Chemistry for Engineers 2

ENGINEERING MATERIALS,
METALS AND POLYMERS
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

▪ To describe basic concepts of crystal structure.

▪ To define mechanical properties.
▪ To define common engineering materials and their properties.
▪ To identify the types and uses of nanomaterials.
 INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
 OBJECTIVES

▪ Define common engineering materials

▪ Describe basic concepts of crystal structure;
Engineering Materials refers to selecting
the correct materials for the application in
which the engineered part is being used.

This selection process includes choosing

the material, paying attention to its
specific type or grade based on the
required properties.

https://images.app.goo.gl/8pjBaxeMohsLh4PC6
 CRYSTALLINE

are solids in which atoms are arranged in

an orderly repeating pattern.

They usually have flat surface, or faces,

that make definite angles with one
another.

https://images.app.goo.gl/WntSSy8rg1A2FfnQ9
 AMORPHOUS

solids in which atoms are not arranged in

an orderly pattern.

At the atomic level, the structures of

amorphous solids are similar to the
structures of liquids but they lack the
freedom of motion similar to liquids.
https://images.app.goo.gl/fWaTrBZPDpxETsr29
Unit cells are relatively small repeating unit in a
crystalline solid

They are made up of a unique arrangement of atoms

and embodies the structure of the solid.

These unit cells are stacked in three dimension, thus

determining the following attributes of the unit cell:

a. Size and Shape of the unit cell

b. Location of atoms within the unit cell
https://images.app.goo.gl/QeKjSqtEgs4DtjJbA
The geometrical pattern of points on which
the unit cells are arranged.

The crystal lattice is, in effect, an abstract

scaffolding for the crystal structure.

https://images.app.goo.gl/QeKjSqtEgs4DtjJbA
https://images.app.goo.gl/YkMXAPJ8gVavxHBn8
Simple Cubic Body Centered Face Centered
(Primitive) Cubic (BCC) Cubic (FCC)
https://images.app.goo.gl/gWUn7NuaDNG8vSuSA
An infinite array of discrete points with
an arrangement and orientation that
appears exactly the same

In 1850, M.A. Bravais showed that

identical points can be arranged spatially
to produce 14 types of regular patterns. https://images.app.goo.gl/h3reUo3HQHV7hxQa8
Solids that are held together by a
delocalized sea of collectively shared
valence electrons.

This form of arrangement allows metals

to conduct electricity and is also
responsible for metals being strong
without being brittle.
https://images.app.goo.gl/RXepE2oybf7sYcfL9
• Do not hold the characteristics of metals

• Many materials like coal and Sulphur are

very soft and dull in appearance.

• They break down into very fine thin

powdery mass on tapping with the hammer.

• They are neither sonorous and also are a

very poor conductor of heat and electricity.

• Few examples of non – metals are carbon, https://images.app.goo.gl/R9whZqSwPrwv4skTA

oxygen, Sulphur, etc.

POLYMERS are materials that has a
molecular structure consisting chiefly or
entirely of a large number of similar
units bonded together.

Examples: many synthetic organic

materials used as plastics and resins.
https://images.app.goo.gl/FaewKBYLcZApK4EU9
• Inorganic and nonmetallic materials like
tile, bricks, plates, glass, and toilets.

• They have excellent strength and hardness

properties.

• They are typically brittle in nature.

• Mixtures of clay, earthen elements,

powders, and water and shaping them into
desired forms and then fired in a high https://images.app.goo.gl/uFSNQW6cYyhR5gXN7

temperature oven called a kiln.

Thin materials produced by pressing
together moist fibers of cellulose pulp
derived from wood, rags, or grasses, and
drying them into flexible sheets.

It is a versatile material used in many ways

like writing, printing, packaging, cleaning,
decorating, and a number of industrial and
construction processes. https://images.app.goo.gl/BFTFgcuxFv4tyRJv8
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
 OBJECTIVES

▪ To define mechanical properties of materials

Describes the behavior of material in
terms of deformation and resistance to
deformation under specific mechanical
loading condition.

Hardness, Strength, Toughness,

Brittleness, Elasticity, Plasticity,
Ductility, Malleability
 HARDNESS STRENGTH

is the resistance to permanent is the property that enables a

indention, scratching, and wear. material to resist deformation
under load.

https://images.app.goo.gl/eWvfxi4gN8WRMYnv6 https://images.app.goo.gl/baCwQ1br6SNQTTh6A
 ELASTICITY PLASTICITY

is the ability of a material to is the ability of a material to

return to its original shape after deform permanently without
the load is removed. breaking or rupturing.

https://images.app.goo.gl/x2j8eKUjv6nmxtm68 https://images.app.goo.gl/dVUXa5X3vp1hgqA87
 TOUGHNESS BRITTLENESS

is the property that enables a is the opposite of the property of

material to withstand shock and plasticity. A brittle metal is one
to be deformed without rupturing. that breaks or shatters before it
Toughness may be considered as a deforms.
combination of strength
and plasticity.
 DUCTILITY
is the ability of the material to stretch
when applied with stress. This is usually
a metallic property. It is ability of the
material to deform easily upon the
application of a tensile force, or as the
ability of the material to withstand
plastic deformation without rupture.
MALLEABILITY
is the property that enables a material
to deform by compressive forces
without developing defects. A malleable
material is one that can be stamped,
hammered, forged, pressed, or rolled
into thin sheets.
 ENGINEERED
NANOMATERIALS
 OBJECTIVES

▪ To identify the types and uses of nanomaterials

Nanomaterials are objects that are sized
between 1 to 100 nanometers. Materials
engineered to such a small scale are often
referred to as engineered nanomaterials
(ENMs), which can take on unique optical,
magnetic, electrical, and other properties

https://images.app.goo.gl/BZ3ECLjN1t7FD1Lq8
These nanomaterials are
composed mostly of carbon,
most commonly taking the
form of a hollow spheres,
ellipsoids, or tubes.

https://images.app.goo.gl/dkj8h76qs6B2Qpmm9
 FULLERENES

carbon based nanomaterials that

are spherical and ellipsoidal in shape.

https://images.app.goo.gl/r4pmmjKKQ8isBjWw9
 NANOTUBES

carbon based nanomaterials that are

cylindrical in shape.

https://images.app.goo.gl/Qy54hyzkSRBHjAtR8
These nanomaterials include quantum
dots, nanogold, nanosilver, and metal
oxides, such as titanium dioxide

https://images.app.goo.gl/ifiG6gsdYsW1Bapt9
 QUANTUM DOT

a closely packed semiconductor crystal

comprised of hundreds or thousands of
atoms, and whose size is on the order of
a few nanometers to a few hundred
nanometers.
https://images.app.goo.gl/xfLAk8W2Baf9ktaM6
These nanomaterials are nanosized
polymers built from branched units. The
surface of a dendrimer has numerous
chain ends, which can be tailored to
perform specific chemical functions.

https://images.app.goo.gl/JszLvYzeK9eUBtbb6
They combine nanoparticles with other
nanoparticles or with larger, bulk-type
materials.

Nanoparticles, such as nanosized clays,

are already being added to products
ranging from auto parts to packaging
materials, to enhance mechanical,
thermal, barrier, and flame-retardant https://images.app.goo.gl/PuweJwqdJLBAdpuD9

properties.
CATALYSIS
One application is the use of Cerium (IV) oxide nanoparticles which are
added to diesel and bio-diesel fuels in very small amounts (5-10 ppm) to
facilitate complete combustion

POLYMERS AND GLASS

Carbon nanotubes are used in polymers and composites to strengthen a
structure, to increase the electrical conductivity of the material and to
increase heat transfer.
TEXTILE AND FABRIC
Nanomaterials can be used in these products to
provide properties, including anti-bacterial, anti-
fungal, deodorizing, thermal-regulating and static-
free, yet soft and comfortable to wear.

The nanoparticles are embedded in the fibers rather

than present as a coating, and are not removed
from the fabric when washed.
https://images.app.goo.gl/WpYRyvZcgbosi4Tr7
HEALTHCARE

Biological micro-electromechanical devices

(bioMEMS) implanted into the body to deliver
doses of drugs. Gold nanoparticles are also use
to locate the site of cancer cells and can be
irradiated with infrared to heat them up and
destroy the nearby cancer cells.

https://images.app.goo.gl/DcMGtQJ2UwYiZmXt7
METALS AND POLYMERS
 OBJECTIVES

▪ To describe the properties of metal,

▪ To discuss different types of alloys,
▪ To define polymers, its structure and types.
METALS
 OBJECTIVES

▪ To describe the properties of metal;

▪ To discuss different types of alloys
Metals are materials that has characteristics like

✓ high electrical and thermal conductivity,

✓ ability to be deformed or cut into new shapes without
breaking,
✓ and high mechanical strength.

Generally,
✓ They are often vulnerable to corrosion damage as the
metals react with their environment to re-form those
compounds.
✓ They tend to be shiny and malleable.
✓ Metals have these characteristics because they have
non-localized electrons. https://images.app.goo.gl/b3FHx3vZ9AdTeKk78
 SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

EXCEPT:
▪ Mercury is the only metal that is
liquid at room temperature
▪ Gallium is liquid at hot temperature
https://images.app.goo.gl/xvTjGctQgAfr15hR8
 LUSTER

Quality of reflecting light from their

surface

can be polished

Examples: gold, silver and copper.

https://images.app.goo.gl/vKgEvNZH1yXh1TfP6
 MALLEABILITY

Ability to withstand hammering and can be

made into thin sheets known as foils.

EXAMPLE:
a sugar cube sized chunk of gold can be
pounded into a thin sheet that will cover a
https://images.app.goo.gl/G4gUBqdzyXTAWsGs8
football field.
 DUCTILITY

Can be drawn into wires

EXAMPLE:
100 g of silver can be drawn into a thin wire
about 200 meters long
https://images.app.goo.gl/M9dCM6nAZ52JobCJ8
 HARDNESS

All metals are hard

EXCEPT:
sodium and potassium, which are soft and can
be cut with a knife

https://images.app.goo.gl/fSMboyC5TbzEP1Hx5
 VALENCY

Metals typically have 1 to 3 electrons in the

outermost shell of their atoms.

https://images.app.goo.gl/iCo3jigcrrSJrVL6A
 HIGH MELTING AND BOILING
POINTS

Highest MP/BP: Tungsten

Lowest MP/BP: Mercury

Sodium and potassium have low melting points.

https://images.app.goo.gl/tfbNQH6zJgQ3Tbsm7
 CONDUCTIVITY
Good conductors because they have free
electrons

Best conductor of heat and electricity: Silver

and copper

Poorest conductor: Lead

Bismuth, mercury and iron are also poor
conductors.
https://images.app.goo.gl/LHQpEuZpqW9fpbAL9
 ALKALI METALS

✓ very reactive
✓ low melting points
✓ soft enough to be cut with a knife
✓ Include: Lithium, Sodium, Potassium,
Rubidium, Cesium, Francium

https://images.app.goo.gl/e721HRooeEUfgruC7
 ALKALINE EARTH METALS

✓ Found in compounds with many different

minerals
✓ Less reactive than alkali metals
✓ Harder
✓ Higher melting points
✓ Include: Berylium, Magnesium, Calcium,
Strontium, Barium, Radium
https://images.app.goo.gl/exZ6KUxohUFTgreA8
 TRANSITION METALS

They are what we usually think of when we

think of metals.

✓ Hard and shiny, strong, and easy to shape

✓ Used for many industrial purposes.

https://images.app.goo.gl/9d1GVmQSY26fmaaS9
The process by which metals are
extracted from ores and are modified
for their use.

It is domain of metallic elements

physical and chemical behavior and a
whole, it is technology of metals that is https://images.app.goo.gl/tfbNQH6zJgQ3Tbsm7

applied to practical use.

Ores are rocks or minerals from which a
valuable substance – usually metal – can
be extracted.

https://images.app.goo.gl/yNYVrq72XZwzBKft5
Some common ores include:
Galena (lead ore)

Bornite and Malachite (copper)

Cinnabar (mercury)

Bauxite (aluminum)

Most common iron ores are magnetite and

https://images.app.goo.gl/yNYVrq72XZwzBKft5
hematite (a rusty-colored mineral formed by
70% iron and oxygen)
Or HEAT TREATMENT

Involves all of the controlled heating and

cooling operations performed on a
material in the solid state for the
purpose of altering its microstructure
and/or properties.

https://images.app.goo.gl/vP1rQVK43exrzEV26
 ANNEALING
a softening process in which
metals are heated and then
allowed to cool slowly.
Purpose: to reduce hardness and
increase ductility
QUENCHING
rapid cooling of a hot material.
The medium used to quench the
material can vary from forced air, oil,
water and others.
Quenching results in a metal that is
very hard but also brittle.
Metals where the properties of different
metals are combined by mixing two or
more of them together

https://images.app.goo.gl/Df6nJHWbTNGJXSKN9
SUBSTITUTIONAL ALLOYS happens
when solute atoms in a solid solution
occupy positions normally occupied by a
solvent atom.

https://images.app.goo.gl/9pM8RZivrHoNGkQw9
INTERSTITIAL ALLOYS happens when
solute atoms occupy interstitial positions
in the “holes” between solvent atoms.

https://images.app.goo.gl/9pM8RZivrHoNGkQw9
BASE METAL OR MAIN METAL
the most important metallic component of an
alloy (often representing 90 percent or more of
the material)

ALLOYING AGENTS
can be either metals or nonmetals and they're
present in much smaller quantities (sometimes
less than 1 percent of the total)

https://images.app.goo.gl/jgsuC2pGoW8ANdtAA
 SOLID SOLUTION
The traditional way of making
alloys which heats and melts the
components to make liquids,
mixing them together, and then
allowing them to cool into this
solution.
POWDER METALLURGY
An alternative way of making an
alloy is to turn the components
into powders, mix them together,
and then fuse them with a
combination of high pressure and
high temperature.
 Name Components Uses
BRONZE Cu (78-95%), Mn, P, Al, S Decorative statues, musical
instruments
BRASS Cu (65-90%), Zn (10-35%) Door locks and bolts, musical
instruments, central heating pipes
CAST IRON Fe (96-98%), C (2-4%), S Bridges, heavy duty cookwares
STEEL (general) Fe (80-98%), C (0.2-2%), other metals Metal structures, car and airplane
such as Cr, Mn, Va parts, etc
STEEL (stainless) Fe (50%+), Cr (10-30%), smaller Jewelery, medical tools, tableware
amounts of C, Ni, Mn, and other metals
STERLING SILVER Ag (92.5%), Cu(7.5%) Cutlery, jewelry, medical tools
WHITE GOLD (18 carat) Au (75%), Palladium (17%), Ag (4%), Jewelry
Cu (4%)
POLYMERS
 OBJECTIVES

▪ To define polymers, its structure, properties, and types.

Polymers are any of a class of natural
or synthetic substances composed of
very large molecules, called
macromolecules, that are multiples of
simpler chemical units called monomers.

https://images.app.goo.gl/cVQmXmLftNeWj4vo7
Polymers make up many of the materials
in living organisms, including, for
example, proteins, cellulose, and nucleic
acids.

https://images.app.goo.gl/4c2R8E2KimUho7x39
Jons Jakob Berzelius coined the word
polymer (polys – many, meros – parts)

To denote molecular substances of high

molecular weight formed by the
polymerization of monomers, molecule with
low molecular weight.

https://images.app.goo.gl/MMQ3eRPaeCq6V2sp7
Many common classes of polymers are composed of hydrocarbons,
compounds of carbon and hydrogen.

These polymers are specifically made of carbon atoms bonded together,

one to the next, into long chains that are called the backbone of the
polymer.

https://images.app.goo.gl/qEXHdzFG26wKfSMe8
There are polymers that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

EXAMPLES:
Polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polystyrene and polymethylpentene

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has chlorine attached to the all-carbon backbone.

Teflon has fluorine attached to the all-carbon backbone.

 NATURAL POLYMERS

Occur naturally and can be extracted

They are often water-based.

Ex: Silk, DNA, proteins, cellulose, starch

https://images.app.goo.gl/4ATuBMpM96HQQct37
 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

Derived from petroleum oil

Ex: Epoxy, Teflon, polyethylene,

polyester

https://images.app.goo.gl/g6NvtfCW4kLYjzKn9
 HEAT CAPACITY/HEAT
CONDUCTIVITY

The extent to which the plastic or polymer acts as

an effective insulator against the flow of heat.

(The polystyrene in disposable plastic glasses isn't a very

good insulator. However, blowing air through styrene while
it is being polymerized gives the Styrofoam used for
disposable coffee cups, which is a much better insulator.) https://images.app.goo.gl/b8M9w79cF3UxrFab7
 THERMAL EXPANSION

The extent to which the polymer expands or

contracts when heated or cooled.

Silicone is often used to seal glass windows to

their frames because it has a very low coefficient
of thermal expansion.
https://images.app.goo.gl/ykCcEjja2qJFGVt59
 CRYSTALLINITY

The extent to which the polymer chains are

arranged in a regular structure instead of a
random fashion.

Some polymers, such as Silly Putty and Play

Dough, are too amorphous and lack the rigidity
needed to make a useful product. Polymers that
https://images.app.goo.gl/1L8Cocxbw6ge6aPq8
are too crystalline often are also too brittle.
 PERMEABILITY

The tendency of a polymer to pass

extraneous materials

Polyethylene is used to wrap foods because

it is 4000 times less permeable to oxygen
then polystyrene.
https://images.app.goo.gl/8BzhkPchMjGHkVLf9
 ELASTIC MODULUS

The force it takes to stretch the

plastic in one direction.

https://images.app.goo.gl/g39dPU2PbG6iD3vN8
 TENSILE STRENGTH

The strength of the plastic. (The force that

must be applied in one direction to stretch
the plastic until it breaks.)

https://images.app.goo.gl/g39dPU2PbG6iD3vN8
 RESILIENCE

The ability of the plastic to resist abrasion

and wear.

https://images.app.goo.gl/4xciLnzXe6pfxzP77
 REFRACTIVE INDEX

The extent to which the plastic affects light

as it passes through the polymer.

https://images.app.goo.gl/Fdu5GrgkAsKHsgTr5
RESISTANCE TO ELECTRIC CURRENT

Most polymers are insulators

There is a growing interest in conducting

polymers, which can be charged and discharged,
and photoconducting polymers that can pick up
an electric charge when exposed to light.
https://images.app.goo.gl/kXv7ChqE345TQgFg8
APPLICATION AND PROCESSING
OF POLYMERS
 OBJECTIVES

▪ To discuss methods of fabricating polymers

▪ To discuss different types of plastics
ADDITION POLYMERIZATION
Monomers are coupled through their multiple bonds.

CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION
Used to synthesize commercially important polymers. In this
polymerization, two molecules are joined to form a larger molecule by
elimination of a small molecule, such as H2O.
PLASTICS are polymeric solids that can
be formed into various shapes, usually
by the application of heat and pressure.

https://images.app.goo.gl/sU471T3N3mzg6qWYA
• Type of plastics that can be reshaped
with the application of heat.
• Tangled (no cross-links) polymer
chains
• Weak forces of attraction between
chains
• Softens when heated
• Example: PET (Polyethylene
https://images.app.goo.gl/As28Nk9456TeHEFC7
Terephthalate) bottles.
• Plastics which can not be reshaped
readily.
• Chains held by strong covalent cross-
linking bonds
• They are shaped through irreversible
chemical processes.
• Remains hard when heated.
https://images.app.goo.gl/nSED4Tow7Kaj4sYe6
PLASTICS are numbered from 1 to 7 to
indicate its type.

This is primarily placed not for the

consumers, but for the producers to ease
code-communication, and for recyclers
for sorting.
https://images.app.goo.gl/s6NYvmjx13FLy7hz6
https://images.app.goo.gl/Sxp8PJz7dakzDoSaA
Lawrence S. Brown and Thomas A. Holme (2018), Chemistry for Engineering Students : Cengage
Learning
Roxy Wilson (2018), Solutions to Red Exercises: Chemistry: The Central Science : United Kingdom:
Pearson
Theodore E. Brown, et. al.(2018), Chemistry: The Central Science (14th Edition) : United Kingdom:
Pearson
Unknown Author (2018), Chemistry in Context: McGraw-Hill Education
Chang, Raymond and Kenneth A. Goldsby (2016). Chemistry. New York: McGraw Hill International
Edition.

Online References:
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/index.php
http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/
http://m.learning.hccs.edu/faculty/laimutis.bytautas/chem1411