LECTURES 10 & 11:

STRESS
AND
STRAIN
 Expected Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture, the students must be able to…

 Know the difference between Stress and Strain

 Calculate the different types of Stress
(normal, shearing, bearing)
 Learn the different points on a Stress-Strain diagram
 Calculate the Axial deformation for any given stress
and strain under the elastic region

2
LECTURE 10:
STRESS
 STRESS
is equal to FORCE over AREA
(N/m2 or Pa or lbf/in2 or psi)
 STRESS
is equal to FORCE over AREA
(N/m2 or Pa or lbf/in2 or psi)
is the lead to accurately describe and predict the elastic deformation of a body
 STRESS
is equal to FORCE over AREA
(N/m2 or Pa or lbf/in2 or psi)
is the lead to accurately describe and predict the elastic deformation of a body

NORMAL SHEAR BEARING

 STRESS
is equal to FORCE over AREA
(N/m2 or Pa or lbf/in2 or psi)
is the lead to accurately describe and predict the elastic deformation of a body

NORMAL SHEAR BEARING

Resisting area is Resisting area is Resisting area is based on
perpendicular to force parallel to force the contact of rivets
 STRESS
is equal to FORCE over AREA
(N/m2 or Pa or lbf/in2 or psi)
is the lead to accurately describe and predict the elastic deformation of a body

NORMAL SHEAR BEARING

Resisting area is Resisting area is Resisting area is based on
perpendicular to force parallel to force the contact of rivets

AN = πD2/4
D = Diameter of object
 STRESS
is equal to FORCE over AREA
(N/m2 or Pa or lbf/in2 or psi)
is the lead to accurately describe and predict the elastic deformation of a body

NORMAL SHEAR BEARING

Resisting area is Resisting area is Resisting area is based on
perpendicular to force parallel to force the contact of rivets

AS = πD2/4
D = Diameter of object
 STRESS
is equal to FORCE over AREA
(N/m2 or Pa or lbf/in2 or psi)
is the lead to accurately describe and predict the elastic deformation of a body

NORMAL SHEAR BEARING

Resisting area is Resisting area is Resisting area is based on
perpendicular to force parallel to force the contact of rivets

AS = πD2/4
D = Diameter of object
 STRESS
is equal to FORCE over AREA
(N/m2 or Pa or lbf/in2 or psi)
is the lead to accurately describe and predict the elastic deformation of a body

NORMAL SHEAR BEARING

Resisting area is Resisting area is Resisting area is based on
perpendicular to force parallel to force the contact of rivets

AB = DT
D = Diameter of rivets
T = Thickness of plate
 STRESS
is equal to FORCE over AREA
(N/m2 or Pa or lbf/in2 or psi)
is the lead to accurately describe and predict the elastic deformation of a body

NORMAL SHEAR BEARING

Resisting area is Resisting area is Resisting area is based on
perpendicular to force parallel to force the contact of rivets

AB = DT
D = Diameter of rivets
T = Thickness of plate
 PRACTICE 1 – NORMAL STRESS
A hollow steel tube with an inside
diameter of 100mm must carry a
tensile load of 400kN. Determine the
outside diameter of the tube if the
stress is limited to 120 MN/m2
 PRACTICE 1 – NORMAL STRESS
A hollow steel tube with an inside
diameter of 100mm must carry a
tensile load of 400kN. Determine the
outside diameter of the tube if the
stress is limited to 120 MN/m2
 PRACTICE 1 – NORMAL STRESS
A hollow steel tube with an inside
diameter of 100mm must carry a
tensile load of 400kN. Determine the
outside diameter of the tube if the
stress is limited to 120 MN/m2
 PRACTICE 1 – NORMAL STRESS
A hollow steel tube with an inside
diameter of 100mm must carry a
tensile load of 400kN. Determine the
outside diameter of the tube if the
stress is limited to 120 MN/m2
 PRACTICE 1 – NORMAL STRESS
A hollow steel tube with an inside
diameter of 100mm must carry a
tensile load of 400kN. Determine the
outside diameter of the tube if the
stress is limited to 120 MN/m2
 PRACTICE 2 – NORMAL STRESS
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is
supported at either end by a cable
as shown in the figure. Calculate
the smallest area of each cable if
the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa
in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
 PRACTICE 2 – NORMAL STRESS
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is
supported at either end by a cable
as shown in the figure. Calculate
the smallest area of each cable if
the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa
in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
 PRACTICE 2 – NORMAL STRESS
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is
supported at either end by a cable
as shown in the figure. Calculate
the smallest area of each cable if
the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa
in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
 PRACTICE 2 – NORMAL STRESS
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is
supported at either end by a cable
as shown in the figure. Calculate
the smallest area of each cable if
the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa
in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
 PRACTICE 2 – NORMAL STRESS
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is
supported at either end by a cable
as shown in the figure. Calculate
the smallest area of each cable if
the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa
in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.
 PRACTICE 3 – NORMAL STRESS
The homogeneous bar shown in the
figure is supported by a smooth pin at
C and a cable that runs from A to B
around the smooth peg at D. Find the
stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6
inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.
 PRACTICE 3 – NORMAL STRESS
The homogeneous bar shown in the
figure is supported by a smooth pin at
C and a cable that runs from A to B
around the smooth peg at D. Find the
stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6
inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.
 PRACTICE 3 – NORMAL STRESS
The homogeneous bar shown in the
figure is supported by a smooth pin at
C and a cable that runs from A to B
around the smooth peg at D. Find the
stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6
inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.
 PRACTICE 3 – NORMAL STRESS
The homogeneous bar shown in the
figure is supported by a smooth pin at
C and a cable that runs from A to B
around the smooth peg at D. Find the
stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6
inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.
 PRACTICE 3 – NORMAL STRESS
The homogeneous bar shown in the
figure is supported by a smooth pin at
C and a cable that runs from A to B
around the smooth peg at D. Find the
stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6
inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.
 PRACTICE 4 – SHEAR STRESS
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-
diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm
thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2
 PRACTICE 4 – SHEAR STRESS
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-
diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm
thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2
 PRACTICE 4 – SHEAR STRESS
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-
diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm
thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2
 PRACTICE 4 – SHEAR STRESS
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-
diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm
thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2
 PRACTICE 5 – SHEAR STRESS
A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a
shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive
stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. Compute
the maximum thickness of plate in which a hole
2.5 inches in diameter can be punched
 PRACTICE 5 – SHEAR STRESS
A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a
shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive
stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. Compute
the maximum thickness of plate in which a hole
2.5 inches in diameter can be punched
 PRACTICE 5 – SHEAR STRESS
A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a
shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive
stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. Compute
the maximum thickness of plate in which a hole
2.5 inches in diameter can be punched
 PRACTICE 5 – SHEAR STRESS
A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a
shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive
stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. Compute
the maximum thickness of plate in which a hole
2.5 inches in diameter can be punched
 PRACTICE 6 – SHEAR STRESS
Find the smallest diameter bolt that
can be used in the clevis shown in the
figure if P = 400 kN. The shearing
strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.
 PRACTICE 6 – SHEAR STRESS
Find the smallest diameter bolt that
can be used in the clevis shown in the
figure if P = 400 kN. The shearing
strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.
 PRACTICE 6 – SHEAR STRESS
Find the smallest diameter bolt that
can be used in the clevis shown in the
figure if P = 400 kN. The shearing
strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.
 PRACTICE 7 – BEARING STRESS
In the figure, assume that a 20-
mm-diameter rivet joins the
plates that are each 110 mm
wide. The allowable stresses are
120 MPa for bearing in the plate
material and 60MPa for shearing
of rivet. Determine the minimum
thickness of each plate
 PRACTICE 7 – BEARING STRESS
In the figure, assume that a 20-
mm-diameter rivet joins the
plates that are each 110 mm
wide. The allowable stresses are
120 MPa for bearing in the plate
material and 60MPa for shearing
of rivet. Determine the minimum
thickness of each plate
 PRACTICE 7 – BEARING STRESS
In the figure, assume that a 20-
mm-diameter rivet joins the
plates that are each 110 mm
wide. The allowable stresses are
120 MPa for bearing in the plate
material and 60MPa for shearing
of rivet. Determine the minimum
thickness of each plate
 PRACTICE 7 – BEARING STRESS
In the figure, assume that a 20-
mm-diameter rivet joins the
plates that are each 110 mm
wide. The allowable stresses are
120 MPa for bearing in the plate
material and 60MPa for shearing
of rivet. Determine the minimum
thickness of each plate
 PRACTICE 8 – BEARING STRESS
The lap joint shown in the figure is
fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets.
Calculate the maximum safe load P that
can be applied if the shearing stress in the
rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing
stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi.
Assume the applied load is uniformly
distributed among the four rivets
 PRACTICE 8 – BEARING STRESS
The lap joint shown in the figure is
fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets.
Calculate the maximum safe load P that
can be applied if the shearing stress in the
rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing
stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi.
Assume the applied load is uniformly
distributed among the four rivets
 PRACTICE 8 – BEARING STRESS
The lap joint shown in the figure is
fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets.
Calculate the maximum safe load P that
can be applied if the shearing stress in the
rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing
stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi.
Assume the applied load is uniformly
distributed among the four rivets
LECTURE 11:
STRAIN
 STRAIN
Also known as unit deformation (ratio of change in length to original length)
 STRAIN
Also known as unit deformation (ratio of change in length to original length)
 STRAIN
Also known as unit deformation (ratio of change in length to original length)
 STRAIN
DIMENSIONLESS
Also known as unit deformation (ratio of change in length to original length)
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Modulus of Elasticity (E)

- slope from O to P
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Modulus of Elasticity (E)

- slope from O to P

Elastic Limit, E

- is the limit beyond which

the material will no longer
go back to its original shape
when the load is removed
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Modulus of Elasticity (E)

- slope from O to P

Elastic Limit, E

- is the limit beyond which

the material will no longer
go back to its original shape
when the load is removed

Elastic Range
- the region in stress-strain
diagram from O to P
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Plastic Range

- the region from P to R

 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Plastic Range

- the region from P to R

Yield point, Y

- is the point at which the

material will have an
appreciable elongation or
yielding without any
increase in load
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Plastic Range

- the region from P to R

Yield point, Y

- is the point at which the

material will have an
appreciable elongation or
yielding without any
increase in load

Ultimate strength

The maximum ordinate in

the stress-strain diagram
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Rupture Strength, R

is the strength of the

material at rupture. This is
also known as the
breaking strength
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Rupture Strength, R

is the strength of the

material at rupture. This is
also known as the
breaking strength

Modulus of Resilience
is the work done on a unit
volume of material as the force is
gradually increased from O to P
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Rupture Strength, R

is the strength of the

material at rupture. This is
also known as the
breaking strength

Modulus of Resilience
is the work done on a unit
volume of material as the force is
gradually increased from O to P

Modulus of Toughness
is the work done on a unit
volume of material as the force is
gradually increased from O to R
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Working Stress

the actual stress of a

material under a given
loading
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Working Stress

the actual stress of a

material under a given
loading

Allowable Stress

the maximum safe stress

that a material can carry
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Working Stress

the actual stress of a

material under a given
loading

Allowable Stress

the maximum safe stress

that a material can carry

Factor of Safety

the ratio of ultimate or

yield strength to allowable
strength
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Working Stress

the actual stress of a

material under a given
loading

Allowable Stress

the maximum safe stress

that a material can carry

Factor of Safety

the ratio of ultimate or

yield strength to allowable
strength
AXIAL DEFORMATION
 AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by
 AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by
 AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

STIFFNESS, k
is the ratio of the steady
force acting on an elastic
body to the resulting
displacement
 PRACTICE 9 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300

mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile
load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass
of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103
MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod
 PRACTICE 9 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300

mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile
load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass
of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103
MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod
 PRACTICE 9 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300

mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile
load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass
of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103
MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod
 PRACTICE 9 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300

mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile
load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass
of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103
MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod
 PRACTICE 9 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300

mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile
load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass
of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103
MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod
 PRACTICE 10 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically,

supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the
weight of the wire, determine the required
diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi
and the total elongation is not to exceed
0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi
 PRACTICE 10 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically,

supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the
weight of the wire, determine the required
diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi
and the total elongation is not to exceed
0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi
 PRACTICE 10 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically,

supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the
weight of the wire, determine the required
diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi
and the total elongation is not to exceed
0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi
 PRACTICE 10 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically,

supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting the
weight of the wire, determine the required
diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi
and the total elongation is not to exceed
0.20 in. Assume E = 29 × 106 psi
 PRACTICE 11 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

An aluminum bar having a cross-

sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial
loads applied at the positions shown in
Fig. P-209. Compute the total change in
length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to
prevent lateral buckling
 PRACTICE 11 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

An aluminum bar having a cross-

sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial
loads applied at the positions shown in
Fig. P-209. Compute the total change in
length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to
prevent lateral buckling
 PRACTICE 11 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

An aluminum bar having a cross-

sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial
loads applied at the positions shown in
Fig. P-209. Compute the total change in
length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to
prevent lateral buckling
 PRACTICE 11 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

An aluminum bar having a cross-

sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial
loads applied at the positions shown in
Fig. P-209. Compute the total change in
length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to
prevent lateral buckling
 PRACTICE 11 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

An aluminum bar having a cross-

sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial
loads applied at the positions shown in
Fig. P-209. Compute the total change in
length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to
prevent lateral buckling
 PRACTICE 12 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

An aluminum bar having a cross-

sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial
loads applied at the positions shown in
Fig. P-209. Compute the total change
in length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to
prevent lateral buckling. Solve Prob.
209 if the points of application of the
6000-lb and the 4000-lb forces are
interchanged
 PRACTICE 12 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

An aluminum bar having a cross-

sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial
loads applied at the positions shown in
Fig. P-209. Compute the total change
in length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to
prevent lateral buckling. Solve Prob.
209 if the points of application of the
6000-lb and the 4000-lb forces are
interchanged
 PRACTICE 12 – AXIAL DEFORMATION
In the linear portion of the
stress-strain diagram, the
stress is proportional to
strain and is given by

An aluminum bar having a cross-

sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial
loads applied at the positions shown in
Fig. P-209. Compute the total change
in length of the bar if E = 10 × 106 psi.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to
prevent lateral buckling. Solve Prob.
209 if the points of application of the
6000-lb and the 4000-lb forces are
interchanged