NURSING THEORISTS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING

________________________________________________________ 1 #LabaRN NURSING THEORIES •

The beginning of nursing theory development can be traced to Florence Nightingale • It is a significant
development to a body of substantive knowledge to guide nursing practice to establish nursing as a
profession and an academic discipline • Plays an important role in critical thinking and nursing actions
towards clinical practice • Backbone of clinical care • Provides the nurse with focus and framework to
sort patients data’s in practice • “theory without practice is empty and practice without theory is blind”
SIGNIFICANCE OF NURSING THEORIES • At the onset of the 20th century, nursing was not recognized as
an academic discipline or a profession, but the accomplishments of the past century led to recognition
of nursing both areas. • Led to the recognition of nursing as an academic discipline and a profession
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE • “ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY” • She was given the title “Founder of Modern
Nursing. • She established a school of nursing at St. Thomas Hospital in England. • She is the most
recognized name in the field of nursing. Her work was instrumental for developing modern nursing
practice, and from her first shift, she worked to ensure patients in her care had what they needed to get
healthy. • She believed that the person is a holistic individual and thus has a spiritual dimension. o
“Matriarch of Modern Nursing” o “First Nursing Theorist” o “The Lady with the Lamp” o ‘Nurse
Statistician” Awards: ✓ Order of Merit (OM) ✓ Royal Red Cross (RRC) by Queen Victoria of Great Britain
THEORETICAL SOURCES OF NIGHTINGALE’S THEORY 1. Education 2. Literature 3. Intellectuals 4. Religious
Beliefs METAPARADIGM IN NURSING: 1. Nursing • The act of utilizing the environment of a patient to
assist him in his recovery • Very essential for everybody’s well-being • Wrote “Notes on Nursing” to
provide women with guidelines for caring for their loved ones at home and to give advice on how to
“think like a nurse.” • She expected nurses to use their powers of observation in caring for patients. 2.
Person • Predominantly described a passive patient but whenever self-care is possible, the nurse should
ask about the patient’s preference. 3. Health • Envisioned the maintenance of health through
prevention of disease by environmental control and social responsibility. 4. Environment • She believed
that sick and poor people would benefit from environmental improvements that address their physical
and mental aspects. • Nursing was to assist nature in healing the patient. ASPECTS: ✓ Health of houses
✓ Ventilation and warming ✓ Light ✓ Noise ✓ Variety ✓ Bed and bedding ✓ Cleanliness of rooms and
walls ✓ Personal cleanliness ✓ Nutrition and taking food ✓ Chattering hopes and advices ✓ Observation
of the sick ✓ Petty management NIGHTINGALE AND THE NIURSING PROCESS: 1. Assessment: ask the
client what is needed or wanted thru using precise and specific observation concerning all aspects of the
client’s physical health and environment. 2. Nursing Diagnosis: the client’s response to the environment
and not the environmental problem thru reflecting about the importance of the environment to health
and well-being of the client. OUTCOMES AND PLANNING: ✓ Planning is focused on modifying the
environment to enhance the client’s ability to respond to the disease process ✓ Desired outcomes are
derived from the environmental model HILDEGARD PEPLAU • “INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS” •
Peplau emphasizes that both the patient and the nurse mature as the result of therapeutic interaction •
This theory contributed to nursing in the areas of clinical practice, theory, and research, adding to the
present base of nursing knowledge METAPARADIGM IN NURSING 1) Person: An organism that lives in an
unstable balance of a given system. 2) Health: Symbolizes movement of the personality and other
ongoing processes 3) Environment: Forces outside the organism in context of socially approved way of
living 4) Nursing: significant, therapeutic, interpersonal process NURSING THEORISTS| THEORETICAL
FOUNDATION OF NURSING 2 #LabaRN NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP: • Orientation: the person and
the nurse mutually identify the person's problem • Identification: the person identifies with the nurse,
thereby accepting help • Exploitation: the person makes use of the nurse's help • Resolution: the person
accepts new goals and frees herself or himself from the relationship. NURSING ROLES: • Stranger Role:
Receives the client the same way one meets a stranger in other life situations • Resource Person Role:
Answers questions, interprets clinical treatment data, gives information. • Teaching Role: Gives
instructions and provides training • Counselling Role: Helps client understand and integrate the meaning
of current life circumstances • Surrogate Role: Helps client clarify domains of dependence,
interdependence, and independence • Active Leadership Role: Helps client assume maximum
responsibility for meeting treatment VIRGINIA HENDERSON • “14 BASIC HUMAN NEEDS” • “First Lady of
Nursing” • “First Truly International Nurse” • This theory emphasizes the importance of increasing the
patient’s independence so that the progress after hospitalization would not be delayed METAPARADIGM
OF NURSING: 1. Person: The patient needs assistance to achieve health and independence 2. Health:
Requires independence and interdependence because health is more important than care of sick 3.
Environment: Nurses should minimize the chances of injury through recommendations regarding
building constructions, purchase of equipment and maintenance. 4. Nursing: Nurse functions as a
member of the health care team as they have a unique function to help sick and well individuals 14
COMPONENTS OF BASIC NURSING CARE – NEEDS: 1. Breathe normally 2. Eat and drink adequately 3.
Eliminate body wastes 4. Move and maintain desirable postures 5. Sleep and rest 6. Select suitable
clothes 7. Maintain body temperature 8. Keep body clean and well groomed 9. Avoid dangers in
environment and avoid injuring others 10. Communicate with others 11. Worship according to one’s
faith 12. Work in such a way there is a sense of accomplishment 13. Play or participate in recreation 14.
Learn, discover or satisfy curiosity that leads to normal development and health THE NURSE-PATIENT
RELATIONSHIP • 3 Levels: o Substitute – perform tasks for patient o Helper – assists patient perform
tasks o Partner – formulate care plan together, advocate and resource person THE NJURSE-PHYSICIAL
RELATIONSHIP • The nurse functions independently from doctors • Implements care plan that promotes
the physician’s prescribed therapeutic plan The nurse as a member of health team: Must work
independently. NOLA PENDER • “HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL” • Not really a nursing theory per se, but
a psychological look at how human beings perceive themselves, their health and their ability to change
their lifestyles to promote health BREAKDOWN: 1. Features: this model is based on the idea that human
beings are rational, and will seek their advantage in health 2. Function: to show the individual as self-
determining, but as also determined by personal history and general characteristics 3. Effects: it puts the
onus of healthcare reform on the person, not on the professions 4. Significance: the medical profession
is not the main ingredient in living a healthy lifestyle 5. Considerations: as healthcare costs continue to a
climb, Pender advocates preventive medicines, which is another word for rational, healthy thinking and
therefore, healthy, and rational living ASSUMPTIONS: 1. Individuals seeks to actively regulate their own
behavior 2. Individuals in all their biopsychosocial complexity interact with the environment 3. Health
professionals constitute a part of the interpersonal environment 4. Self-initiated reconfiguration of
person-environment interactive patterns is essential to behavior change. MAJOR CONCEPTS: 1. Personal
Factors: categorized as biological, psychological, and socio-cultural. These factors are predictive of a
given behavior and shaped by the nature of the behavior being considered. 2. Perceived Benefits of
Action: anticipated positive outcomes that will occur from health behavior. 3. Activity-related Affect:
defined as the subjective positive or negative feeling that occurs based on the stimulus properties of the
behavior itself 4. Interpersonal Influences: cognition-concerning behavior, beliefs, or attitudes of the
other FAY ABDELLA • “21 NURSING PROBLEMS” • Based on the problem-solving method • Viewed
nursing as both an art and a science that molds the attitude, intellectual, competencies, and technical
skills of an individual nurse • Used Henderson’s 14 basic human needs to establish classification of the
nursing problems