté en Bretagne, car li contes de Monfort avoit relevé la
ducée de Bretagne de li, lequel, à tort et à pechié, ensi que on l’avoit
enfourmé, li rois Phelippes et li François avoient enprisonné à Paris
ou chastiel dou Louvre et là tant tenu que il i estoit mort; et aussi il
avoit eu en couvenant à la contesse de Montfort, que il la
reconforteroit, puis que il li besongnoit. Et fist faire tantos grant amas
de naves et de vassiaus et de nefs passagières, et traire viers les
pors de Pleumude, de Wesmude et de Dardemude, et fist un moult
grant mandement de gens d’armes et d’archiers. Entrues que li rois
d’Engleterre ordonnoit ses besongnes et asambloit ses gens, li
Englois qui estoient demoret en Bretagne dalés la contesse de
Montfort, s’en vinrent mettre le siège devant la chité de Rennes, et
encloirent dedens des bons chevaliers et esquiers qui vaillanment s’i
portèrent.
Li rois d’Engleterre entra en mer à deus mille honmes d’armes et
siis mille archiers. Et se departirent tout d’une marée et des havenes
desus nonmés ses gens, et singlèrent viers Bretagne et costiièrent
Normendie et les isles de Grenesée et de Breha, et vinrent tout de
une flotte moult priès de Hainbon et de Vennes, dont tout chil qui
tenoient la partie la contesse de Montfort, furent tout resjoï, et chil de
par mesire Carle de Blois tout courechié, car il estoit venus à si grant
poissance que pour tout cachier devant lui. Et ariva li dis rois
d’Engleterre à Hainbon. La contesse de Montfort vint à l’encontre de
li et le rechut ensi que on doit recevoir son signeur, et le mena logier
ou chastiel. Li dis rois d’Engleterre demanda à la contesse de ses
chevaliers où il estoient, pour ce que nuls n’en veoit ne trouvoit. Elle
respondi et dist que tout estoient alé, bien avoit un mois, au siège
devant Rennes. De ce se contenta li rois et respondi que il faisoient
bien, car gens d’armes en pais de gerre ne doient point estre
wiseus. Fos 90 vº et 91.
—Ms. B 6: Adonc fist li rois ung grant mandement et asambla
quatre mille hommes d’armes et huit mille archiés, et fist faire toutes
ses pourveanches à Hantonne, et là trouva sa navire toute preste.
Alors le roy monta en mer et avecque lui le conte Henry Derby, le
conte d’Arondel, le conte de Wervich, le conte de Herfort, le conte de
Northantonne, le conte d’Aresselles, le sire de Persy, le sire de Ros,
le sire de Felleton, le sire de Luzy, le sire de Noefville et pluiseurs
grans barons d’Engleterre. Sy nagèrent tant qu’il arivèrent en
Bretaigne à Saint Mahieu de Fine Posterne en Bretaigne bretonnant,
et issirent de leurs batieaulx. Et furent les seigneurs cinq jours en la
dite ville en eulx rafresquissant, et tant que leur nefz furent toutes
deschergies; et puis montèrent et se mirent à chemin pour venir
devers la cité de Vennes. Fº 223 et 224.
P. 19, l. 13 et 14: Richars de Stanfort.—Mss. A 1 à 22: le baron de
Stanfort. Fº 104 vº.
P. 20, l. 7: à Saint Pol.—Ms. B 6: à l’eglise des Augustins. Fº 223.
P. 20, l. 23: au chief dou mois.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à 14, 18, 19:
avant un mois. Fº 105.—Mss. A 20 à 22: dedens ung moys. Fº 156.
—Mss. A 23 à 29: à la fin du mois. Fº 122.
P. 20, l. 25: Au chief dou mois.—Mss. A 23 à 29: au bout du moys.
Fº 123.
§ 193. P. 21, l. 4: Tant esploita.—Ms. d’Amiens: Si vint li roys

devant Vennes et l’asega, monseigneur Olivier de Clichon dedens et
monseigneur Hervy de Lion et pluisseur autre gentilhomme dou pays
ossi, qui estoient de le partie monseigneur Carle de Blois. Quant la
comtesse de Montfort sceut la venue dou roy englès, elle se parti de
Hainbon en le compaignie monseigneur Gautier de Mauny et de
monseigneur Yvon de Tigeri, et s’en vint devant Vennes veoir le roy,
et li fist grant chière. Li roys le rechupt liement et doucement, enssi
que bien le savoit faire.
Quant messires Charles de Blois, qui se tenoit au Suseniot,
entendi ces nouvellez que li rois englès estoit arivés en Bretaingne si
efforciement que pour reconcquerre ce qu’il tenoit et avoit concquis
sour le comtesse de Monfort, si escripsi erranment lettrez et prist
especials messages, et les envoya deviers le roy de Franche son
oncle, en lui suppliant que il le volsist aidier et envoiier gens d’armes
pour deffendre son pays et resister contre le puissance le roy
englès. Quant li roys Phelippes eut veut les lettrez que ses nepveux
li envoioit, et oy les messages qui l’emfourmoient de la force au roy
englèz, si dist qu’il y entenderoit vollentiers, car ce estoit raison, pour
secourir son neveult, qui tenoit en fief et en hoummaige la duchié de
Bretaingne de lui. Si manda tantost le duc de Normendie, son ainnet
fil, qui lors estoit à Roem, qu’il venist vers lui, et li escripsi le coppie
des lettrez de monseigneur Carle de Blois, son cousin, affin qu’il se
hastast et se pourveist de gens d’armes de Normendie et des
basses marches.
Entroes que chil mesage allèrent et vinrent, li roys englès qui seoit
devant Vennes, ardoit et essilloit le pays d’environ; et devant che
ossi qu’il y venist, il estoit durement ars et gastéz et foulléz de tous
costéz, tant qu’il euissent eu deffaulte de vivres, se il n’en ewissent
amenet avoecq yaux grant fuisson d’Engleterre. Si y fist li roys
englès, le siège durant, maint assault et mainte escarmuche, et
moult dounna chiaux de Vennes affaire; mès la cité estoit forte et
bien pourveue de gens d’armes et de toutte artillerie: si en estoit plus
aisieule à deffendre. Fº 77 vº.
—Ms. de Rome: Si issirent les Englois petit à petit des vassiaus et
se rafresqirent ou pais de la contesse. Et puis se ordonnèrent par le
commandement dou roi, et se departirent un jour, et vinrent tout
ensamble mettre le siège devant la chité de Vennes; et encloirent
dedens bien deus cens cevaliers et esquiers, des quels mesires
Oliviers de Cliçon, mesires Hervis de Lion, mesires Joffrois de
Mailatrait, li viscontes de Rohen et li sires de Roce Tisson estoient
chapitains et gardiiens. Si constraindirent li Englès et li Breton moult
fort la chité de Vennes, et moult songneusement l’asallirent le terme
que il furent par devant; mais elle estoit si bien pourveue et garnie
de bonnes gens d’armes et de vaillans honmes les chapitains, que
petit i conquissent. Fº 91 vº.
§ 194. P. 22, l. 23: Quant li rois.—Ms. d’Amiens: Quant li roys

englès vit la cité si forte et bien furnie de gens d’armes et vit le
povreté dou pays, il penssa bien qu’il ne poroit le chité avoir si tost
concquise que de premiers il cuidoit. Et si avoit bien entendu que li
comtez de Sallebrin, li comtes de Sufforch, li comtes de Pennebruch,
li comtes de Cornuaille et li autre seigneur seoient devant Rennes, et
avoient jà sis bien deux mois, et y avoient souvent assailli et peu fait,
car la cité estoit bien garnie de gens d’armes et de touttez aultrez
pourveanchez: si s’avisa li roys englèz qu’il yroit veoir ses gens que,
grant temps a, n’avoit veut, et laisseroit partie de ses gens devant
Vennes. Si ordounna le comte de Warvich, le comte d’Arondiel, le
baron de Stamfort et monseigneur Gautier de Mauni à tenir le siège
devant la dessus dite chité à cinq cens hommes d’armes et mil
archiers. Puis se parti li roys et prist en se compaignie monseigneur
Yvon de Tigeri et aucuns chevaliers de Bretaigne, pour lui enseignier
les chemins, et le remanant de son host: bien estoient mil hommez
d’armes et quatre mil archiers; et chevaucha tous ardans et essillanz
le pays d’un lés et d’autre, et fist tant qu’il vint devant Rennes où il fu
moult liement veus et recheus.
Quant messires Carlez de Bois sceut que li roys englès
chevauchoit, si se parti dou Suseniot et s’en vint à Nantez, où il
trouva monseigneur Loeys de Poitiers, comte de Vallenche, qui là
estoit à grant gens d’armez, car il l’i avoit establi. Si entendirent chil
seigneur es murs et as deffensses de le cité, et le remparèrent de
tous poins et pourveirent d’artillerie et de tous vivrez, car bien
penssoient que li roys englès les venroit veoir et espoir assegier.
Quant li roys Edouwars eut estet une espasse, environ cinq jours,
avoecq ses gens devant le chité de Rennez, il entendi que messires
Carlez de Blois estoit dedens Nantez et faisoit là son amas de gens
d’armes. Si se avisa qu’il yroit celle part pour combattre à yaux, ou il
lez assiegeroit dedens la cité meymez. Si s’esmut à l’onzime jour
pour aller celle part, et leissa tous quois ses gens seans par devant
Rennez; et chevauça tant, tout ardant et gastant le pays, que il vint
devant la cité de Nantes. Et lui venu par devant, à une matinée, il fist
ses gens bellement rengier et ordonner sus une montaigne assés
priès de la cité, et là furent jusquez à haulte nonne, atendans que
messires Carlez de Blois isist contre yaux; mès il ne le trova mies en
son consseil. Si envoia li roys ses coureurs courir devant, qui
ardirent les fourbours de le chité; et quant il vit qu’il ne les atrairoit
point hors, il se loga assés priès de Nantez à siège fet bien
ordonneement. Et messires Carles de Blois envoioit souvent
messagiers deviers le roy son oncle, en lui segnefiant l’estat de ses
ennemis: de quoy li roys de Franche, pour conforter son neveult,
avoit fait ung très grant et especial mandement à tous noblez et non
nobles de son royaumme, que il sieuwissent le duc de Normendie,
son fil, chacuns o tout son effort, qui s’en alloit en Bretaingne. Si
s’adrecièrent deviers ce cemin, duc, comte, baron, chevalier et
touttez mannierrez d’autrez gens de qui on se pooit aidier en gherre.
Li dus de Normendie s’en vint en le cité d’Angiers, et là s’aresta,
atendans ses gens qui venoient. Et li comtes Loeys de Blois passa
oultre à bien trois cens lanches, et s’en vint à Nantes deviers
monseigneur Carlon, son frère, pour lui aidier à deffendre et garder
le chité contre les Englès. Fos 77 vº et 78.
—Ms. de Rome: Quant li rois d’Engleterre vei che que point ne
conquerroit la chité de Vennes legierement, et entendi que li pais de
environ Vennes estoit si gastés et si mengiés que on ne trouvoit
riens sus les camps, ne li coureur et varlet ne savoient où aler
fouragier, et se tenoit là une moult grande hoost, il eut consel que il
laisseroit là devant Vennes une partie de ses gens pour tenir le
siège, et ils et li demorans de son hoost chemineroient oultre, et
iroient mettre le siège devant la chité de Nantes, et là enclore mesire
Carle de Blois: si se departi un jour de devant Vennes et i laissa à
siège le baron de Stanfort, mesire Gautier de Mauni et pluisseurs
aultres. Et estoient chil qui demorèrent environ cinq cens lances et
douse cens archiers. Et puis se departi li rois o le demorant de son
hoost, et estoient environ douse cens lances et vingt cinq cens
archiers. Et ceminèrent tant avant et arrière que il vinrent devant
Nantes, là où mesires Carles de Blois et sa fenme et si enfant
estoient, et grant fuisson de bonne chevalerie de Bretagne, qui
tenoient sa partie, de France et de Normendie, qui l’estoient venu
servir.
Si mist là li rois d’Engleterre le siège et le asega d’un lés, car toute
la chité de Nantes ne pooit il pas enclore, pour la cause de la rivière
de Loire. Trop i faudrait de peuple, qui tout ce vodroit faire. Et
avoient li Nantois et li François, qui là dedens se tenoient, lor issue
et entrée, toutes fois que il voloient, au lés deviers Poito; et par là
estoient il rafresqi de pourveances et de gens d’armes et de tout ce
que il lor besongnoit.
Ensi se tint en celle saison li rois d’Engleterre devant la bonne
chité de Nantes, et mesires Carles de Blois estoit dedens, et estoient
bien cinq cens armeures de fier. Et encores i retournèrent mesires
Lois d’Espagne, mesires Carles Grimaus, mesire Othon Doriie et
Toudou, qui toute la saison s’estoient tenu sus la mer et riens n’i
avoient fait, fors desrobé les marceans, otant bien ceuls de lor costé
conme les aultres, qant il les avoient trouvé sus la mer, car
Espagnols, Geneuois, Bretons et Normans, esqumeurs de mers,
n’ont nulle consience à mal faire.
Mesires Lois d’Espagne et chil de sa route estoient arivé et venu
en Garlande, et par les terres deviers Poito entré en la chité de
Nantes. Et trop bien vinrent à point pour aidier à deffendre et garder
Nantes des grans assaus et envaies que les Englois et les Bretons,
qui tenoient la partie de la contesse de Montfort, i faisoient, car tous
les jours continuelment i avoit assaut ou escarmuce.
Mesires Carles de Blois escripsoit et segnefioit souvent son estat
à son chier oncle, le roi de France, et à son cousin germain, le duch
de Normendie, qui moult l’amoit, et à son oncle, le conte Carle
d’Alençon. Chil troi entendoient bien as lettres et priières que
mesires Carles leur faisoit, mais pour ce temps la cours du roi de
France estoit si lontainne en tous explois que on n’en pooit avoir
nulle delivrance, jà seuissent ils li rois et ses consauls que ses
adversaires li rois d’Engleterre estoit, à poissanche de gens d’armes
et d’archiers, en Bretagne, et que sa venue et son afaire pooit trop
grandement adamagier le roiaulme de France: si ques ordonné fu et
commandé de la bouce dou roi que son fils, li dus de Normendie,
fesist son amas et assamblée de gens d’armes et se mesist à
poisance sus les camps, et alast au devant des Englois qui estoient
venu en Bretagne.
Li dus Jehans de Normendie, de bonne volenté, obei à
l’ordenance dou roi son père, et fist son mandement par tout le
roiaulme de France à estre à tel jour qui nonmés estoit, à Angiers et
au Mans; et s’estendoient li mandement que li rois de France
mandoit, pour estre plus diligent de venir. Fos 91 vº et 92.
P. 23, l. 3 et 4: et les deux frères de Pennefort.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 11 à
14, 23 à 33: messire Richart de Rochefort. Fº 105 vº.—Mss. A 7 à
10, 15 à 22: monseigneur Gerart de Rochefort. Fº 100 vº.
P. 23, l. 12: cinq.—Mss. A 8, 9: quinze. Fº 97.—Mss. A 15 à 17:
cinq ou six. Fº 107.
P. 23, l. 32: fourbours.—Mss. A 1 à 6, 8 à 29: faubours. Fº 106.
§ 195. P. 24, l. 1: Ensi se tint.—Ms. d’Amiens: Entroes que ces

assamblées se faisoient, se tenoit li roys englès devant la cité de
Nantez et l’avoit assegiet de l’un des costéz, et y faisoit souvent
assaillir et escarmuchier et esprouver ses gens; mès en tous ses
assaulx peu y concquist, ainschois y perdi pluisseurs fois moult de
ses hommez, chevaliers et escuiers, dont il estoit moult courouchiéz.
Quant il vit que par assault il ne le conqueroit point et que messires
Carles de Blois n’isteroit point as camps pour lui combattre, si
s’avisa qu’il lairoit là le plus grant partie de ses gens à siège, tant
qu’il oroit autres nouvellez, et se trairoit deviers le bonne ville de
Dinant. Si ordonna le comte de Kenfort, messire Henry, viscomte de
Biaumont, le seigneur de Perssi, le seigneur de Ros, le seigneur de
Montbray, le seigneur de le Warre, monseigneur Renault de
Ghobehen, monseigneur Jehan de Lille à yaux là demourer et tenir
le siège à cinq cens armures de fer et deux mil archiers; et puis
cevauça o le demorant. Si pooit avoir environ quatre cens lanchez et
deux mil archiers, tout ardant et exillant le pays de Bretaingne de
l’un léz et d’autre, tant qu’il vint devant le bonne ville de Dinant, dont
messires Pière Porteboef estoit cappittainne. Quant il parfu venus
devant Dinant, il mist le siège tout environ et le fist fortement
assaillir; et cil qui dedens estoient, ossi entendirent à yaux deffendre.
Enssi assiega li roys englès, tout en une saison et à ung jour, en
Bretaingne, troix chitéz et une bonne ville. Fº 78.
—Ms. de Rome: Si se apparilloient toutes gens d’armes des
lontainnes marces de Flandres, de Hainnau, de Tournesis, d’Artois,
de Vermendois, d’Amiennois, de Biauvesis, de Pontieu, de Corbiois,
de Normendie et de toutes les marces et limitations de France, de
Bar, de Lorrainne, de Bourgongne, de Campagne, de Berri, de Poito
et de Tourainne; et tout s’avaloient sus les basses marces viers le
Mans et viers Angiers. Si ne furent pas sitos venu ne assamblé, et
entrues avinrent pluisseurs avenues et fais d’armes en Bretagne.

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Personality Psychology Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature 2Nd CDN Ed Edition Randy J Larsen Download PDF Chapter

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Personality Psychology: Domains of

Knowledge About Human Nature 2nd

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To my father and first personality teacher, Arnold H. Buss.

To Chris, whose personality is the best part of my day; and to

To my husband, Henry, my best friend and greatest supporter.

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Summary and Evaluation 85 Personality Stability over Time 130

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Twin Studies 167 Sexual Selection 229

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Superego: Upholder of Societal Values and Need for Achievement 340

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Chapter 14 Evocation Through Expectancy

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Do Cultures Have Distinctive Personality The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

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David M. Buss received his PhD in 1981 from the

lar65774_fm_i-xxiv.indd 11 1/20/20 5:36 PM

David B. King received his PhD in 2013 from the

Carolyn E. Ensley received her PhD in 1999 from

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Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design

Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies

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Chapter 4: Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology

Chapter 5: Personality Dispositions over Time: Stability, Coherence, and Change

Chapter 6: Genetics and Personality

• Findings from a Canadian twin study on mental toughness.

Chapter 7: Physiological Approaches to Personality

Chapter 8: Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality

Chapter 9: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality

• The discussion of a famous Canadian case of repression.

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Chapter 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues

Chapter 11: Motives and Personality

• Significant updates and corrections to the table of Murray’s needs.

Chapter 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality

• The inclusion of a clearer definition of schema.

Chapter 13: Emotion and Personality

Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self

• Updated research on the mirror recognition test in other species.

Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction

• More inclusive language when discussing relationships and families.

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Chapter 16: Sex, Gender, and Personality

Chapter 17: Culture and Personality

Chapter 18: Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health

• New section on hardiness and resilience.

Chapter 19: Disorders of Personality

• Reordering of clusters to align with the layout of the DSM-5.

Canadian Researchers/Psychologists Cited in Personality Psychology,

• Brian Connelly, University of Toronto Scarborough

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Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies

• Michael Ashton, Brock University

Chapter 4: Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology

• Norman Endler, York University (deceased)

Chapter 5: Personality Dispositions over Time: Stability, Coherence, and Change

• Roger Dixon, University of Alberta