EE202-S24_w02_1_sinusoids-and-

phasors

EE202 – Circuit Analysis 2

Week 2 – Lecture 2:
Sinusoids and Phasors

Abdurrahman Gümüş
Assistant Professor
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
February 29, 2024

EE202 Office Hours and Problem-Solving Sessions

Metin Sağık, Mehmet Sergen Çatal, Ekrem Fidan

Office hours is held both in-person and online

in person: Eng. Building D Room 1-63
online: MS Teams EE202-S24 (pw: xpmd066)

Monday Thursday
10:30 – 12:00  office hour 14:00 – 15:00  problem solving session (Z41)
15:00 – 16:30  office hour

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Part 1. DC Circuits Part 2. AC Circuits Part 3. Advanced

1. Basic Concepts
2. Basics Laws
3. Methods of Analysis
4. Circuit Theorems
5. Operational Amplifiers
6. Capacitors and inductors
7. First Order Circuits
8. Second Order Circuits
9. Sinusoids and Phasors
10. Sinusoidal Steady State
Analysis
11. AC Power Analysis
12. Three Phase Circuits
13. Magnetically Coupled
Circuits
14. Frequency Response
Circuit Analysis
15. Introduction to the
Laplace Transform
16. Applications of the
Laplace Transform
17. The Fourier Series
18. The Fourier Transform
19. Two-Port Networks

Phasors

We transform the sinusoid from the time domain to the phasor domain

Frequency is not explicitly shown in the phasor domain representation

because ω is constant

However, the response depends on ω

For this reason, the phasor domain is also known as the frequency domain

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Phasors

!!! Please keep in mind

Phasor analysis applies only
when frequency is constant;

it applies in manipulating two or

more sinusoidal signals only if
they are of the same frequency

Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

We need to transform the voltage-current relationship from the time

domain to the frequency domain for each element

We will assume the passive sign convention

If the current through a resistor R is i = Im cos(ωt + φ)

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Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

Voltage-current relations for a - Phasor diagram for the resistor

resistor in the: (a) time domain, - Voltage and current are in phase
(b) frequency domain

Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

Inductor:

Voltage across the inductor

Since

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Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

Phasor transformation

Since 

Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

Inductor:

Voltage has a magnitude of ωLIm and

phase of (φ + 90o)

Voltage and current are 90o out of

phase

Phasor diagram for the inductor

I lags V

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Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

Capacitor:
Voltage across capacitor is

By following similar steps

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Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

Capacitor:

Phasor diagram for the capacitor Current and voltage are 90° out of phase
I leads V

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Impedance

Voltage-current relations for three passive elements

Ohm’s law in phasor form

Z is a frequency-dependent quantity known as impedance,

measured in ohms

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Impedance

Impedance represents the opposition

that the circuit exhibits to the flow of
sinusoidal current

Although the impedance is the ratio of

two phasors, it is not a phasor.

Because it does not correspond to a

sinusoidally varying quantity

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Impedance

When ω = 0 (i.e., for dc sources)

ZL = 0 and ZC → ∞

Inductor acts like a short circuit,

while the capacitor acts like an open circuit

When ω → ∞ (i.e., for high frequencies)

ZL → ∞ and ZC = 0

Indicating that the inductor is an open

circuit to high frequencies,
while the capacitor is a short circuit
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Impedance

When ω = 0 (i.e., for dc sources)

ZL = 0 and ZC → ∞

Inductor acts like a short circuit,

while the capacitor acts like an open circuit

When ω → ∞ (i.e., for high frequencies)

ZL → ∞ and ZC = 0

Indicating that the inductor is an open

circuit to high frequencies,
while the capacitor is a short circuit
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Impedance

As a complex quantity, the impedence may be expressed

in rectangular form

R = Re(Z) is the resistance

X = Im(Z) is the reactance

Reactance X is just a magnitude, a positive value,

but when used as a vector,
j is associated with inductance
-j is associated with capacitance

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Impedance

Thus, impedance Z = R + jX is said to be inductive or lagging

since current lags voltage,

while impedance Z = R − jX is capacitive or leading

because current leads voltage

Impedance, resistance, and reactance are all measured in ohms

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Impedance

Impedance may also be expressed in polar form

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Admittance

Admittance Y is the reciprocal of

impedance, measured in siemens (S)

It is sometimes convenient to work

with the admittance

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Admittance

G = Re(Y) is called the conductance

B = Im(Y) is called the susceptance

Admittance, conductance, and susceptance are all expressed in siemens

G≠1∕R
as it is in resistive circuits

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Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency Domain

We can do circuit analysis in the frequency domain using Kirchhoff’s Laws

For KVL, let v1, v2, … , vn be the voltages around a closed loop

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Phasors REMINDER
The idea of phasor representation is based on Euler’ s identity

We may regard cosϕ and sinϕ as the real and imaginary parts of ejϕ

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Phasors REMINDER
For a sinusoid v(t) = Vm sin(ωt + φ)

where

V (bold) is the phasor representation of the sinusoid v(t)

Phasor is a complex representation of the magnitude and phase of a sinusoid

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Representation of V ejωt : REMINDER

(a) sinor rotating counterclockwise,
(b) its projection on the real axis, as a function of time

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Phasors REMINDER

We transform the sinusoid from the time domain to the phasor domain

Frequency is not explicitly shown in the phasor domain representation

because ω is constant

However, the response depends on ω

For this reason, the phasor domain is also known as the frequency domain

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Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency Domain

We know

Because

Indicating that Kirchhoff’s voltage law holds for phasors

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Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency Domain

By following a similar procedure, we can show that Kirchhoff’s current law

holds for phasors

If i1, i2, … ,in are the currents leaving or entering a closed surface in a
network at time t

If I1, I2, …, In are the phasor forms of the sinusoids i1, i2, …, in

Kirchhoff’s current law in the frequency domain

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Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency Domain

Once we have shown that both KVL and KCL hold in the
frequency domain,

it is easy to do many things, such as

impedance combination
nodal and mesh analyses
superposition
and source transformation

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Impedance Combinations

Applying KVL around the loop

Equivalent impedance at the input terminal

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Impedance Combinations

Current through the impedances

Voltage division

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Impedance Combinations

Equivalent impedance Equivalent admittance

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Impedance Combinations

The delta-to-wye and wye-to-delta transformations are also valid

for impedances
Y-∆ Conversion

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Impedance Combinations

The delta-to-wye and wye-to-delta transformations are also valid

for impedances
∆-Y Conversion

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Impedance Combinations

A delta or wye circuit is said to be balanced if it has equal

impedances in all three branches

When a ∆-Y circuit is

balanced

where

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Example
Determine vo(t)

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Example

To do the analysis in the

frequency domain, we must first
transform the time domain circuit
to the phasor domain equivalent

Frequency domain equivalent of the circuit

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Voltage division

Converting back to
time domain

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Example:
Find v(t) and i(t)

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vs = 10 cos4t
ω=4

Total impedance

Current

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Voltage across the capacitor

i(t) leads v(t) by 90o as expected

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Phase Shifters

We have seen certain uses of RL, RC, and RLC circuits in DC

applications

These circuits also have AC applications such as coupling circuits,

phase-shifting circuits, filters, resonant circuits, AC bridge circuits,
transformers, etc.

Phase shifting circuit is used to correct an undesirable phase shift

already present in a circuit or to produce desired effects

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Phase Shifters

In (a), current I leads the applied voltage Vi

by some phase angle θ, where 0 < θ < 90°,
depending on the values of R and C

Total impedance

where

Phase shift

Series RC shift circuits

Amount of phase shift depends on the values of
(a) leading output
R, C, and the operating frequency (b) lagging output
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Phase Shifters

In (a),
Since the output voltage Vo across the resistor
is in phase with the current,
Vo leads (positive phase shift) Vi

Series RC shift circuits

(a) leading output
(b) lagging output
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Phase Shifters

In (b),
- Output is taken across the capacitor
- Current I leads the input voltage V by some θ
- But output voltage vo(t) across the capacitor
lags (negative phase shift) the input voltage vi(t)

Values from
example:
Series RC shift circuits
(a) leading output
(b) lagging output
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Phase shift in RC circuits

(a) leading output
(b) lagging output

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Phase Shifters

We should keep in mind that the simple RC circuits also act as

voltage dividers

Therefore, as the phase shift θ approaches 90°, the output voltage

Vo approaches zero

For this reason, these simple RC circuits are used only when small
amounts of phase shift are required

If it is desired to have phase shifts greater than 60°, simple RC

networks are cascaded

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Phase Shifters

When RC networks are cascaded, they provide a total phase shift equal
to the sum of the individual phase shifts

In practice, the phase shifts due to the stages are not equal, because the
succeeding stages load down the earlier stages

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Phase Shifters

When RC networks are cascaded, they provide a total phase shift equal
to the sum of the individual phase shifts

In practice, the phase shifts due to the stages are not equal, because the
succeeding stages load down the earlier stages

Unless op amps are used to separate the stages !

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