EE202-S24_w01_2_sinusoids-and-phasors

EE202 – Circuit Analysis 2

Week 1 – Lecture 2:
Sinusoids and Phasors

Abdurrahman Gümüş
Assistant Professor
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
February 22, 2024

Part 1. DC Circuits Part 2. AC Circuits Part 3. Advanced

Circuit Analysis

1. Basic Concepts 9. Sinusoids and Phasors 15. Introduction to the

2. Basics Laws
3. Methods of Analysis
4. Circuit Theorems
5. Operational Amplifiers
6. Capacitors and inductors
7. First Order Circuits
8. Second Order Circuits
10. Sinusoidal Steady State
Analysis
11. AC Power Analysis
12. Three Phase Circuits
13. Magnetically Coupled
Circuits
14. Frequency Response
Laplace Transform
16. Applications of the
Laplace Transform
17. The Fourier Series
18. The Fourier Transform
19. Two-Port Networks

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Ch9 – Sinusoids and Phasors

Learning Objectives

1. Better understand sinusoids

2. Understand phasors
3. Understand the phasor relationships for circuit elements
4. Know and understand the concepts of impedance and admittance
5. Understand Kirchhoff’s laws in the frequency domain
6. Comprehend the concept of phase-shift
7. Understand the concept of AC bridges

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Alternating Waveforms

So far, we have been analyzing DC networks where the currents or voltages

are fixed in magnitude except for transient effects

Now we are going to deal with alternating waveforms of signals

Methods introduced for DC networks will be applied

Alternating
waveforms

Various Sources of AC Power

a) Generating plant, b) Portable AC generator, c) Wind power station, d) Solar panel,

e) Function generator

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AC generator (alternator):

The power to the shaft developed by one of the energy sources turns a
rotor (constructed of alternating magnetic poles) inside a set of windings
housed in the stator (the stationary part of the dynamo)

and induces a voltage across the windings of the stator

As defined by Faraday’s Law:

Through proper design of the generator, a sinusoidal AC voltage is

developed that distributed through the power lines to the consumer

Important Parameters for a Waveform:

Sinusoidal Signal Instantaneous value:
Peak amplitude:
The maximum value of a waveform
as measured from its average, or
mean, value, (Em)
Peak value:
The maximum instantaneous value
of a function as measured from the
zero volt level
Peak to peak value:
Periodic waveform:
Period (T):
Cycle:
Frequency (f):

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Effect of a changing
frequency on the period
of a sinusoidal waveform

Frequency Spectrum

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Areas of application for

specific frequency bands

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Seismogram signal in New York due to magnitude 6.7 earthquake

in Central Alaska

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Sinusoidal Waveform

The sinusoidal waveform is the only alternating waveform whose shape

is unaffected by the response characteristics of R, L, and C elements

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Sinusoidal Waveform
The unit of measurement for the horizontal axis can be time, degrees, or
radians
If we mark off a portion of the
circumference of a circle by a length
equal to the radius of the circle,

The angle resulting is called 1 radian

1 full cycle resulting has 2π radians

Defining the radian

The quantity π is the ratio of the

circumference of a circle to its
diameter

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There are 2𝜋 radians in one full circle of 360o

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Sinusoidal waveform can be generated from the length of the vertical projection
of a radius vector rotating in a uniform circular motion about a fixed point

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The velocity which the radius vector

rotates about the center, called the
angular velocity

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The smaller the period of the sinusoidal

waveform, the greater must be the angular
velocity of the rotating radius vector

This equation states that the higher the

frequency of the generated sinusoidal
waveform, the higher must be the angular
velocity

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General format for the sinusoidal voltage or current

where Am is the peak value of the waveform

and α is the unit of measure for the
horizontal axis

For electrical quantities such as current

and voltage, the general format is

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Phase Relations
So far, we have considered only sine
waves that have maxima at π/2 and
3π/2, with a zero value at 0, π, and 2π

If the waveform is shifted to the right

or left of 0°, the expression becomes

where ɵ is the angle in degrees or

radians that the waveform has been
shifted

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Phase relationship between a sine

wave and a cosine wave

The terms leading and lagging are used to

indicate the relationship between two
sinusoidal waveforms of the same
frequency plotted on the same set of axes

The cosine curve is said to lead the sine curve by 90°,

and the sine curve is said to lag the cosine curve by 90°

The 90° is referred to as the phase angle between the two waveforms
The waveforms are out of phase by 90°

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Using these trigonometric identities

Using these relationships, we can transform a sinusoid from

sine form to cosine form or vice versa

Or we can use graphical approach

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A graphical approach may be used to relate or compare sinusoids as an

alternative to using the trigonometric identities
The horizontal axis represents the magnitude of cosine,
while the vertical axis (pointing down) denotes the magnitude of sine
Angles are measured positively counter-clockwise from the horizontal

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Vm = the amplitude of the sinusoid

ω = the angular frequency in radians/s
ωt = the argument of the sinusoid

T is the period 

V(t) repeats itself every T seconds

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Sketch of Vm sin ωt

a) As a function of ωt
b) As a function of t

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v2 leads v1 by ϕ

v1 lags v2 by ϕ

We can compare v1 and v2 in this

manner because they operate at
the same frequency; they do not
need to have the same amplitude

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