Going global – Travel and the 2019

novel coronavirus Alfonso J.

Rodríguez-Morales
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Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
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Going global – Travel and the 2019 novel coronavirus
ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:
Coronaviruses
Travelers
Epidemic
2019-nCoV
Since 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) has made five
declarations of disease outbreaks considered Public Health Emergencies
of International Concern (PHEIC): the 2009H1N1 (or swine flu) pan-
demic, the 2014 polio declaration, the 2014 outbreak of Ebola in
Western Africa, the 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic and, as of 17 July
2019, the Kivu Ebola epidemic which began in 2018 [1,2]. Now, on
January 30, 2020, after two meetings (the first on January 22 and 23)
and a careful assessment of the situation, the Emergency Committee
(EC) declared the outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) in
the People's Republic of China a PHEIC [1]. Convened by the WHO
Director-General under the International Health Regulations (IHR)
(2005), the EC considered exportations to other countries and gave
evidenced-based advice to the Director-General to support the final
decision. The EC provided public health advice and recommendations
in the midst of this outbreak [1].
The zoonotic spillover seen during this outbreak [3] has been pre-
viously witnessed with other coronaviruses pathogenic for human
beings, four of them causing mild respiratory and intestinal disease, but
two previously causing major concerns. The first, is the coronavirus
causing the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), that
emerged as a global outbreak from China between November 2002 and
July 2003. That epidemic, resulted in 8098 cases, with 774 deaths
(9.6%) reported in 17 countries [4]. In fact, the PHEIC designation was
created following an update to the International Health Regulations
(2005) after that outbreak.
Only a decade later, in April 2012, in Saudi Arabia, the outbreak of
the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) af-
fected 24 countries, primarily in the Middle East. The MERS-CoV re-
sulted in over 1200 cases of the virus and over 400 deaths [5].
Both viruses, primarily infect bronchial epithelial cells and type II
pneumocytes [6]. However, SARS-CoV uses angiotensin-converting
enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor and primarily infects also ciliated
bronchial epithelial cells (Fig. 1) [6–10], whereas MERS-CoV uses di-
peptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; also known as CD26) as a receptor and
infects unciliated bronchial epithelial cells (Fig. 1) [6,11–13]. Struc-
tural analyses apparently predict that 2019-nCoV uses also the ACE2 as
its host receptor (Fig. 1) [9,10,14]. Recent studies suggest that the
2019-nCoV does not use other coronavirus receptors, aminopeptidase N
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101578
Received 6 February 2020; Accepted 7 February 2020
Available online 08 February 2020
1477-8939/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
T
and DPP4/CD26 [10].
Now, once again, the world faces the emergence of a new pathogen,
another coronavirus, with a more important outbreak in terms of
number of cases and deaths, compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV
[15]. Certainly, the 2019-nCoV represents a big threat to global health,
with a growing number of cases, as reported by WHO (https://www.
who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-
reports/), requiring coordinated efforts, research and development in
counter measures, sharing scientific knowledge and information to
mitigate the impact of such situation [16].
After the first cases in Wuhan, Hubei province, the growth of the
outbreak was predictable nationally and internationally. Recent data
analyses showed that domestic train transportation significantly cor-
related with the number of imported cases to other provinces in China
[17]. But, with Wuhan Airport having non-stop passenger flights
scheduled to 113 destinations in 22 countries, in addition to the 78
domestic flights, international imported cases began to occur especially
in Asia, but also abroad [18,19]. Furthermore, Beijing Capital Inter-
national Airport, the largest airport in China, has non-stop passenger
flights scheduled to 233 destinations in 54 countries and 127 domestic
flights, including four direct routes, just two hours away, in addition to
20 routes with 1 stop, via Jinan, Changzhi, Dongying, and other major
cities in China, including the largest city of Shanghai.
Travelers have played a significant role in bringing new cases to
other countries, with confirmed ongoing human-to-human transmission
[14,20–22], and also transmission from asymptomatic individuals, as
has occurred recently in Germany [22,23].
1. Europe
Following the first reports of cases of 2019-nCoV, cases have now
been detected in many countries in Europe, including Germany, France,
Italy, Russia, United Kingdom, Spain, Finland, and Sweden. As this is an
emerging, rapidly evolving situation with ongoing outbreak investiga-
tions, the European Centers for Disease Control (ECDC) is closely
monitoring this outbreak and providing risk assessments to guide
European Union (EU) Member States and the EU Commission in their
response activities [24]. The ECDC has developed multiple documents

Fig. 1. Differences between bronchial epithelial cells infected and known receptors for SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV and the potential receptor for 2019-nCoV.
in response, including technical reports, statements, risk assessments,
algorithms, among others, related to diagnosis, management, and pre-
vention [25–30].
2. United Kingdom
Travel patterns between the UK and China are well established; in
an analysis of air travel from cities in China to international destina-
tions in 2019, nine of the ten cities receiving the highest volumes of
arriving passengers were in Asia, with London (UK), ranking 10th [18].
Of the 62.9 million tourist arrivals to China in 2018, the majority of
these would have been from the Asia Pacific Region, but an estimated
4% were from Europe [31], and a large proportion of the latter would
have been from the UK where an estimated 393,532 UK residents tra-
velled to China [32].
China is also the world's largest spender on international tourism,
with around 10% of China's 1.4 billion residents travelling inter-
nationally (WTO). In 2018, 391,380 visits would have been to the UK
[32].
With the scale of travel between the UK and China, UK travel health
professionals are used to advising those travelling to China. However,
the outbreak of 2019-nCoV with the evolving epidemiological picture
has added some complexities; rapidly changing case numbers, travellers
exporting cases, shifting government advice based on logistics rather
than public health risk, and media scare stories to name but a few.
In common with many other countries, UK travel health advice and
public health messaging has been changing repeatedly since late
December 2019 to early January 2020 with the first reports of a cluster
of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China [33], to the present day when
24,554 cases have been confirmed globally. Currently, Public Health
England's (PHE's) assessment of the impact of the disease is moderate,
and based on limited available information on the transmission of the
disease, the risk to the UK population is considered moderate [34].
The UK's Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) advises against
all travel to Hubei Province, and all but ‘essential travel’ to the rest of
mainland China [35]. For those already in China, it advises that those
that are able to leave the country should do so [35]; with the devel-
oping situation, and the suspension of flights by some airlines to and
from mainland China it may become harder to access departure options
over the coming weeks. Indeed, in light of the severity of travel re-
strictions in Hubei Province, and difficulty accessing medical assis-
tance, the FCO assisted the departure for those who were in Hubei
Province [36].
Alongside the FCO's advice on decisions to travel, the UK's National
Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC) provides travel health
advice. This advice is available directly on its website TravelHealthPro
(https://travelhealthpro.org.uk/), or where more specialist advice is
needed - through a dedicated phone advice line for healthcare
2
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 33 (2020) 101578
providers. In addition to pre-existing travel health information for
travel to China, TravelHealthPro has produced news items to help
travellers keep pace with the evolving nature of this outbreak; parti-
cularly important when this outbreak has coincided with the national
holiday of Chinese New Year, when large numbers of UK travellers will
have planned to visit China. Outbreak information is updated daily so
that data on cases to other countries can also be tracked. These re-
sources appear to be reaching a large audience – with pageviews to the
TravelHealthPro website hitting a new record of 80,000 in one day, and
pageviews of the China-specific advice page increasing by over 400% -
from 9000 views in January 2019, to over 45,000 in January 2020
[unpublished data]. Anecdotally calls to the advice line regarding the
outbreak have also increased and this trend is likely to continue as
2019-nCoV cases increase in travel destinations out with China. These
early signals of high public concern can help frontline clinical staff in
their preparations for potentially similar increases in consultations, and
the resources and capacity building this may require.
The importance of timely, accurate and context-specific risk com-
munication during public health emergencies is increasingly being re-
cognized, particularly with rapid changes in how people consume
media. The WHO has produced useful guidance on communicating risk
in such situations, which draws on experiences from previous PHEIC
[37]. Good risk communication allows people to know from trusted
sources in real-time the risks they may face, and any protective mea-
sures they can take to help minimise this.
UK communications are providing advice to both the public and
health professionals that covers a range of eventualities including
asymptomatic travellers returning from Wuhan, symptomatic travellers
returning from elsewhere in China, and those who have had contact
with a confirmed 2019-nCoV case. The advice includes specific details
around self-isolation and who to contact [38].
Box 1 shows the accompanying more general advice about reducing
spread of respiratory viruses [39] and Box 2 UK advice for asympto-
matic and symptomatic travellers returning from China.
A blog run by Public Health England (PHE) is a good example of
real-time risk communication as it allows readers to post questions
which have then been answered by the blog editor the same day. For
example, a question posed about the use of masks for the UK public
received a same day response that there is little evidence of their
widespread benefit from use outside of clinical settings, and people
concerned would do better to prioritize good personal, respiratory and
hand hygiene [34].
Good risk communication from official organizations helps travel
health providers communicate and navigate risk with their clients.
Consistency with in-country guidance will help reduce uncertainty and
rumor. In rapidly changing outbreak situations such as this, travel
health providers must be aware of where to get the latest official gui-
dance, and be able to direct travellers to getting relevant local
 Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 33 (2020) 101578

Box 1
General UK advice for preventing the spread of respiratory viruses.

• Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol if
soap and water are not available. This is particularly important after taking public transport.
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.
• Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
• IfCover
you feel unwell, stay at home, do not attend work or school.
• Clean and
your cough or sneeze with a tissue, then throw the tissue in a bin.
• disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces in the home and work environment.

guidance. Box 3 provides a checklist for travel health providers to help
guide consultations where there are concerns surrounding the cor-
onavirus outbreak.
3. United States
In the United States, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (US CDC) are closely monitoring the situation in China, but
also at home, with reported cases in Chicago, Illinois; San Benito,
California; Santa Clara, California; Los Angeles, California; Boston,
Massachusetts; Tempe, Arizona; Orange, California; and Seattle,
Washington. As a consequence, the US CDC have also developed a pack
of technical documents for healthcare professionals, including interim
guides for the evaluation of patients under investigation for 2019-nCoV,
for the prevention and control recommendations for patients with
confirmed 2019-nCoV or patients under investigation for 2019-nCoV in
healthcare settings, as well as guidance for implementing home care of
people not requiring hospitalization for 2019-nCoV, among others [40].
4. Latin America
Many countries in other regions have not yet confirmed cases, but
the number of suspected cases increases continuously showing that all
territories and regions are at risk. This is the case in Latin America,
which has increased cultural and population mobility with China as
well as with Asia in general [41–43]. Intense travel traffic with coun-
tries that have already received confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV is seen,
as is the case for United States and Spain. In this context, heightened
preparedness and response is necessary in order to mitigate the impact
of the introduction of this new coronavirus, as has been already doing
the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) in this region
[15].
5. Perspectives
No specific treatment for 2019-nCoV infection is currently available
[40]. The clinical management includes prompt implementation of re-
commended infection prevention and control measures and supportive
management of complications, including advanced organ support if
indicated [40]. Cases in Vietnam, Thailand and United States [22,44],
have been reported where patients received antivirals, such as re-
mdesivir [44], among other drugs including oseltamivir; clinical trials
of antivirals and vaccines are ongoing for MERS-CoV and one controlled
trial of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir monotherapy for 2019-nCoV
(ChiCTR2000029308) [45], at the Wuhan's Jin Yintan Hospital [46] is
in progress. In a historical control study [14,47], the combination of
lopinavir and ritonavir among SARS-CoV patients was associated with
substantial clinical benefit (fewer adverse clinical outcomes). Saudi
Arabia initiated a placebo-controlled trial of interferon beta-1b, lopi-
navir, and ritonavir among patients with MERS infection [14,48,49]. In
the first case of 2019-nCoV in the USA, the administration of remdesivir
was considered for compassionate use based on the case patient's
worsening clinical status. Certainly, randomized controlled trials are
needed to determine the safety and efficacy of remdesivir and any other
investigational agents for treatment of patients with 2019-nCoV infec-
tion [44].
As has been recommended by the WHO, basic preventive measures
against the new coronavirus, should be applied. Scientific information
and evidence regarding multiples aspects of this outbreak and the virus
change every day. Research papers and preprints are appearing every
day as researchers worldwide respond to the outbreak [50]. As occurred
with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, their epidemics stimulated a significant
increase in scientific production in the world, including the most af-
fected countries [16]. Clear communication, information and updated
resources, for public health, infectious diseases and travel medicine
practitioners are useful as most of these are constantly renewed with

Box 2
UK advice for asymptomatic and symptomatic travellers returning from China.

Guidance for asymptomatic UK travellers returning from Hubei Province in the last 14 days:

• Immediately stay indoors and avoid contact with other people as you would with the flu.
• Call NHS 111 [a national non-emergency telephone number] to inform them of your recent travel to the area.
Guidance for symptomatic UK travellers returning from elsewhere in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Macao, Malaysia, South Korea,
Singapore, Taiwan or Thailand in the last 14 days:

• IfStaydevelop symptoms of cough, fever or shortness of breath, you should immediately:

• Call NHSindoors and avoid contact with other people as you would with the flu.
• 111 to inform them of your recent travel to the country.

Both groups for 14 days after returning to the UK:

• Don't go to work, school or public areas.

• Where possible, avoid having visitors to your home, but it's ok to have food/medicine dropped off on your behalf.
• Don't use public transport or taxis.
• Where possible, contact a friend or family member to take your children to school.
3

Box 3
Checklist for travel health providers to help guide consultations surrounding 2019-nCoV.
• Travellers should be aware of the latest official departing country advice about travel and the impact this may have on travel insurance
coverage and medical repatriation costs in case of ill health from any cause.
• Travellers should contact any travel agents or airlines to get the latest advice on any local travel restrictions or local authority guidance for
preventive measures.
• Vulnerable travellers (such as the elderly or those with co-morbidities) should be aware of their potentially increased risk of severe and
possibly fatal infection.
• Travellers
change.
should be advised to keep up to date with local or departing country advice throughout their trip as it has the potential to rapidly
• Travellers should be aware that there may be enhanced screening/monitoring at entry and exit ports.
• Travellers should be aware of returning country advice as to whether they need to self-isolate for a set period even if asymptomatic, and
where to get help if they feel unwell within a set period of returning (often 14 days).
cutting-edge knowledge useful for evidence-based decisions to deal now
[15], and in the upcoming weeks and months with this new emerging
pathogen of world concern, the 2019-nCoV.
Declaration of competing interest
None.
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Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales∗
Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences,
Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación
Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, 660004,
Colombia
E-mail address: arodriguezm@utp.edu.co.
Kirsten MacGregor, Sanch Kanagarajah, Dipti Patel
National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC), UCLH NHS
Foundation Trust, London, NW1 2PG, United Kingdom
Patricia Schlagenhauf
University of Zürich Centre for Travel Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre
for Travellers' Health, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and
Prevention, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zürich, Switzerland

∗
Corresponding author. Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.

5
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 15. by the words of the Lord] i.e. the king’s command was
recognised to be in accordance with the Divine will. Read by the
word; the plural words is probably only a textual error.

¹⁶And the priests went in unto the inner part of

the house of the Lord, to cleanse it, and
brought out all the uncleanness that they
found in the temple of the Lord into the court
of the house of the Lord. And the Levites took
it, to carry it out abroad to the brook Kidron.
16. the priests] The work was so divided between priests and
Levites that only the priests went into the house.

unto the inner part of the house] Render, within the house. The
reference is not to the Holy of Holies specially, but to the whole
interior of the house.

uncleanness] compare verse 5; Isaiah xxx. 22.

to the brook Kidron] The brook Kidron is the deep valley on the
east of Jerusalem separating it from the Mount of Olives; 2 Samuel
xv. 23; John xviii. 1. It was treated as an unclean spot, compare xv.
16.

¹⁷Now they began on the first day of the first

month to sanctify, and on the eighth day of the
month came they to the porch of the Lord;
and they sanctified the house of the Lord in
eight days: and on the sixteenth day of the
first month they made an end.
17. to sanctify ... and they sanctified] Two periods of eight days
each were spent in “sanctifying,” the courts apparently requiring
eight days and the house itself eight days.

¹⁸Then they went in to Hezekiah the king

within the palace, and said, We have cleansed
all the house of the Lord, and the altar of
burnt offering, with all the vessels thereof, and
the table of shewbread, with all the vessels
thereof.
18. the table of shewbread] Compare iv. 8 (note), 19; 1
Chronicles xxviii. 16—“the tables of shewbread.”

¹⁹Moreover all the vessels, which king Ahaz in

his reign did cast away when he trespassed,
have we prepared and sanctified; and, behold,
they are before the altar of the Lord.
19. cast away] According to xxviii. 24, “cut in pieces”; compare 2
Kings xvi. 17. The reference is probably to the “bases” and the “sea.”

have we prepared] Render, have we set up. Ahaz had taken

away the supports both of the laver and of the sea (2 Kings xvi. 17).

20‒24 (not in 2 Kings).

The Sevenfold Sacrifice for the Reconciliation of the
People.

The ritual of the sin offering is fully given in Leviticus iv. Ahaz had
broken the covenant, and Hezekiah’s sin offering was intended to
atone for the breach.

²⁰Then Hezekiah the king arose early, and

gathered the princes of the city, and went up
to the house of the Lord. ²¹And they brought
 seven bullocks, and seven rams, and seven
lambs, and seven he-goats, for a sin offering
for the kingdom and for the sanctuary and for
Judah. And he commanded the priests the
sons of Aaron to offer them on the altar of the
Lord.
21. they brought] As the sacrifice was not for an individual but for
a whole people the offering on this occasion consisted of seven of
each of four different sacrificial animals, the bullocks, rams, and
lambs being used for the burnt offering (verses 22 and 24), and the
he-goats for the special sin offering (verse 23).

for the kingdom] i.e. for the kingly house.

for the sanctuary] i.e. for the Temple (compare Leviticus xvi. 16),
but probably inclusive of the personnel of the Temple, i.e. the priests
and Levites, since otherwise they would have been passed over in
the great sin offering.

on the altar of the Lord] Not on the altar of Ahaz (2 Kings xvi.
11).

²²So they killed the bullocks, and the priests

received the blood, and sprinkled it on the
altar: and they killed the rams, and sprinkled
the blood upon the altar: they killed also the
lambs, and sprinkled the blood upon the altar.
22. received the blood] In basons with which they dashed (not as
the text “sprinkled”) the blood against the altar. This dashing was
different from the sprinkling with the finger.
 ²³And they brought near the he-goats for the
sin offering before the king and the
congregation; and they laid their hands upon
them: ²⁴and the priests killed them, and they
made a sin offering with their blood upon the
altar, to make atonement for all Israel: for the
king commanded that the burnt offering and
the sin offering should be made for all Israel.
23. brought near] i.e. to the king and the people.

and they laid their hands] “they” = the representatives of the

people, for whom the sacrifice was to be offered, compare Leviticus
iv. 15.

25‒30.
The Levitical Service of Music.

²⁵And he set the Levites in the house of the

Lord with cymbals, with psalteries, and with
harps, according to the commandment of
David, and of Gad the king’s seer, and Nathan
the prophet: for the commandment was of the
Lord by his prophets.
25. and of Gad ... and Nathan] Neither of these prophets is
elsewhere said to have had a part in inciting David to the
organisation of the Temple music with which the Chronicler credits
him. Their names are introduced in order to emphasise the value of
the musicians of the Temple, whose service is thus declared to have
arisen through the inspiration of prophets; compare 1 Chronicles
xxviii. 19.
 ²⁶And the Levites stood with the instruments of
David, and the priests with the trumpets.
26. with the instruments] LXX. ἐν ὀργάνοις. Compare 1 Chronicles
xxiii. 5.

²⁷And Hezekiah commanded to offer the burnt

offering upon the altar. And when the burnt
offering began, the song of the Lord began
also, and the trumpets, together with the
instruments of David king of Israel. ²⁸And all
the congregation worshipped, and the singers
sang, and the trumpeters sounded; all this
continued until the burnt offering was finished.
27. and the trumpets] Compare 1 Chronicles xv. 24 (note).

together with the instruments of David] Render perhaps, even

according to the guidance of the instrument of David, i.e. led (or
“accompanied”) by them.

²⁹And when they had made an end of offering,

the king and all that were present with him
bowed themselves and worshipped.
29. bowed themselves and worshipped] i.e. first bowed down (on
their knees) and then completely prostrated themselves.

³⁰Moreover Hezekiah the king and the princes

commanded the Levites to sing praises unto
the Lord with the words of David, and of
Asaph the seer. And they sang praises with
 gladness, and they bowed their heads and
worshipped.
30. to sing praises] Since (1) the Hebrew word for “Psalms”
means “Praises,” and (2) the words of David and Asaph are specially
mentioned in this verse, it is clear that the Chronicler by this phrase
means “to sing Psalms.”

31‒36 (not in Kings).

A Great Sacrifice of Burnt Offerings and Thank Offerings.

³¹Then Hezekiah answered and said, Now ye

have consecrated yourselves ¹ unto the Lord,
come near and bring sacrifices and thank
offerings into the house of the Lord. And the
congregation brought in sacrifices and thank
offerings; and as many as were of a willing
heart brought burnt offerings. ³²And the
number of the burnt offerings, which the
congregation brought, was threescore and ten
bullocks, an hundred rams, and two hundred
lambs: all these were for a burnt offering to the
Lord.
¹ Hebrew filled your hand.

31. answered and said] i.e. answered the thoughts or expectation

of the people as expressed by the Sacrifices and the Songs;
compare Job iii. 2 (Revised Version).

ye have consecrated yourselves] Hebrew “filled your hand”;

compare xiii. 9; Exodus xxviii. 41.
 sacrifices and thank offerings] The phrase means simply the
special type of sacrifices which were termed “thank offerings.” The
fat of such offerings was burnt on the altar, the breast and right thigh
were reserved for the priests, but the remainder belonged to the
offerer and was used for a joyous meal (Leviticus vii. 12 ff.). The
burnt offering was entirely consumed on the altar, no portion being
kept by priests or offerer (Leviticus i. 1‒13): hence such sacrifices
represented a greater cost and are accordingly said to be given by
those who were “of willing heart,” i.e. conspicuously pious and
generous.

³³And the consecrated things were six

hundred oxen and three thousand sheep.
33. the consecrated things] The term was applied (1) to gold and
other valuables offered in the Temple; compare xv. 18; 1 Chronicles
xviii. 8‒11; (2) to those parts of the various sacrifices which were
assigned to be eaten by the priests; Leviticus xxi. 22 (“the holy
[bread]”), xxii. 2, 3, 15 (“the holy things”). Here the reference is more
general, i.e. to the thank offerings (verse 35) themselves.

³⁴But the priests were too few, so that they

could not flay all the burnt offerings: wherefore
their brethren the Levites did help them, till the
work was ended, and until the priests had
sanctified themselves: for the Levites were
more upright in heart to sanctify themselves
than the priests.
34. the priests] According to Leviticus i. 5 f. the task of flaying the
sacrifice was to be performed by the offerer. Either this passage
marks a later stage in the customary ritual, or perhaps this occasion
was regarded by the Chronicler as exceptional because the offerings
were brought on behalf of the “congregation” in general. The verse
presents other difficult features. Who were the priests who had not
yet sanctified themselves? What is the significance of the evident
contrast between the attitude of the priests and that of the Levites, to
the disadvantage of the former? It would seem that there were
priests who had deliberately or slackly failed to comply with
Hezekiah’s injunction (verses 4, 5) and were therefore still ritually
unclean from the pollution of the previous reign. In general we infer
that the Levites had either been less deeply involved in the idolatries
of Ahaz or at least were more zealous than the priests for the
restoration of the worship of Jehovah alone. Possibly this tradition
may truly represent the historical facts; or it may be an inference
derived from 2 Kings xvi. 16 where the subservience of the high-
priest Urijah to king Ahaz is mentioned (so Kittel). Less probable is
the view of Benzinger that this verse has been added by the
Chronicler to the midrashic source upon which he is here depending,
and that it represents merely the Chronicler’s personal predilection
for the Levites as distinct from the priests.

³⁵And also the burnt offerings were in

abundance, with the fat of the peace offerings,
and with the drink offerings for every burnt
offering. So the service of the house of the
Lord was set in order.
35. with the fat] Compare vii. 7; Leviticus iii. 3, 17.

the peace offerings] i.e. the thank offerings (verse 31).

drink offerings] compare Numbers xv. 5, 7, 10. The offering was

to be of wine, and the quantity used was to correspond with the size
of the animal sacrificed.

was set in order] i.e. was re-established.

 ³⁶And Hezekiah rejoiced, and all the people,
because of that which God had prepared for
the people: for the thing was done suddenly.
36. that which God had prepared for the people] It was God, not
Hezekiah, who had done it all.

suddenly] In the very first year of Hezekiah’s reign (verse 3).

Chapter XXX.
1‒12 (not in 2 Kings).
Hezekiah Invites all Israel to keep the Passover.

From verse 2 it appears that this Passover took place in the first
year of Hezekiah while the Northern Kingdom was still standing. The
invitation to share in it at Jerusalem which Hezekiah is here (verse 1)
said to have sent to north Israel is opposed to all historic probability.
The Chronicler, however, was little likely to be troubled by that
difficulty, even if he had observed it (see note, verse 5). Furthermore
it is a plausible suggestion that the references to Ephraim,
Manasseh, etc. in verses 1, 10, 11, 18 really reflect conditions of the
Chronicler’s own circumstances, regarding which see the note on xv.
9. It is therefore a mistake to suggest that the date may be wrong
and that the Passover really took place in the sixth year of Hezekiah
after the fall of Samaria on the ground that the invitation would then
be more credible.

¹And Hezekiah sent to all Israel and Judah,

and wrote letters also to Ephraim and
Manasseh, that they should come to the
house of the Lord at Jerusalem, to keep the
 passover unto the Lord, the God of Israel.
²For the king had taken counsel, and his
princes, and all the congregation in
Jerusalem, to keep the passover in the
second month.
2. in the second month] The Law allowed such a postponement;
compare Numbers ix. 10, 11.

³For they could not keep it at that time,

because the priests had not sanctified
themselves in sufficient number, neither had
the people gathered themselves together to
Jerusalem. ⁴And the thing was right in the
eyes of the king and of all the congregation.
3. at that time] In the first month.

⁵So they established a decree to make

proclamation throughout all Israel, from Beer-
sheba even to Dan, that they should come to
keep the passover unto the Lord, the God of
Israel, at Jerusalem: for they had not kept it in
great numbers ¹ in such sort as it is written.
¹ Or, of a long time.

5. to make proclamation] A phrase characteristic of the

Chronicler.
 from Beer-sheba even to Dan] i.e. the extreme points of the
undivided kingdom of David and Solomon. “The existence of the
North Kingdom is either ignored or more probably the writer
assumed that it had already fallen” (Curtis). On the origin of the
phrase and the order in Chronicles (Beer-sheba to Dan not Dan to
Beer-sheba, as in 2 Samuel xxiv. 2, etc.) see Hogg in the Expositor,
1898, pp. 411‒421.

they had not kept it in great numbers in such sort as it is written]

The statement applies to Israel, not to Judah; for the first time an
attempt is made to draw Israel en masse to a regular Passover at
Jerusalem.

⁶So the posts went with the letters from the

king and his princes throughout all Israel and
Judah, and according to the commandment of
the king, saying, Ye children of Israel, turn
again unto the Lord, the God of Abraham,
Isaac, and Israel, that he may return to the
remnant that are escaped of you out of the
hand of the kings of Assyria.
6. the posts] Literally “the runners.”

the remnant that are escaped of you out of the hand of the kings
of Assyria] The phrase applies most naturally to the final downfall of
Samaria through Shalmaneser and Sargon (722‒721 b.c.), but it is
possible of course to interpret it of the repeated disasters at the
hands of the Assyrians in the time of Tiglath-pileser some ten years
earlier.

⁷And be not ye like your fathers, and like your

brethren, which trespassed against the Lord,
 the God of their fathers, so that he gave them
up to desolation ¹, as ye see.
¹ Or, to be an astonishment.

7. to desolation] Render, as margin, to be an astonishment;

compare xxix. 8 (same Hebrew word).

⁸Now be ye not stiffnecked, as your fathers

were; but yield yourselves ¹ unto the Lord, and
enter into his sanctuary, which he hath
sanctified for ever, and serve the Lord your
God, that his fierce anger may turn away from
you.
¹ Hebrew give the hand.

8. yield yourselves] Literally “give the hand”; compare 1

Chronicles xxix. 24 “submitted themselves”).

sanctified for ever] Compare vii. 16.

⁹For if ye turn again unto the Lord, your

brethren and your children shall find
compassion before them that led them
captive, and shall come again into this land:
for the Lord your God is gracious and
merciful, and will not turn away his face from
you, if ye return unto him. ¹⁰So the posts
passed from city to city through the country of
Ephraim and Manasseh, even unto Zebulun:
 but they laughed them to scorn, and mocked
them.
9. shall find compassion] Compare Psalms cvi. 46 (a similar
phrase in Hebrew).

¹¹Nevertheless divers of Asher and Manasseh

and of Zebulun humbled themselves, and
came to Jerusalem.
11. of Asher] Asher is somewhat strange. The parallel with verse
10 alone suggests that we should read of Ephraim; and this is the
more probable if the real significance of the reference is for the
Chronicler’s period (see the head-note, and xv. 9). It is not likely that
Judaism at that time could claim many adherents in the old territory
of Asher (see Hölscher, Palästina, p. 32).

humbled themselves] So xxxiii. 12.

¹²Also in Judah was the hand of God to give

them one heart, to do the commandment of
the king and of the princes by the word of the
Lord.
12. Also in Judah was the hand of God] i.e. the mighty working of
God, which brought some penitents from far parts of Israel,
manifested itself in Judah also.

the commandment of the king ... by the word of the Lord] The
king’s command was according to God’s command in the Law.

13‒27 (not in 2 Kings).

Hezekiah’s Great Passover.
 It seems clear that the story of Hezekiah’s Passover has been
composed by the Chronicler on the analogy of Josiah’s grand
celebration of that feast (see xxxv. 1‒19), which the present festival
even surpasses in some respects—viz. in its scope (for all Israel and
strangers, whereas Josiah’s was for Judeans only) and in its
duration (for two weeks, Josiah’s for one). Josiah’s Passover was
famous because of the account of it in Kings. Doubtless the
Chronicler felt that a celebration of that feast was incumbent upon a
great reforming monarch, and he has therefore credited Hezekiah
with observing it.

¹³And there assembled at Jerusalem much

people to keep the feast of unleavened bread
in the second month, a very great
congregation.
13. the feast of unleavened bread] In the “Passover” were united
two separate “feasts,” (1) the eating of the lamb on the fourteenth of
Nisan, (2) the eating of unleavened bread from the fourteenth to the
twenty-first of Nisan. The combined Feast was sometimes called “the
Passover” and sometimes (as here) “the feast of unleavened bread”;
compare Exodus xii. 1‒14 and 17‒20, and note that the intervening
verses, 15, 16, bind the two feasts into one celebration.

¹⁴And they arose and took away the altars that

were in Jerusalem, and all the altars for
incense ¹ took they away, and cast them into
the brook Kidron.
¹ Or, vessels.

14. the altars] Compare xxviii. 24.

 ¹⁵Then they killed the passover on the
fourteenth day of the second month: and the
priests and the Levites were ashamed, and
sanctified themselves, and brought burnt
offerings into the house of the Lord. ¹⁶And
they stood in their place after their order,
according to the law of Moses the man of
God: the priests sprinkled the blood, which
they received of the hand of the Levites.
15. the second month] Compare verses 2, 3.

were ashamed] Of their former backwardness; compare verse 3,

xxix. 34.

¹⁷For there were many in the congregation that

had not sanctified themselves: therefore the
Levites had the charge of killing the passovers
for every one that was not clean, to sanctify
them unto the Lord.
17. of killing the passovers] “Passovers” (plural rare) = “Paschal
victims”; compare verse 15, xxxv. 8 (“passover offerings”).

¹⁸For a multitude of the people, even many of

Ephraim and Manasseh, Issachar and
Zebulun, had not cleansed themselves, yet did
they eat the passover otherwise than it is
written. For Hezekiah had prayed for them,
saying, The good Lord pardon every one ¹
 ¹ Or, him that setteth his whole heart.

18. of Ephraim, etc.] The list of tribes given here does not agree
with the list in verse 11, but in both cases it may be that the
Chronicler merely wished by his list to designate men of the Northern
Kingdom as opposed to those of the Southern. He could not make
the distinction by using the term “Israel” here, for in Chronicles
“Israel” as a rule is not used in opposition to “Judah”; compare xi. 3
(note). (For a somewhat different view, see the head-note on verses
1‒12 and xv. 9.)

otherwise than it is written] i.e. they were allowed to partake of

the Passover meal, although not purified according to the regulations
of the Law.

¹⁹that setteth his heart to seek God, the Lord,

the God of his fathers, though he be not
cleansed according to the purification of the
sanctuary.
18, 19. The good Lord pardon every one that, etc.] In Hebrew
verse 18 ends abruptly with the word “pardon.” Probably the Revised
Version is correct in disregarding the Hebrew division. The phrase
“the good Lord” is not found elsewhere, and another suggestion is
to transpose the adjective and read (verse 18) ... “The Lord pardon
the good: (verse 19) even every one that,” etc. The LXX., however,
supports the order of the Hebrew text.

²⁰And the Lord hearkened to Hezekiah, and

healed the people.
20. healed the people] By prevention; no plague was allowed to
break out among them, although uncleanness in the sanctuary had
been threatened with death; Leviticus xv. 31.
 ²¹And the children of Israel that were present
at Jerusalem kept the feast of unleavened
bread seven days with great gladness: and
the Levites and the priests praised the Lord
day by day, singing with loud instruments unto
the Lord.
21. with loud instruments] Literally “with instruments of strength.”
It is better to read “with all their might” (as 1 Chronicles xiii. 8). The
change in Hebrew amounts only to the dropping of the smallest letter
(yōd).

²²And Hezekiah spake comfortably unto all the

Levites that were well skilled in the service of
the Lord. So they did eat throughout the feast
for the seven days, offering sacrifices of peace
offerings, and making confession ¹ to the Lord,
the God of their fathers.
¹ Or, giving thanks.

22. spake comfortably] i.e. with kindly and appreciative words.

For the phrase compare Isaiah xl. 2.

making confession] Or, as margin, “giving thanks.”

²³And the whole congregation took counsel to

keep other seven days: and they kept other
seven days with gladness.
23. other seven days] Compare vii. 9 (Solomon’s Dedication
Feast).
 ²⁴For Hezekiah king of Judah did give to the
congregation for offerings a thousand bullocks
and seven thousand sheep; and the princes
gave to the congregation a thousand bullocks
and ten thousand sheep: and a great number
of priests sanctified themselves.
24. sanctified themselves] Compare xxix. 34.

²⁵And all the congregation of Judah, with the

priests and the Levites, and all the
congregation that came out of Israel, and the
strangers that came out of the land of Israel,
and that dwelt in Judah, rejoiced.
25. the strangers] i.e. men of alien descent dwelling in Israel with
certain conceded, not inherited, rights, and with most of the
obligations of the native Israelite. LXX. οἱ προσήλυτοι Compare ii. 17;
1 Chronicles xxii. 2 for the unfavourable side of a “stranger’s”
position.

²⁶So there was great joy in Jerusalem: for

since the time of Solomon the son of David
king of Israel there was not the like in
Jerusalem.
26. since the time of Solomon] For Solomon’s great festival, see
v. 2 ff.

there was not the like] Compare what is said of Josiah’s

Passover; xxxv. 18 (note).
 ²⁷Then the priests the Levites arose and
blessed the people: and their voice was heard,
and their prayer came up to his holy
habitation, even unto heaven.
27. the priests the Levites] So in xxiii. 18, but only in these two
places in Chronicles The phrase is Deuteronomic, and implies that at
the stage of ritual development represented in Deuteronomy all
Levites were potentially priests. Such was not in any case the view
of the Chronicler, and perhaps we ought to read “the priests and the
Levites” both here and in xxiii. 18.
 Chapter XXXI.
1 (compare 2 Kings xviii. 4).
Destruction of Idolatrous Symbols.

¹Now when all this was finished, all Israel

that were present went out to the cities of
Judah, and brake in pieces the pillars ¹, and
hewed down the Asherim, and brake down the
high places and the altars out of all Judah and
Benjamin, in Ephraim also and Manasseh,
until they had destroyed them all. Then all the
children of Israel returned, every man to his
possession, into their own cities.
¹ Or, obelisks.

1. the pillars ... the Asherim] Compare xiv. 3 (note).

in Ephraim also] It is obviously assumed that the Northern

Kingdom had come to an end; compare xxx. 6, 9.

2‒21 (not in 2 Kings).

Organisation of the Priests. Tithe.

If the Temple had been desecrated and closed by Ahaz, it would

follow that the organisation of its Priests and Levites had fallen into
confusion. The Chronicler therefore makes Hezekiah the restorer of