Science summative 2, term 2 notes

Biology
Food tests

Food test for the following

Starch (carbohydrates) -> Iodine
Protein -> Biuret
Glucose (sugar) -> Benedict
Fat -> Ethanol (sudan III)

☆Why are test liquids prepared, instead of using solid food samples?
Test liquids are prepared for food analysis because they are easier to handle
and manipulate then solid food samples.
Food diet
□Obesity
-very overweight
-symptoms( a high body weight,type 2 diabetes and heart disease)
-A lack of nutrients,an unhealthy diet, having too much of a particular nutrient is obesity.
-treatment:exercise regularly, have a balanced diet, and don't over consume fats.
□Malnutrition
-not properly nourished
-lack of essential nutrients:ie vitamins,minerals,amino acids
□undernourished
-lack of food energy (calories)
Carbohydrates -> for energy
Protein -> for growth and repair
Fats -> store energy
Fibre -> prevent constipation

Chemistry
Exothermic and endothermic processes
Exothermic process- gives off energy to the surroundings like fire giving off heat.
Exo=external

Endothermic process-takes in energy from its surroundings like a snow man melting talking
in the heat.
Endo=internal

□Exothermic processes
●As Exothermic processes gives off (transfer) energy to the surroundings this energy is
usually heat.They cause the surroundings to heat up just like a bonfire.
●Most chemical reactions are Exothermic like respiration and neutralisation between acids
and alkalis.
●Freezing is Exothermic as well as condensation as bonds need to be made from liquid to
solid and liquid to gas.
●combustion(fuels and other substances bruning)
●more to less energy

~Complete combustion takes place in the presence of a sufficient amount of oxygen while an
incomplete combustion reaction takes place when there is an insufficient amount of oxygen
supply.

□Endothermic processes
●In Endothermic processes surroundings usually get colder as heat is taken in.
●We can detect an endothermic process when the temperature decreases.
●Example of endothermic processes
-photosynthesis
-melting(for this to happen bonds need to be broken,to break bonds energy needs to be put
in)
-boiling
●less to more energy

Thermal energy:
The energy stored in an object due to its temperature.

Dissolving a substance in water can be an exothermic or endothermic process, depending

on the substance being dissolved.

Endothermic reaction
A precipitate(insoluble solid formed when soluble substances react together) of calcium
carbonate forms when sodium carbonate solution reacts with calcium chloride solution.
Sodium carbonate + calcium chloride -> calcium carbonate + sodium chloride

☆When green copper carbonate powder is heated,it breaks down to from black copper
oxide powder and carbon dioxide gas. Explain whether this is an endothermic or an
exothermic process.
The colour change and the movement of the powder is caused by the escaping
gas.However,the reaction stops as the heating stops,showing that it is an endothermic
process.

Physics
Magnetism
If an object changes speed or direction a magnetic force is acting on it.

When two opposite poles are placed near each other,they attract.
When similar poles are placed near each other,they repel.
□Earth's magnetic field is
●The earth behaves like a magnet as the earth's core is a mix of iron and nickel giving the
earth's its own magnetic field.
●The earth's core is made of iron and nickel,which are both highly magnetic materials.As the
molten in the core circulates,it creates electrical currents.These currents,in turn,create a
magnetic field.
-Importance of magnetic field
It helps protect the earth from harmful solar radiation and cosmic rays.

~Formation of North and South poles is a result of the earth's magnetic field, which is
generated by the movement of molten material in earth's core.

~The North Pole points towards North because that's were earth's South magnetic pole is
located and they attract.

☆How can we magnetise an object ?

When the magnet rubs against the metal object, it causes the electrons to align and
magnetises the object.
☆ When is a magnetic field stronger?
The magnetic field is the strongest at the poles of a magnet as the lines are the closest.

□Electromagnetism
Electric currents produce their own magnetic field.
☆What are the factors affecting magnetism of an electromagnet?
●number of turns
●strength of current
●core material (material of electromagnet)
●length of core (length of material)
●cross-sectional area of core
●presence of external magnetic field
●temperature
●shape and size of coil