5311 - Upper - Nam - Htum - PFS - Final Version

Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Pre-Feasibility Study
DEPARTMENT OF HYDROPOWER IMPLEMENTATION
UPPER NAM HTUM SHPP
July 2014
E:\_FS_SHPP_Upper_Nan_Htum\_5311_Upper_Nam_Htum_PFS_reports\5311_Upper_Nam_Htum_PFS_Final Version.docx
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
UYWY/5232-4003 Name Function
Prepared by: Martin Stache Geologist
Checked by Martin Wickenhäuser Project Manager
Prepared / Checked by
Index Date Revision
Modified by
a 14.07.2014 First issue MS MW
The latest version supersedes and replaces all previous ones.
Rue du Lac 33, BP Téléphone: + 41 21/637 15 13 E-Mail: stucky@stucky.ch

1020 Renens VD 1 – Suisse Fax: + 41 21/637 15 08 Internet: www.stucky.ch
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Table of Contents
1 Summary 5
2 Introduction 6
2.1 Scope of the study 6
2.2 Location of project 7
3 Domestic electricity market 8
4 Topography 9
4.1 Survey - Model 9
4.2 Recommendations 9
5 Hydrology 10
5.1 Catchment area and gauging station 10
5.2 Rainfall-runoff approach 11
5.3 Duration curve 14
6 Geology 16
6.1 Tectonic Setting 16
6.2 Available existing information 17
6.3 Geological Conditions at Site 17
6.4 Seismicity 19
7 Selection of Options 25
7.1 Powerhouse location 25
7.2 Intake 25
7.3 Headrace waterway 27
7.4 Design discharge 28
7.5 Definition of considered options 30
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
8 Evaluation of Options 31
8.1 Energy production and installed capacity 31
8.2 Investment Cost 33
8.3 Revenue opportunities and financial analysis 35
8.4 Overall technical comparison 39
9 Description of best option 41

9.1 Intake structure 41
9.2 Headrace channel and penstock 41
9.3 Powerhouse 42
9.4 Energy Production 44
9.5 Connection to grid 45
9.6 Construction program 45
10 Conclusions and Recommendations 47

10.1 Further investigations 47
10.2 Next steps 48
11 Appendix 50
11.1 Cost for electro-mechanical equipment 50
11.2 Turbine selection 51
11.3 Drawings 52
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
List of Tables
Table 1: Main characteristics of the selected scheme ................................................................................. 6
Table 2: Existing Power Demand in the complete Putao Region................................................................. 8
Table 4: Monthly Average Rainfall [mm] at Putao Gauging Station ........................................................... 11
Table 5: Runoff coefficient C Rational Method ........................................................................................... 13
Table 6: Calculated and measured runoff as a function of the runoff coefficient C .................................. 13
Table 7: Regional Geology in the Project Area .......................................................................................... 16
Table 8: Outcropping geological units within the project area.................................................................... 18
Table 9: Geological Site Condition for Civil Structures .............................................................................. 19
Table 10: Geological Drilling Survey for the intak, forebay, penstock and power house location ............. 24
Table 11: Comparison of the different technical solutions of the headrace waterway .............................. 27
Table 12: Technical parameters of assessed layout options ..................................................................... 30
Table 13: Capacity and energy production of assessed layout options ..................................................... 31
Table 14: Civil cost for the assessed layout options ................................................................................. 34
Table 15: Annual Revenues ....................................................................................................................... 36
Table 16: Economic key parameters .......................................................................................................... 36
Figure 17: Net Present Value as a function of the discount rate and electricity tariff for Option 1............. 36
Figure 20: Net Present Value (at 50 USD/MWh)as a function of the discount rate and the construction
cost Option 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 37
cost Option 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 37
Table 22: Parameters of electro-mechanical Equipment (Option 2) .......................................................... 44
List of FiguresFigure 1: Location map of the Small Hydro Power Plant 7
Figure 2: Catchment area and Putao Gauging Station .............................................................................. 10
Figure 3: Calculated discharge at intake site for the last 48 years............................................................. 11
Figure 4: Duration curves used the Rational Method adopting three runoff coefficients ........................... 14
Figure 5: Firm (95%), average and maximum river discharge ................................................................... 14
Figure 6: Putao location within the complex and highly active tectonical framework of the Eastern
Himalayan mountain ranges. ...................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 7: Seismic zonation map of Myanmar ............................................................................................. 21
Figure 8: Probablistic Hazard Map of Myanmar (475 years recurrent interval), ground acceleration (PGA)
in g (firm rock) ............................................................................................................................................. 22
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Figure 9: Possibilities of water conduit systems for channel lining ............................................................ 27
Figure 10: Duration curves and considered design discharge Q150 ......................................................... 29
Figure 11: Monthly power for Option 1 ....................................................................................................... 31
Figure 14: Monthly Energy Production for Option 1 ................................................................................... 32
cost Option 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 38
Figure 18: Typical longitudinal profile and section of a penstock ............................................................... 42
Figure 19: horizontal Francis generator (red), turbine with runner (green) and draft tube (blue) [7]. ........ 43
Figure 20: Schematic layout and dimensions of the powerhouse (Option 2)............................................. 44
Figure 21: Example of average annual energy production (Option 1) ...................................................... 44
Figure 22: Cost for electromechanical equipment [1] ................................................................................. 50
Figure 23 Minor H.-E. (2008) [6] ................................................................................................................ 51
Figure 24: WWW.Andritz Hydro.com ......................................................................................................... 51
List of FotosFoto 1: Power house location along the river on an natural plattform 25
Foto 2: Proposed Intake location looking upstream ................................................................................... 26
Foto 3: Channel alignment on steep dipping slopes in quaternary deposits.............................................. 28
Foto 4: Discharge along the intake area in July 2014 ................................................................................ 29
Foto 5: Typical example of an intake structure for as SHPP...................................................................... 41
Foto 6: A typical arrangement of covered headrace channel, forebay and penstock for SHHP [2]........... 42
Foto 7: Typical horizontal Francis units (www.Troyer.com) ....................................................................... 43
Foto 8: Example of a powerhouse SHHP with two Francis units and a installed capacity of 4.5 MW [2] . 43
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Drawing List
dwg - ID section title
1 UNH.PF.GEN.001.0.A General Project Location of the Upper Nan Htum Small Hydro Power Plant
2 UNH.PF.GEN.002.0.A General Hydropower Resources in the Putao Region
3 UNH.PF.GEN.003.0.A General Hydropower Resources near Putao
4 UNH.PF.TOP.001.0.A Topography General Topography Survey
5 UNH.PF.HYD.001.0.A Hydrology Catchment Area of Upper Nam Htum Hydropower Project
6 UNH.PF.GEO.001.0.A Geology Geological Map of Myanmar
7 UNH.PF.GEO.002.0.A Geology Tectonic Map of Myanmar
8 UNH.PF.GEO.003.0.A Geology Regional Geology Context
9 UNH.PF.GEO.004.0.A Geology Geology of the Project Area
10 UNH.PF.GEO.005.0.A Geology Geology of the Intake location
11 UNH.PF.GEO.006.0.A Geology Geological Cross Section of the Intake
12 UNH.PF.GEO.007.0.A Geology Geology of the Headrace Channel / Cross Sections
15 UNH.PF.GEO.010.0.A Geology Geology of the Forebay, Penstock and Power House
16 UNH.PF.GEO.011.0.A Geology Geological Cross Section of the Forebay, Penstock and Power House (longitudinal section)
17 UNH.PF.GEO.012.0.A Geology Geological Cross Section of Forebay, Penstock and Power House (perpendicular sections)
18 UNH.PF.CIV.001a.0.A Civil General Layout Upper Nan Htum Small Hydro Power Plant (option 1&2)
19 UNH.PF.CIV.001b.0.A Civil General Layout Upper Nan Htum Small Hydro Power Plant (Option 3)
20 UNH.PF.CIV.002.0.A Civil General Situation of the Weir and Intake (option 1 and 2)
21 UNH.PF.CIV.003.0.A Civil General Situation of the Weir and Intake (optin 3)
22 UNH.PF.CIV.004.0.A Civil General Situation, Penstock and Powerhouse (option 1 and 2)
23 UNH.PF.CIV.005.0.A Civil General Situation, Penstock and Powerhouse (option 3)
24 UNH.PF.ENG.001.0.A Energy Hydropower Resources in the Putao District
25 UNH.PF.ENG.002.0.A Energy Putao District Transmission Line Diagram (tentative)
26 UNH.PF.ELE.001.0.A Electrical Single Line Diagram
1 Summary
The Upper Nam Htum SHPP in the Putao region was identified by the Design Branch of the DHPI
and is considered as a priority project. In the following STUCKY was contracted to carry out a Pre-
Feasibility Study in close cooperation with the in-house engineering services of the Design Brach of
DHPI. The study was carried out at Design Brach Office in Nay Pyi Taw including a one week site
visit.
The following Pre-Feasibility Study summarizes the assessment of the feasibility of the realization
of the project. The study aims to identify all potential major and crucial objections for the project.
Therefore, the focus is given to the review and the preparation of the basic data such as the
topography, the hydrology and the geology. Based upon these data, the general potential of the
scheme is investigated in terms of the installed capacity, in the range between 1.6 MW to 3.9 MW,
and average annual energy production, ranging between 8.6 GWh/a to 17 GWh/a. It could be
shown that a higher installed discharge (up to 10 m3/s) is more interesting in terms of economical
parameters. For the most interesting layout possible solutions are given for the structural
components and the realization. The construction costs depend on details of the layout and also
the local construction cost and are about 15 to 20 Mio USD.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
A first simplified financial analysis is carried out without taking other economic benefits and
opportunities for the region into consideration, which will influence the project financially and
economically into a more interesting and sustainable level.
Based on the available data no crucial drawbacks or objections were identified. The geological
conditions can be considered as good to favourable.
The main characteristics of the proposed run-of-river scheme were selected based on technical
and financial considerations. The scheme comprises a lateral intake with a concrete weir structure
in the river, a conveyor channel, a steel penstock and a powerhouse equipped with two Francis
units.
Table 1: Main characteristics of the selected scheme
Catchment area 108 km2 Installed Capacity 3'200 MW

Average riverbed slope  1.6% Average energy Production 14'000 GWh
Design Discharge 10 m³/s Firm Energy Production 11'000 GWh/a
Upstream water elevation 522 masl Construction cost cost 18 Mio. USD
Tailwater elevation 479 masl Capital cost for power 5'000 USD/kW
Gross Head 43 m Energy Production cost 1.2 USD/kWh
Headwater channel length 2'400 m
2 Introduction
2.1 Scope of the study
The purpose of the project for DHPI is to produce energy through the development of the power
plant and to sell produced energy on the domestic energy market. The following pre-feasibility
study aims to:
 collection and review of all existing available data
 present new site information from the site visit in June 2014,
 geological surface mapping,
 identification of possible layout options,
 technical evaluation of the layout,
 recommendation on best layout,
 recommendation on further studies and investigations.
The study allows DHPI to make a decision on the next steps for the development of the
hydroelectric scheme.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
2.2 Location of project
The project is located in the mountain basin of the Putao region (approx.. 400 masl) and
surrounded by the eastern Himalayan mountain chains. Elevation rises quickly to altitudes ranging
between 4000 to 7000 masl in the North and in the W and E ranging between 1000 to 3000 masl.
The surrounding mountain chains drain completely into the Putao basin and the basin respectively
to the SE.
Figure 1: Location map of the Small Hydro Power Plant
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
3 Domestic electricity market
The total today power and energy demand of the region amount to 6.5 MW and 29'000 MWh per
year, respectively. In general the increase rate of electricity in Myanmar is 13% per year. For Putao
region an increase rate of 7% has been considered to estimate the power and energy demand in
the future. In 10 years the total power and energy demand of the region will be approximately 13
MW and 57'000 MWh per year, respectively.
The tentative transmission lines and the hydropower resources are presented on the drawings.
Following table summarizes the existing power demand in the Putao region.
Table 2: Existing Power Demand in the complete Putao Region
Power demand today Average annual energy

[MW] demand today [MWh/a]
Population Households 0.35 0.7 kW/HH 12h/day 12h/day
Region
today today (HH)
today Future demand today Future demand
demand (years) demand (10years)
Putao 58'783 10'411 3.6 7.3 15'960 31'920
Hotel Zone - - 2.0 3.9 8'760 17'082
Machambaw 8'698 1'653 0.6 1.2 2'534 5'068
Nawngmoon 5'676 911 0.3 0.6 1'397 2'793
Total 73'157 12'975 6.5 13.0 28'651 56'863
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
4 Topography
The topographic survey is carried out by the Mandalay Investigation Branch of DHPI during a field
survey in May 2014 (11.05.-24.05.2014). The first results are useful for the pre-feasibility level,
allowing a first overall approach to the conceptual design of the project, including a preliminary
discussion of 3 options.
4.1 Survey - Model
The topographical survey was done with a Total Station (Nikon NPR-362), creating 4 ground
controlled bench marks, 2 bench marks at each site of the weir location, as well as for the power
house.
The coordinate system is a user based system and not connected to the national official grid, since
the Burma Survey Department couldn`t provide any official benchmarks. The topographical maps
were created using AutoCAD Land Development Software.
The field work was executed from both river sites and arbitrary GPS data obtained by GPS and
UTM maps, as well as traverse surveys from the weir site to the power house location, between the
contour lines of 510 to 535 masl.
4.2 Recommendations
 The topographical results seems to be consistent and allow general and conceptual
planning, but additional and a much more detailed topographical survey shall be executed as
early as possible, allowing the adjustment and creation of an precise terrain model.
 The topographical survey for the channel lining needs to be extended, covering the complete
left bank site from elevation 550 masl down to the river bed, providing the exact morphology
along the traverse. The contour line spacing should be 1 m. Additional bench marks shall be
installed at each hydraulic structure as well as for the channel lining. The benchmark and
service point system need to be improved and points to be denser.
 The dip of slopes will dictate additional solutions for the channel lining; actually the
topographical corridor is rather limited for more detailed lining analyses.
 Therefore made assumptions will be more detailed and updated to the real site conditions. A
combined topographical survey from both river sites shall be undertaken.
 The right bank shall be studied along a rural track in order to do a detailed access road
planning.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
5 Hydrology
5.1 Catchment area and gauging station
The surface of the catchment area is about 108 km2. There is no gauging station in the catchment
area and there is only one gauging station near the project site. From this gauging station, 48 years
rainfall data are available.
Figure 2: Catchment area and Putao Gauging Station
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Table 3: Monthly Average Rainfall [mm] at Putao Gauging Station
60
50
Discharge [m3/s]
40
30
20
10
0
0 120 240 360 480 600
Months
Figure 3: Calculated discharge at intake site for the last 48 years
5.2 Rainfall-runoff approach
The hydrological analysis is divided into two types of analysis: Low flow analysis and high flow
analysis. The purpose of low flow analysis is to generate long term runoff data for the purpose of
reservoir operation and/or energy generation studies. 48 years monthly rainfall data is available.
One of the most commonly used approaches for rainfall-runoff calculations is the Rational Method.
This method is most accurate for runoff estimates from small to medium drainages with a high
amount of low pervious soil:
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Q= C P A
 A = area of catchment = 108 km2
 P = precipitation
 C = runoff coefficient
The runoff coefficient C represents the interaction of complex factors such as infiltration rate,
surface depressions, ground cover, soil type etc. Additionally, the coefficient varies within the
catchment area and with respect to seasonal conditions. Therefore, the drainage area can be
divided into a number of sub-areas and with the known times of concentration for different
subareas the runoff contribution from each area is determined. The choice of the value of the runoff
coefficient C for the different sub-areas is an important factor in the runoff computation by this
method.
However, with the given information one single average runoff coefficient has been adopted for the
present study based on the visual interpretation of the catchment area:
Description of the catchment area:
The Putao region is located in a mountain basin (approx. 400m asl) and surrounded by the eastern
Himalayan mountain chains. Elevation rises quickly to altitudes ranging between 4000 to 7000m
asl in the North and in the W and E ranging between 1000 to 3000 m asl. The surrounding
mountain chains drain completely into the Putao basin and the basin respectively to the SE.
 The surface conditions of the overall catchment area can be divided into 4 zones of different
extensions
 The high mountains (1000 – 7000 masl) with steep dipping slopes and an high water run off
coefficient, a low penetration rate and a low infiltration rate, the rock formation shall be
considered as rather low permeable. The dense subtropical to tropical forest act as an
retarder to the water run-off.
 The foot hills (project locations, 400 – 1000 masl) with an minor run off coefficient, low
penetration and infiltration rate, the rock formation shall be considered of low permeability.
Soil coverage is of low overburden and mostly of fine grained, almost impermeable
conditions (clayley / sandy). The dense subtropical to tropical forest act as an retarder to the
water run-off.
 The Putao basin (approx. 350 – 450 masl) is a plain area, composed of quaternary deposits
(clayey soils) of low to medium permeability, medium infiltration rate, slow run off coefficient
and act hydraulically as a retaining basin.
 The river beds in the basin and partly in the foothills are composed of sandy to gravelly
alluvial deposits, overlying older river beds and are characterized by an elevated infiltration
rate and medium to high permeability.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Table 4: Runoff coefficient C Rational Method

Type of catchment Value of C
Rocky and impermeable 0.8–1.0
Slightly permeable, bare 0.6–0.8
Cultivated or covered with vegetation 0.4–0.6
Cultivated absorbent soil 0.3–0.4
Sandy soil 0.2–0.3
Heavy forest 0.1–0.2
Type of terrain Value of C
Flat residential areas 0.4
Moderately steep residential area 0.6
Built up areas—impervious 0.8
Rolling lands and clay-loam soils 0.5
Hilly areas, forests, clay and loamy soils 0.5
Flat cultivated lands and sandy soils 0.2
This coefficient has been calibrated by three direct runoff measurements. The Investigation branch
measured the effective discharge on 16.4.2014, 18.5.2014 and 19.5.2014 (no rainfall these days).
A synthetic runoff model is constructed using the rainfall data at Putao Gauging Station. It is
assumed that the measured rainfall data is representative for the catchment area. Furthermore,
95% has been taken for the direct runoff and 5% for the base flow. With trial inputs for the runoff
coefficient, the base flow fraction and direct runoff factors is calculated with the surveyed
discharge.
Table 5: Calculated and measured runoff as a function of the runoff coefficient C
Minimum
Average
Runoff calculated Measured
calculated Date
coefficient C Discharge Discharge [m3/s]
Discharge [m3/s]
[m3/s]
0.5 3.3 1.3
16.04.2014
0.6 4.0 1.5 1.6
(no rain)
0.7 4.6 1.8
0.5 4.5 1.0
18.05.2014
0.6 5.5 1.2 2.0
(no rain)
0.7 6.3 1.4
0.5 4.5 1.0
19.05.2014
0.6 5.5 1.2 1.9
(no rain)
0.7 6.3 1.4
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
5.3 Duration curve
The following graphs show the calculated duration curves using the Rational Method, adopting
three runoff coefficients. The green line corresponds to a value of C=0.7 which is considered as the
most appropriate value. Therefore the green curve is considered in the following study.
40
35 Calculated Duration Curves for Different

C Values
30
Duration Curve (C=0.5)
25
Discharge [m3/s]
Duration Curve (C=0.6

20
15 Duration Curve (C=0.7)
10
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Days
Figure 4: Duration curves used the Rational Method adopting three runoff coefficients
50
45 Firm (95%)
40
Average
35
Max
Discharge [m3/s]
30
25
20 C=0.7
15
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Figure 5: Firm (95%), average and maximum river discharge
5.4 Recommendations
For the present Pre-Feasibility study a tentative and simplified hydrological analysis has been
carried out using the available rainfall data from the Putao Gauging Station. Based on the
estimated duration curve the energy production has been calculated. However, the hypotheses and
assumptions in the hydrological model are very sensitive for the assessment of the project in terms
of energy production and revenue opportunities.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
A further Feasibility Study would require a higher accuracy of the duration curve. Therefore it is
recommended to carry out a full hydrological analysis including the calibration of the model and
sensitivity analysis.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
6 Geology
The geological framework of the project area is placed in a very geological complex area at the
foothills of the E part of the Himalayan mountain chain, just where the WE striking chain bends into
the NS direction.
The Putao basin is the northern most part in the Myanmar and having the dimension of about 12
miles from west to east and about 25 miles long trending NNW direction. It has highest peak and
the only snow fall region in Southeast Asia. The region is monsoon-influenced humid subtropical
climate with very high amount of precipitation throughout the monsoon season.
The basin was formed by the major trusting action of Main boundary thrust during the India-Asia
collision appeared the high range in the southwest part of the Putao area and downward movement
of Sagaing fault in Tertiary period.
Table 6: Regional Geology in the Project Area
Alluvium QA Holocene River Deposit

Upper Terrace Q1 Pliocene Brown color soil with view boulders
Lower Terrace Q2 Pliocene Reddish brown soil with boulder rock
Granite G Paleozoic Intrusion associated with plate collision
Metamorphic Pre-cambriam Phyllite, Quartzite, Calc-silicate, Biotite Syenite
M
rock Gneiss and Ganite Gneiss.
6.1 Tectonic Setting
Northern part of Myanmar is the most structurally complex region of Myanmar. In this area the
India-Asia collision is still active and the structures related to the collision are presently formed with
movements up to 60 mm/year. According to the plate collision, the Mishmi thrust, end of Sagaing
fault (South West of Putao Basin) was formed and the gneiss was well exposed along the Kumon
range. It is also simultaneously correlated to the metamorphic series of Putao basin. Eastern part
of the Sagaing fault was move downward direction and formed a pull-apart basin in Putao area.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Figure 6: Putao location within the complex and highly active tectonical framework of the
Eastern Himalayan mountain ranges.
6.2 Available existing information
The general geological information of the project area is reasonably well de, since the Putao region
is structurally a very complex geological area and therefore target of international investigation on
different levels and purposes.
Existing geological and tectonical information describe the target area quite well, additional first
field surveys by DHPI experts provided a first geological interpretation and evaluation of the local
situation for the general layout of the low head hydropower plant.
6.3 Geological Conditions at Site
The geological conditions at the preliminary, proposed weir site (Table 8) are strongly
characterized by the
structural geology, medium to high metamorphic gneisses and schists are the dominating
geological units (m = Mogok Series) in the upper project area, whereas younger magmatic granites
(g = Granites and other non-basic intrusions, age unknown) intrusion are dominating the power
house area and are partly covered by quaternary alluvial deposits, composing at least 3 to 4
terraces of different soil compositions.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
The metamorphic unit and rock formation is characterized by an very hard and sound rock mass,
whereas the intrusive rocks (granites) show a slightly reduced soundness but still remain of good
rock quality.
The quaternary cover units are characterized by an increased percentage of sand, gravel, pebble
and rocks, providing increased stability for foundations as well as for more stable slopes. Table 7
show the different rock – soil units in the project area.
Table 7: Outcropping geological units within the project area

Symbol - Q1
Geological - Lower Terrace

unit
Lithological - Reddish brown – brown
description colour
- Clayey gravel with sand
- Gravels are sub rounded
and elongated shape
Symbol - Q2
Geological - Upper Terrace

unit
Lithological - Brown colour

description - Sandy clay with gravel
- Gravels are sub angular to
sub rounded shape
- forming high elevation
Symbol - Gr
Geological - Granite
unit
Lithological - Coarse grained
description - Massive
- Very hard
- Slightly weathered to fresh
in outcrops
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Symbol - Gd
Geological - Granodiorite
unit
Lithological - Dark grey to greenish
description colour
- Initial flow structures and
mineral banding
- tabular shaped
Hornblende crystals occur
Symbol - Gn
Geological - Metamorphic
unit
Lithological - Granite Gneiss, Biotite
description Gneiss, Quartzite,
Amphibolite
- strong and prominent
banding and foliation at
the rock mass
- Slightly weathered in the
outcrops
Table 8: Geological Site Condition for Civil Structures
Civil Local geological site conditions

Structure
Intake / Weir - Right abutment; minor alluvial deposits on sound metamorphic gneissic
units (Mogok Series)
- Emplacement area and left abutment; sound metamorphic gneissic units
(Mogok Series)
Channel: - Approximately 70% of the total lining of the channel will be along
metamorphic units of the Mogok series. Almost 30% will be founded in
the quaternary alluvial terrace deposits of estimated GW – GC soil type.
Forebay - Emplacement area of the forebay is located on alluvial terraces of
quaternary age. Terraces are composed of pebble, gravel, sand, silt and
clay (soil type assumed GW – GC), stable for foundation design
Penstock: - Emplacement area of the forebay is located on alluvial terraces of
quaternary age. Terraces are composed of pebble, gravel, sand, silt and
clay (soil type assumed GW – GC), stable for foundation design
- Lower part of the penstock will be located in intrusive granitic rocks.
Powerhouse: - Foundation of the PH will be in granitic rock mass
6.4 Seismicity
Myanmar is characterized and located within one of the two main earthquake belts of the world
(Alpide Belt), starting from the northern Mediterranean in the west, extending eastwards through
Trurkey, Iran, Afghanistan, the Himalayas, Myanmar and finally Indonesia.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
The earthquakes in Myanmar are triggered by (1) continued seduction and collision in the north of
the northward-moving Indian Plate underneath the Burma plate, (2) the also northward moving
Burma plate from the spreading centre in the Andaman Sea, very large overthrusts along the
western fold beld and finally the active dextral strike slip fault (Sagaing Fault l=1500km). The Putao
region as the northern edge is structurally controlled by the Sagaing fault system.
The seismic zonation map (Figure 7) shows the five seismic zones in Myanmar (1) north
westernmost Myanmar zone, (2) Mandalay-Sagaing-Tagaung zone, (3) Bago-Taungoo zone, (4)
northern Shan-southern Yunnan zone, (5) and the northern Andaman Sea zone. The project
location corresponds to zone 5 with a peak horizontal ground (PGA) acceleration of 0.4 - 0.5g.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Figure 7: Seismic zonation map of Myanmar
21
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Figure 8: Probablistic Hazard Map of Myanmar (475 years recurrent interval), ground
acceleration (PGA) in g (firm rock)
22
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
6.5 Recommendations
The project area is located in the highest seismic zonation area of Myanmar, special attention need
to be drawn to the election of the PGA parameter for hydraulical calculation, according to the
Myanmar seismic zonation map a PGA value between 0,4 – 0,5g shall be chosen.
The overall geological drilling survey must confirm and consolidate the initial findings of the PF
report. Therefore in Table 9 and drawing UNH.PF.GEO.009.0.A; UNH.PF.GEO.010.A;
UNH.PF.GEO.005.0.A, several recommendation of borehole locations have been done in order to
create a solid and reliable geological model, regarding the rock- and soil mechanical conditions.
However if some locations are too difficult to manage the borehole location may and shall be
rearranged, maintaining certain proximity to the originally proposed locations.
During the drilling and geological mapping survey it is recommended to collect rock and soil
samples obtained by the core recovery and along the channel alignment during the mapping. The
samples should be tested for the determination of several geotechnical parameters.
The soil mechanical analysis shall be done for each unit mapped and determined on site,
containing a combined gradation curve (thieve and hydrometer analysis), shear test (cohesion and
friction values) and the determination of the consistency limits for the fine grained soils (Atterberg
limits) and finally the determination of the soil type. Additional and continuous SPT testing within
the boreholes where soil is encountered should also be executed.
The rock mechanical testing should foresee the determination of the uniaxial compressive strength
(UCS) done in the laboratory, determination of the point load index and also the field use of the
Schmidt hammer is recommendable in order to obtain an increased number of field data according
to the site geological conditions. The UCS value might be correlated with the rebound number
(SH). The rock test in the laboratory should also apply the test parallel and perpendicular to the
magmatic or metamorphic banding.
In situ permeability testing should be done applying the artificial field filtration method (standpipe),
testing within the rock formation using Lugeon method, once the rock surface is reached. Testing
should be done in 3m steps and 5 increasing and decreasing pressure steps, applying low
pressures.
According to the results additional drilling survey, rock and soil mechanical testing might be
necessary in order to deepen or investigate certain locations and adjust the foundation concept or
emplacement sites of the individual hydraulical structures. All testing should be done according to
ASTM normations or similar used in Myanmar.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Table 9: Geological Drilling Survey for the intak, forebay, penstock and power house location
Priority Identificati Elevation Drilling depth / Observation / remarks Location
on elevation
[m asl] [m asl]
1 DH 1 527,00 60 (467) if rock surface is found, drilling should be extended by 15m forebay
2 DH 2 513,00 50 (463) if rock surface is found, drilling should be extended by 15m penstock
3 DH 3 479,00 30 (449) power house
4 DH 4 523,00 60 (463) if rock surface is found, drilling should be extended by 15m penstock
5 DH 5 495,00 30 (465) penstock
6 DH 6 506,00 40 (466) penstock
7 DH 7 507,00 40 (467) penstock
8 DH 8 528,00 30 (498) weir intake
9 DH 9 521,00 30 (491) if rock surface is found, drilling should be extended by 15m weir intake
10 DH 10 526,00 30 (496) weir intake
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
7 Selection of Options
7.1 Powerhouse location
The powerhouse should be located close to the river without reducing the flood capacity and
without important excavation and cliff trimming works. Due to the topographical situation and the
very narrow valley and steep dipping slopes, only the proposed position seems to be technical
feasible.
Foto 1: Power house location along the river on an natural plattform
7.2 Intake
The intake location was chosen due to the possible easier access from the ridge of the right bank
side, if an access road might be considered for construction to the upstream located village, a short
access to the intake structure would be possible and easier regarding the slope dip according to
the local morphology.
Considering a discharge of 5 m3/s to 10 m3/s the design of 2 intake types are technical feasible:
lateral intake or Tyrolean intake. Both types are considered as technical feasible and should be
evaluated in detail during the Feasibility Study. Other types like Coanda intake are less favorable.
25
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
The upstream water elevation depends on the height of the weir. In the following study a minimum
weir height of 7 m (522 masl, for option 1 and 2) and a maximum weir height of 15 m (530 masl, for
option 3) have been considered.
The spillway is placed on top of the weir with a free overfall crest with 20 m of width. Between the
spillway and the intake a sluice gate is located to bypass the sediments. The intake to the channel
is equipped with a gate and a trash rack.
Foto 2: Proposed Intake location looking upstream
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
7.3 Headrace waterway
Following table gives an overview of the possible technical solutions for the headrace water way. In
general two solutions are studied: (1) a channel or (2) a conduit. Furthermore, these two solutions
may be realized as open structure or closed. Both options have advantages and drawbacks, given
in the table below.
Open waterway Closed waterway
Channel
Q=5m3/s => bxh= 2 x 1.1.75

Q=10m3/s => bxh= 3 x 2.0
Closed conduit
Q=5 m3/s => 2x D1.25m

Q=10 m3/s => 2x D1.75m
Figure 9: Possibilities of water conduit systems for channel lining
Table 10: Comparison of the different technical solutions of the headrace waterway
Open waterway Closed waterway
advantage drawback advantage drawback
- Less expensive - No use as road - Use as road - More costly
- Easy to enter for possible possible - Longer
cleaning - Important - Low maintenance construction
- Less excavation cleaning and cost time
Channel maintenance - Abandonment of
- Shorter
required sandtrap possible
construction time
- Sendtrap in - Good protection
forebay required against falling
objects
- Identification of - Prone for - Good protection - No
leakage damages and against falling identification
Conduit - Easy sabotage objects of leakage
maintenance - No use as road - Use as road - difficult
possible possible maintenance
The channel is the best technical solution but should be studied more in detail in the following
study. In general it is recommended to cover the channel especially along the step slops for
27
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
protection reasons. Along smooth slops the channel can be non-covered with the road besides.
However, a solution with a free surface flow tunnel should also be considered in the next phase.
Foto 3: Channel alignment on steep dipping slopes in quaternary deposits
7.4 Design discharge
The design discharge is selected from the duration curve. In general in Myanmar a value of Q180
(exceedance at 180 day per year or 50% of the year) is taken as first assumption. In European
countries the design discharge ranges between Q70 and Q120 depending on the energy demand
and the electric grid. However, the project site does not allow very high project discharges.
Therefore, two design discharges have been considered: Q160 = 5.0 m3/s and Q120 =10 m3/s.
28
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Foto 4: Discharge along the intake area in July 2014
40
35 Calculated Duration Curves for different C Values
30
25
Discharge [m3/s]

20
15 Duration Curve (C=0.7)
10
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Days
Figure 10: Duration curves and considered design discharge Q150
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
7.5 Definition of considered options
Three options of the given general layout have been considered to assess the project discharge
and the intake water elevation on the evaluation parameters (energy production, capital cost for
power etc.).
 Option 1 can be considered as minimum option with the lowest discharge and a small weir
height (small installed capacity)
 Option 2 presents a high design discharge with effect on the waterway dimensions (larger
channel, two penstocks) with small weir height (medium installed capacity)
 Option 3 presents a maximum capacity project: High discharge and increased gross head
requiring larger waterway dimensions (larger channel, two penstocks as option 2) and higher
intake weir (high installed capacity)
Table 11: Technical parameters of assessed layout options

Option 1 Option 2 Option 3
Design Discharge [m3/s] 5 10 10

Water level at intake [masl] 522 522 530
Tailwater level[masl] 479 479 479
Gross Head [m] 43 43 51
Net Head [m] 37.5 37.5 45.5
Elevation of channel invert at
520.5 520.5 528.5
intake
Headwater channel length [m] 2'500 2'500 2'500
Dimensions of channel
BxH=2.0 x 1.75 BxH=3.0 x 2.0 BxH=3.0 x 2.0
(internal)
Headwater channel slope 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%
Penstock diameter [mm] 1x1500 2x1500 2x1500
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
8 Evaluation of Options
8.1 Energy production and installed capacity
The monthly and annually energy production is calculated using the 48 years of calculated run-off
data. So for each measured month the average energy production has been calculated considering
following assumptions:
 Global efficiency factor (including turbine, generator and transformer) of 87 %
 Headrace channel slope of 0.2%
 Roughness coefficient of the penstock Kst = 90 m1/3/s
 Firm energy: guarantied value in 95 % and 90 % of the time, respectively.
Table 12: Capacity and energy production of assessed layout options

Maximum installed capacity [kW] 1'600 3'200 3'883
Firm annual energy (95%) [MWh] 5'919 10'604 12'867
Average annual energy production [MWh] 8'636 14'130 16'989
Maximum annual energy production [MWh] 11'717 20'571 24'960
1800
Firm Power (95%)
1600 Option 1
C=0.7 Average Power
1400
1200 Max Power

Power [kW]
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Figure 11: Monthly power for Option 1
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
3500
Firm Power (95%)
3000 Option 2
C=0.7 Average Power
2500
Max Power
Power [kW]
2000
1500
1000
500
0
4500
Firm Power (95%)
4000 Option 3
C=0.7 Average Power
3500
3000 Max Power

Power [kW]
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1400
Firm Energy
Option 1 (95%)
1200
C=0.7
Average Energy
1000
Max Energy
Energy [MWh]
800
600
400
200
0
Figure 14: Monthly Energy Production for Option 1
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
3000
Firm Energy
Option 2 (95%)
2500 C=0.7
Average Energy
2000
Max Energy
Energy [MWh]
1500
1000
500
0
3500
Firm Energy
Option 3 (95%)
3000
C=0.7
Average Energy
2500
Max Energy
Energy [MWh]
2000
1500
1000
500
0
8.2 Investment Cost
The investment costs are estimated using the information of local unit prices, which are based on
the experience of realized projects in the region. The construction costs are highly affected by the
transportation cost to the region. Therefore, the prices are significantly higher than unit prices in
other regions or countries. Especially the prices for the channel and for the penstock are taken
from similar projects in the Putao area.
For the pre-feasibility stage the investment cost have been estimated on "global" unit prices. That
means that for example the price for concrete includes the material and all related works such as
concrete, reinforcement, formworks, placing, finishing etc. The same scenario needs to be
calculated for the penstock, which covers all material and labour work. The electro mechanical
equipment is estimated using global unit prices given by Alvarado-Ancieta (2009).
Due to the fact that only limited information on actual prices is available the accuracy of estimation
of the construction cost is limited. The given prices are considered as conservative values.
Furthermore, the quantities are calculated using preliminary design sketches.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Table 13: Civil cost for the assessed layout options
Construction Cost [US$] Option 1 Option 2 Option 3

Civil Unit
Item Unit Quantity Cost Quantity Cost Quantity Cost
structures Price
excavation rock m3 100 1'100 110'000 1'400 140'000 1'400 140'000

excavation soil m3 10 2'704 27'040 2'704 27'040 2'704 27'040
Mass Concrete m4 300 1'225 367'500 1'225 367'500 7'680 2'304'000
Headworks
Structural
Concrete m3 1'000 312 312'000 630 630'000 788 787'500
HM ls 1 20'000 20'000 40'000 40'000 40'000 40'000
Sub-total 836'540 1'204'540 3'298'540
excavation rock m3 150 8'100 1'215'000 14'400 2'160'000 14'400 2'160'000

excavation soil m3 20 2'700 54'000 4'800 96'000 4'800 96'000
Concrete m3 1'500 5'100 7'650'000 5'100 7'650'000 5'100 7'650'000
Waterway
Special
Structures ls 5
HM ls 1 30'000 30'000 30'000 30'000 30'000 30'000
Sub-total 8'949'000 9'936'000 9'936'000
excavation rock m3 150 135 20'250 135 20'250 135 20'250

excavation soil m3 80 540 43'200 540 43'200 540 43'200
Penstock
Concrete m3 1'000 81 81'000 81 81'000 81 81'000
HM m 6'800 70 476'000 70 476'000 70 476'000
Sub-total 620'450 620'450 620'450
excavation rock m3 100 800 80'000 800 80'000 800 80'000

excavation soil m3 10 400 4'000 400 4'000 400 4'000
Concrete m3 1'000 192 192'000 236 236'000 236 236'000
Powerhouse
Roof and
second œuvre ls 1 50'000 50'000 50'000 50'000 50'000 50'000
HM ls 2 700'000 1'400'000 800'000 2'400'000 900'000 2'700'000
Sub-total 1'726'000 2'770'000 3'070'000
Access roads and protection measures 534'100 604'050 708'750
Total 12'666'090 15'135'040 17'633'740
Contingencies (20%) 2'533'218 3'027'008 3'526'748
Total 15'199'307 18'162'047 21'160'487
The electro mechanical equipment is estimated using [1] and own reference. However, depending
on the supplier and transportation the cost for the E&M equipment can be significantly higher than
what have been considered here.
The above persented investment cost does not include the following positions:
 Engineering and administration
 Investigations
 Permit
 Compensation measure
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
 Financing costs.
8.3 Revenue opportunities and financial analysis
In the following a simplified financial analysis is presented. Only financial aspects are considered.
Therefore, other economic benefits for the region (development, labour etc.) are not considered
which may turn the project financially and economically into a more interesting and sustainable
project.
Each layout concept has different energy production schedules; revenues project costs and
consequently different economic parameters. To define the most profitable, alternatives should be
compared based on economical parameters such as net present value NPV, internal rate of return
IRR and the benefit / cost ratio (BCR), which provide information on the degree of profitability of the
equity.
The evaluation is considering the revenues, the operation and maintenance costs.
The method of net present value refers to the calculation of the total value of the project, or more
generally asset, through its complete service life. In order to calculate NPV the concept of
discounted cash flow (CF) is used. According to the NPV criteria, alternatives that have a positive
NPV will bring benefit and the ones with the most positive NPV should be selected.
The following values of financial parameters were used for evaluation of the economic efficiency of
all concepts:
At this stage the parameters of the financial study should be kept as simple as possible:
 Plant construction period: 2 years (split of construction cost)
 Source of financing: 100 % equity, without loan
 Annual operation and maintenance costs: 1-3 % of initial construction costs
 Project life span: min 30
 No price indexation (constant tariffs)
 Taxes: income tax 0 %.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Table 14: Annual Revenues
Annual Revenues [USD] Option 1 Option 2 Option 2
Average annual energy production [MWh] 8'636 14'130 16'989
50 431'800 706'500 849'450
Tariff [USD/MWh] 75 647'700 1'059'750 1'274'175
100 863'600 1'413'000 1'698'900
Table 15: Economic key parameters

Given Construction cost 9'500 5'676 5'450
Capital cost for power [USD/kW] Constr. Cost -15% 8'075 4'824 4'632
Constr. Cost -30% 6'650 3'973 3'815
Given Construction cost 1.76 1.29 1.25
Energy Production Cost [USD/kWh] Constr. Cost -15% 1.50 1.09 1.06
Constr. Cost -30% 1.23 0.90 0.87
Following figures show the Net present Value as a function of the discount rate and electricity tariff
for the three considered Options.
12.0
50 USD/MWh
Net Present Value NPV [Mio.
8.0 Option 1 75 USD/MWh

100 USD/MWh
4.0
USD]
0.0
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%
-4.0
-8.0
-12.0
Weighted average cost for capital WACC
Figure 16: Net Present Value as a function of the discount rate and electricity tariff for Option 1
12.0 50 USD/MWh
Option 2 75 USD/MWh
8.0
100 USD/MWh
4.0
USD]
0.0
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%
-4.0
-8.0
-12.0
36
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
12.0
50 USD/MWh
Option 3

8.0 75 USD/MWh
100 USD/MWh
4.0
USD]
0.0
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%
-4.0
-8.0
-12.0
Sensitivity analysis on Construction Cost
12.0 50 USD/MWh
Option 2
50 USD/MWh - 15% Cost

8.0
50 USD/MWh - 30% cost
4.0
USD]
0.0
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%
-4.0
-8.0
-12.0
Figure 19: Net Present Value (at 50 USD/MWh)as a function of the discount rate and the
construction cost Option 2
12.0
75 USD/MWh
Option 2 75 USD/MWh - 15% Cost

8.0
4.0
USD]
0.0
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%
-4.0
-8.0
-12.0
37
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
12.0 100 USD/MWh

Option 2 100 USD/MWh - 15% Cost
8.0
USD] 4.0
0.0
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%
-4.0
-8.0
-12.0
The following results are derived from the economic analysis:
 For Option 2 and 3 the Energy Production Cost amount to 0.9 to 1.25 USD/kWh;
 Option 2 and Option 3 are financially more interesting in terms of NPV;
 Option 2 and 3 get financially profitable considering a electricity tariff of 75 USD MWh;
 With reduced construction cost the Option 2 gets financially profitable for a electricity tariff of
50 USD MWh.
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Upper Nam Htum SHPP
8.4 Overall technical comparison
Option 1, Option 2, Option 3

Geological - The geological condition for foundation is very good for the weir and intake
conditions structure, founded on metamorphic sound units.
- The channel traverse is located on the left bank side of the main river and
almost 1900m approx., are being built in hard, sound rock of metamorphic
rock units and minor magmatic intrusions of granitic compositions.
- The final channel lining (approx. 500m) up to the forebay will be built in
colluvial terrace deposits, of medium to high stability due to geological field
observation (soil type GW, GC with high friction angle and increased
cohesion, assumed due to soil type)
- The forebay structure is founded on the top of an alluvial terrace (soil type
GW, GC with high friction angle and increased cohesion, assumed due to
soil type), now active erosion processes or landslides have been observed.
- The final lining of the penstock is founded about 70% in the same alluvial
terraces and 30% probably will be founded in granites, formations are
convenient for foundation but some geotechnical treatment will be
necessary.
- The power house will be founded on granites providing a good foundation;
the formation might show deeper weathering effects which shall be
investigated during the detailed geological mapping surveys.
Accessibility - Weir site, intake, upper channel lining are difficult access areas, an access
road needs to be built. The valley flanks are generally steep dipping about
45 degrees with variations up to 15 degrees.
- Forebay, penstock, power house and lower channel lining are easy to
access. The main access road may turn down from the forebay location
down to the power house location in several turns and curves, in colluvial
soils.
- The access road and first river crossing must be planned at the already
operating actual hydro power location (Nan Htum SHPP)
- A possible access road to the upstream village along the red river bank
might be planned and built, as well as the construction platform for the
channel lining along the left river site will provide access to different
construction sites.
- An overall time schedule need to be developed
Construction - The general constructive logistical concept must be well developed, since
the construction access within and along the river is a challenging task, due
to the increased slope dips from the intake up to the 1+1900 location.
- Construction machinery shall be rather light and powerful, since the
workability along the channel lining is rather limited and not suitable for
heavy machinery.
- The channel lining and platform must be a combined construction of
mechanical excavation along the soil slopes (approx.. 500m), weathered
rock surface zones, and a smooth drill and blast excavation and posterior
removal with a bulldozer, on certain spot areas a more intense blasting
program might be necessary.
- Due to the nature of the project the construction itself is characterized by
increased risk for the working staff, engineers etc., therefore all safety
issues, guidelines and procedures must be taken into consideration.
Connection to - The connection to the grid can be done easily from the power house to the
grid Putao basin area without mayor morphological obstacles, ranging between
480 – 530 masl.
39
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
- The connection of the project shall be investigated based on the “master

plan” transmission planning for the rural Putao region.
Environmental - The project will produce an medium environmental impact, due to the
impact construction of the platform and access road through almost primary
subtropical rain forrest.
- An environmental impact assessment shall be done.
40
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
9 Description of best option
According and based on the overall analysis, option 2 was chosen and is discussed in the below
chapters, presenting the technical details of the proposed layout.
9.1 Intake structure
The water level is fixed to 522.0 masl by a concrete weir perpendicular to the river axis. The weir is
a massive concrete structure and can be visually integrated into the landscape. The spillway is
located on top of the weir and has a length of approximately 20 m. The intake with a capacity of 10
m3/s is located on the left bank and is designed as semi lateral intake with two passes with b x h =
3.0 x 2.0 meter each. The entrance is equipped with a rack. Between the intake and the weir a
sluice gate enables the flushing of sediment deposits in front of the intake. At the beginning of the
channel a second spillway is located.
A sand trap could be favorable even though the head is low. If a sand trap might be necessary,
according to additional technical analysis during the next phase of the project, the sand trap can be
placed right after the intake, upstream end of the headrace channel, or at the downstream end, at
the forebay. The location is determined by the topographic and geological conditions. A sand trap
for a 10 m3/s solution would have two chambers with a width of 5 m each and a length of 25 m.
Foto 5: Typical example of an intake structure for as SHPP
9.2 Headrace channel and penstock
Following figure shows an example of the general arrangement of the headrace channel as
covered concrete channel. The channel has a internal width of 3.0 m and a height of 2.0m. The
channel slope is I =0.2%. The channel is covered by a concrete plate to protect the channel by
41
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
falling rocks, sand and vegetation. This reduces the required maintenance works to a minimum.
Additionally, the covered channel serves as secondary access to the intake from the powerhouse.
At the lower end of the free flow channel a forebay connects the channel with the pressurized flow
in the penstock. The penstock is a steel pipe with anchor blocks.
Foto 6: A typical arrangement of covered headrace channel, forebay and penstock for SHHP [2]
Figure 18: Typical longitudinal profile and section of a penstock
9.3 Powerhouse
The powerhouse is equipped with three Francis turbines with horizontal axis with a total discharge
of 10 m3/s. To cover a maximum range of the low flow one unit is designed for 2 m3/s only. The
main dimensions of the buildings were determined in consideration of the following aspects:
 Pre-dimension of electromechanical equipment to be installed (calculated following [7]),
 The necessary clearings for circulation and manipulation of equipment, and
 The preliminary estimated dimensions of structural elements.
42
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Figure 19: horizontal Francis generator Foto 7: Typical horizontal Francis

(red), turbine with runner (green) and draft units (www.Troyer.com)
tube (blue) [7].
Foto 8: Example of a powerhouse SHHP with two Francis units and a installed capacity of 4.5
MW [2] .
43
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
Figure 20: Schematic layout and dimensions of the powerhouse (Option 2)
Table 21: Parameters of electro-mechanical Equipment (Option 2)

Option 2 Qdesign Runner Specific speed Installed power
diameter
Francis Unit 1 4.0 m3/s 800 mm 100 -130 min-1 1300 kW
Francis Unit 2 4.0 m3/s 800 mm 100 -130 min-1 1300 kW
-1
Francis Unit 3 2.0 m3/s 600 100 -130 min 650 kW
9.4 Energy Production
Follow figure presents the firm and average monthly energy production for the Option 2. The Firm
energy 95 % guaranties the energy at 95 percent of the time and Firm energy 90 % at 90 percent,
respectively. The average annual energy production amounts to more than 14 GWh per year.
3000
Firm Energy
Option 2 (95%)
2500 Firm Energy (90%) 11'060 MWh/a
Firm Energy
Average Energy 14'130 MWh/a (90%)
2000
Average Energy
Energy [MWh]
1500
1000
500
0
Figure 21: Example of average annual energy production (Option 1)
44
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
9.5 Connection to grid
Input will be provided by DHPI
9.6 Construction program
According to the topographical difficult site conditions and limited access to the intake site as well
as the channel alignment, an efficient construction program will depend on the number of
accesses. Therefore 2 access roads are necessary:
 On the left bank site an access to the forebay, penstock and power house. The access down
to the power house will be done directly upstream of the Power station itself. The access will
be built almost 95% in quaternary deposits.
 On the right bank site a road might be planned along the existing foot path along the division
of the mountain ridge up to the Nam Htum Kha village, and upstream of the proposed intake
area an access seems to be feasible. Most of the access road will encounter rockier site
conditions.
 In parallel construction can start at the intake and forebay, penstock and power house
location.
 The intake is located on a narrow stretch of the river composed of very sound metamorphic
rocks, a low alluvial overburden is encountered on the left bank. Working space is limited.
The intake must be built immediately after monsoon time finishes and water level in the river
is low.
 The forebay is located according to the 3 options almost on the top and below of an hill, in
alluvial quaternary terraces. Excavation and slope protection will be normal and almost
according to the site conditions.
 The penstock alignment will be along the same quaternary deposits and in the lower part will
encounter the surface of the granite intrusions.
 The Power House itself will be constructed along the river on granitic outcrops, a flood
protection will be necessary due to existing high water level during the monsoon period.
 The channel alignment will start shortly afterwards from upstream and downstream end of
the headrace channel. The downstream working activities will be faster due to the alignment
in quaternary deposits.
The slopes along the channel alignment are steep dipping (approx. 45°) and will not allow
the construction of an parallel construction – service platform, therefore it is strongly
recommended to cover the channel and use the channel itself as an access along the
channel. This is an advantage during the construction time and also during operation,
reducing the maintenance of the channel.
45
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
A first approach of overall construction time ranges between 18 to 24 months, depending on the
number of access roads, available equipment and staff on several points at the same time. During
Feasibility Study a more detailed construction program will be elaborated.
46
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
10 Conclusions and Recommendations
A Pre-feasibility study has been carried out for the Upper Nam Htum SHPP in close cooperation
with the in-house engineering services of the Design Brach of DHPI including a geological site visit.
Based on the available data no crucial drawbacks or objections could have been identified. The
geological conditions can be considered as good to favorable. The hydrology is based on 48 years
of measured rainfall data. The realization of the project is challenging but can be considered as
technical feasible. Especially the construction of the headrace channel should be planned carefully.
The potential of the scheme ranges between 1.6 MW to 3.9 MW of installed capacity and 8.6 GWh
to 17 GWh of average annual energy production. The construction costs depend highly on the local
construction prices and amount to 15 to 20 Mio USD.
A simplified financial analysis is carried out without taking other economic benefits and
opportunities for the region into consideration which will turn the project financially and
economically more interesting.
10.1 Further investigations
Topography
The topographical results seems to be consistent and allow general and conceptual planning, but
additional and a much more detailed topographical survey shall be executed as early as possible,
allowing the adjustment and creation of an precise terrain model, since for the time being the
alignment of the 3 options not all contour lines are available. The survey shall be extended to the
river and also to the right bank site. The contour spacing shall maintain 1m lines; a net of
benchmarks shall be permanently created. Finally the coordinate system shall be integrated to the
official Myanmar bench mark system.
Hydrology
For the present pre-feasibility study a tentative and simplified hydrological analysis has been
carried out using the available rainfall data from the Putao Gauging Station. Based on the
estimated duration curve the energy production could have been calculated. However, the
hypotheses and assumptions in the hydrological model are very sensitive for the assessment of the
project in terms of energy production and revenue opportunities.
A further feasibility study would require a higher accuracy of the duration curve. Therefore, it is
recommended to carry out a full hydrological analysis including the calibration of the model and
sensitivity analysis. If possible, further direct runoff measurements should be performed.
Geology and geological investigations
The geological survey need to be more extended taking into consideration a local detailed
geological mapping at all emplacement areas (Intake, channel, forebay, penstock, powerhouse), as
well as the geological site condition of the project area.
47
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
A drilling survey need to be executed in order to define the geological site models as well as the
general structural geology. Also an detailed soil and rock testing program should be realized in
order to obtain the most important design parameters for the foundation design of the hydraulical
structures.
10.2 Next steps
 Based on the findings of the presented Pre-Feasibility Study, the investigations shall be
taken and deepen to a full Feasibility Study and later to the Final Design.
 In the Putao region several hydropower projects have been identified. It is therefore
recommended to do an integrated screening of the available potential and to identify the
most promising schemes in the context of an overall master plan for the electrical
development of the region.
 It is recommended to conduct an integrative combined field – office study of the proposed

Small Hydro Power Plants on a Pre-Feasibility- local master plan level for en effective rural
sustainable energy development.
Dr Martin Wickenhäuser Martin Stache

Project Manager Geologist
48
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
[1] Alvarado-Ancieta (2009) Estimating E&M powerhouse cost, Water Power Magazine
February 2009
[2] Denawaka SHPP, Kiriwaneliya SHPP, www.vallibel-hydro.com
[3] Giesecke and Mosonyi (2003) Hydropowerplants - Design, construction and operation
(in German) Springer
[4] Bollrich G ; Technische Hydromechanik I ; Verlag für Bauwesen Berlin, 1996
[5] Raghunath (2006), Hydrology, Principles-Analysis-Design, New Age International (P)

Limited, Puplishers
[6] Minor H.-E. (2008), Hydraulic Structures, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (in
German)
[7] Turbnpro Version KC4: www.turbnpro.com
[8] Seismic Zone Map Of Myanmar (revised version, 2005), Explanatory Account; Dr.
Maung Thein and U Tint Lwin Swe, February 2006
49
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
11 Appendix
11.1 Cost for electro-mechanical equipment
Figure 22: Cost for electromechanical equipment [1]
50
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
11.2 Turbine selection
Figure 23 Minor H.-E. (2008) [6]
Figure 24: WWW.Andritz Hydro.com
51
Upper Nam Htum SHPP
11.3 Drawings
52

5311 - Upper - Nam - Htum - PFS - Final Version

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Upper Nam Htum SHPP

DEPARTMENT OF HYDROPOWER IMPLEMENTATION

UPPER NAM HTUM SHPP

UYWY/5232-4003 Name Function

Prepared by: Martin Stache Geologist

Checked by Martin Wickenhäuser Project Manager

a 14.07.2014 First issue MS MW

The latest version supersedes and replaces all previous ones.

Rue du Lac 33, BP Téléphone: + 41 21/637 15 13 E-Mail: stucky@stucky.ch

2.2 Location of project 7

3 Domestic electricity market 8

5.2 Rainfall-runoff approach 11

5.3 Duration curve 14

6.2 Available existing information 17

6.3 Geological Conditions at Site 17

7.3 Headrace waterway 27

7.4 Design discharge 28

7.5 Definition of considered options 30

8.2 Investment Cost 33

8.3 Revenue opportunities and financial analysis 35

8.4 Overall technical comparison 39

9 Description of best option 41

9.2 Headrace channel and penstock 41

9.4 Energy Production 44

9.5 Connection to grid 45

9.6 Construction program 45

10 Conclusions and Recommendations 47

10.2 Next steps 48

11.2 Turbine selection 51

Table 2: Existing Power Demand in the complete Putao Region................................................................. 8

Table 4: Monthly Average Rainfall [mm] at Putao Gauging Station ........................................................... 11

Table 5: Runoff coefficient C Rational Method ........................................................................................... 13

Table 7: Regional Geology in the Project Area .......................................................................................... 16

Table 8: Outcropping geological units within the project area.................................................................... 18

Table 9: Geological Site Condition for Civil Structures .............................................................................. 19

Table 12: Technical parameters of assessed layout options ..................................................................... 30

Table 15: Annual Revenues ....................................................................................................................... 36

Table 16: Economic key parameters .......................................................................................................... 36

Table 22: Parameters of electro-mechanical Equipment (Option 2) .......................................................... 44

List of FiguresFigure 1: Location map of the Small Hydro Power Plant 7

Figure 2: Catchment area and Putao Gauging Station .............................................................................. 10

Figure 3: Calculated discharge at intake site for the last 48 years............................................................. 11

Figure 5: Firm (95%), average and maximum river discharge ................................................................... 14

Figure 7: Seismic zonation map of Myanmar ............................................................................................. 21

Figure 9: Possibilities of water conduit systems for channel lining ............................................................ 27

Figure 11: Monthly power for Option 1 ....................................................................................................... 31

Figure 12: Monthly power for Option 2 ....................................................................................................... 32

Figure 13: Monthly power for Option 3 ....................................................................................................... 32

Figure 14: Monthly Energy Production for Option 1 ................................................................................... 32

Figure 15: Monthly Energy Production for Option 2 ................................................................................... 33

Figure 16: Monthly Energy Production for Option 3 ................................................................................... 33

Figure 18: Typical longitudinal profile and section of a penstock ............................................................... 42

Figure 21: Example of average annual energy production (Option 1) ...................................................... 44

Figure 22: Cost for electromechanical equipment [1] ................................................................................. 50

Figure 23 Minor H.-E. (2008) [6] ................................................................................................................ 51

Figure 24: WWW.Andritz Hydro.com ......................................................................................................... 51

Foto 2: Proposed Intake location looking upstream ................................................................................... 26

Foto 3: Channel alignment on steep dipping slopes in quaternary deposits.............................................. 28

Foto 4: Discharge along the intake area in July 2014 ................................................................................ 29

Foto 5: Typical example of an intake structure for as SHPP...................................................................... 41

Foto 7: Typical horizontal Francis units (www.Troyer.com) ....................................................................... 43

Table 1: Main characteristics of the selected scheme

Catchment area 108 km2 Installed Capacity 3'200 MW