The

SUPPLEMENTARY
MANUAL
Reading and Writing
Index.
01 Introduction Page no.01

Homework DV1-
02 Basic Grammar
Page no.00

Homework DV2-
03 Verbs and Pronouns
Page no.02

Homework DV3-
04 Punctuation
Page no.09

Homework DV4-
05 Central Ideas and Details
Page no.14

Homework DV5-
06 Words In Context
Page no.22

Homework DV6-
07 Strengthen, Weaken, & Page no.28
Inference
Homework DV7 -
08 Transitions & Rhetorical Page no.35
Synthesis
Homework DV8-
09 Modifiers and Parallel Page no.45
structure

Homework DV9-
10 Text Structure and Purpose
Page no.52

Homework DV10-
11 Charts and graphs/ Page no.60
Cross text connections

Answers to Homework
12 Page no.70
exercises

13 Vocabulary - SAT word lists Page no.76

Introduction
Dear students,

This SAT supplementary manual contains

Homework exercises for you to practise for the SAT Digital Test
Word lists to strengthen your vocabulary

Answers to all questions from the exercises are provided at the

end of the manual.

Hope you find this book helpful in your preparation for the SAT.
All the very best !

01
Homework DV2
Verbs
1.The Pyramids are ancient masonry
structures located in Egypt.
Constructing the pyramids involved
moving huge quantities of stone.
Many historians__________ that
the huge stones were carved from
the quarries using copper chisels.
Then, these blocks were dragged
and lifted into position.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A) believing
B) having believed
C) to believe
D) believe
2.Solving problems on Soroban
abacus(the modern Japanese
abacus) is a quick mechanical
process. After learning the
necessary counting procedures and
memorizing a few simple rules,
students can use the abacus to
solve various problems.
Multiplication problems are more
complicated than addition and
subtraction but can be easily done
with the help of the abacus.
Performing multiplication of even
very large numbers on the abacus
_______ only the addition of
partial products.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A) involves
B) are involving
C) have involved
D) involve
02
3.Dame Julie Andrews is an English
actress, singer, and author. She has
garnered numerous accolades
throughout her career spanning over
seven decades . Her lifetime
contribution to enriching American
culture through motion pictures and
television ________ recently
recognised by the American Film
Institute when she was awarded the AFI
Life Achievement Award 2022.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) were
B) have been
C) has been
D) are
4.The United Nations is an international
organisation founded in 1945. The UN
was established after World War II with
the aim of preventing future world
wars. At its founding, the UN had 51
member states; by the end of the
1950s , the organisation ______its
initial membership. The UN has evolved
over the years to keep pace with a
rapidly changing world. Today, with the
addition of South Sudan in 2011, the
membership is at 193, representing
almost all of the world's sovereign
states.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) has doubled
B) had doubled
C) doubles
D) will double
5.The energy sector is the source of
around three-quarters of greenhouse
gas emissions today and holds the key
to averting the worst effects of climate
change.A growing coalition of
countries, cities, businesses and other
institutions are pledging to get to net-
zero emissions and have set a net-zero
target. Replacing polluting coal, gas
and oil-fired power with energy from
renewable sources, such as wind or
solar, would dramatically reduce
carbon emissions and_____about
76% of global emissions.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) covers
B) cover
C) covering
D) covered
6. Edgard Varèse was a French-born
composer who spent the greater part
of his career in the United
States.Although his complete surviving
works only last about three hours, he
has been recognised as an influence
by several major composers of the
late 20th century .Today, he _____
considered the pioneer of electronic
music.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) will be
B) had been
C) was
D) is
03
7. Hibernation is a way for many
creatures – from butterflies to bats –
to survive cold, dark winters without
having to forage for food or migrate to
somewhere warmer. Instead, these
creatures _________ an altered
state with physiological changes such
as a drop in body temperature and
slowed metabolism to save energy.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) enter
B) to enter
C) having entered
D) entering
8. For thousands of years human
beings __________ of
cheating death and the aging process. A) contacted
In their fantasy
world, they live forever and remain
young and beautiful
in old age. Well, it may sound
incredible, but there are
some scientists who believe that
mankind will soon have
the technology to make this dream
come true!
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of insulating fur, layers of fat, and oily skin
Standard English?
A) to dream
B) have dreamt
C) having dreamt
D) dreaming
9.Thomas Alva Edison was one of the
most well-known inventors of all time.
In the period from 1878 to 1880 , Edison
and his associates worked on at least
three thousand different theories to
develop an efficient incandescent
lamp. Edison's lamp would consist of a
filament housed in a glass vacuum
bulb.Edison tested thousands and
thousands of other materials to use for
the filament. He tested the carbonized
filaments of every plant imaginable,
including baywood, boxwood, hickory,
cedar, flax, and bamboo. In addition, he
________ biologists who sent him
plant fibers from places in the tropics.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
B) contacts
C) had contacted
D) was contacting
10. Although the Arctic tundra doesn't
seem appealing to humans, many
animals choose to call it home. They
__________ freezing
temperatures for months at a time by
developing some specialized features
that help them stay warm, including
coatings.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) had survived
B) survived
C) would survive
D) survive 04
11. The civil rights movement (from 1954
to 1968) was a political movement and
campaign in the United States to
abolish institutional racial segregation,
discrimination, and disenfranchisement
throughout the United States. Among
the icons of the movement ______
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks , an
American activist in the civil rights
movement best known for her pivotal
role in the Montgomery bus boycott.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) was
B) were
C) are
D) have been
12. Rabindranath Tagore’s Gitanjali , a
volume of English translations of
Bengali poems, which _______
worldwide acclaim and fame , is
actually composed of poems from
several of Tagore's previous volumes
of Bengali poetry.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) has won
B) are winning
C) have won
D) win
13. Rather than distracting college
students, music moves the brain to pay
attention. A recent study ________
why: researchers utilized musical
compositions from the 1800s in their
study and found that music engages
the areas of the brain involved with
paying attention, making predictions
and updating the event in memory.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) to explain
B) explaining
C) having explained
D) explains
14. As a liquid is heated at constant
pressure, its temperature increases.
This trend continues until the
temperature ________the boiling
point of the liquid. Assuming other
factors like external pressure remain
unchanged, no further rise in
temperature takes place and the
temperature of the boiling liquid stays
constant.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) will reach
B) reaches
C) had reached
D) is reaching
05
15. One recent study of adults who were
overindulged as children _______a
discouraging picture of their future:
when given too much too soon, they
grow up to be adults who have
difficulty coping with life’s
disappointments.

Which choice completes the text so

that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) paints
B) painting
C) will paint
D) paint

Pronouns
1.W.C. Röntgen reported the discovery 2. London differs from other cities, such
of X-rays in December 1895 after as Paris and New York, in that
seven weeks of assiduous work during ______ shopping areas are so
which he had studied the properties of widely spread out.
this new type of radiation able to go
through screens of notable thickness. Which choice completes the text so
He named them X-rays to underline that it conforms to the conventions of
the fact that _________ nature Standard English?
was unknown. A) its’
B) it’s
Which choice completes the text so C) their
that it conforms to the conventions of D) its
Standard English?
A) they’re
B) it’s
C)their
D) its

06
3. The Wright brothers were American
aviation pioneers generally credited
with inventing, building, and flying the
world's first successful heavier-than-air
aeroplane at a time when few people
believed that such aircrafts were
possible, let alone understood
_______ mechanics.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)they’re
B)its
C)it’s
D)their
4. Job hopping was once considered a
taboo practice in the workforce, but
has been increasing in recent years
across all age groups. Employees of all
ages in the United States change jobs
on average 12 times in ________
lifetime, according to the latest
available public survey data (2019).
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) our
B) one’s
C) his or her
D) their
5. Like ________other cousins such
as hemp and jute, flax is cultivated as a
fiber crop in many regions ; It is used to
make a textile called linen , which is
traditionally used for bed sheets,
underclothes, and table linen.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)their
B)they’re
C)its
D)it’s
6. Organizations commonly encounter
several employee and talent-related
issues that make mentoring a valuable
strategy to consider. Proponents of
Mentoring in organisations contend
that the investment is worthwhile
because ______ mentee self-
motivation, problem solving ability and
approach to developing new
knowledge and skills.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)they improve
B)those improve
C)it improves
D)any of them improves
07
7. Scientists note that the hump of the 9. When the board of Coca Cola
camel, along with its wide feet and long entered China in the 1920s, the name
eyelashes, allows ________ to live Coca-Cola in China was first rendered
successfully in desert conditions. as Ke-kou-ke-la. Unfortunately, the
Coke company did not discover until
Which choice completes the text so after thousands of signs had been
that it conforms to the conventions of printed that _________means
Standard English? "bite the wax tadpole" or "female horse
A) them stuffed with wax" depending on the
B) it dialect.
C) these
D) that Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
8. The "studio glass movement" began Standard English?
in 1962 when Harvey Littleton, a A)it
ceramics professor, and Dominick B)they
Labino, a chemist and engineer, held C)the phrase
two workshops at the Toledo Museum D)the print
of Art, during which they started
experimenting with melting glass in a
10. Many Belgians are victims of
small furnace and creating blown
phishing attempts, and although
glass art. Littleton promoted the use of
_________ remain vigilant, some
small furnaces in___________.
still fall into the trap of crooks.
This approach to glassblowing
blossomed into a worldwide
Which choice completes the text so
movement, producing scores of
that it conforms to the conventions of
modern glass artists. Today there are
Standard English?
many different institutions around the
A)he or she
world that offer glassmaking resources
B)we
for training and sharing equipment.
C)you
D)most
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)individual artists studios
B)individual artists' studios
C)individual artists' studios’
D)individual artist’s studios

08
Homework DV3
Punctuation
1.Today, the sights, sounds, and
smells of the microwave oven are
immediately familiar to most people.
Its invention was not a well planned
___________ when a Raytheon
engineer named Percy Spencer was
testing a military-grade magnetron,
he suddenly realized his snack had
melted. Understandably curious,
Percy Spencer brought in corn
kernels, popped them with his new
invention, and shared some popcorn
with the entire office. The microwave
oven was born.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A) event, though:
B) event, though,
C) event. Though,
D) event though
2. Jane Austen's purpose never was
to write historical or social novels,
nor to provide a balanced and
objective picture of late 18th century
England. As she wrote in one of her
letters to niece Anna Austen: "three
or four families in a Country Village
is the little bit (two Inches wide) of
Ivory on which I _________an
apt description of the world in which
her characters are set. All her
stories take place in the society she
knew, that of a small rural gentry
family, rather well-off though
without fortune, around the 19th
century.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions
of Standard English?
A)work”; and
B) work” and
C) work,”
D) work”
09
3. The 17th and 18th centuries were a
high point in the design of frames in all
European countries. Frames were
hand-carved, many by master
craftsmen . Because the carvers
worked in close communication with
artists, artists could make use of a
fashionable style of frame to enhance
their compositions. Later, in the second
half of the 19th century, travel became
so easy that artists commuted rapidly
between countries, visiting foreign
exhibitions and sharing and diffusing
ideas. Specially designed ________
were soon appearing throughout
Europe and America.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) artist’s frame’s
B) artists’ frames
C) artist’s frames
D) artists frames’
4. The scientists noted that the hump
of the camel, along with its wide feet
and long __________ allows it to
live successfully in desert conditions.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) eyelashes
B) eyelashes —
C) eyelashes;
D) eyelashes,
5. The theory of General relativity, which
Einstein published in 1915, expanded the
theory of special relativity that he had
published 10 years earlier. Special
relativity argued that space and time
are inextricably __________that
theory didn't acknowledge the
existence of gravity.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)connected but
B) connected, but
C) connected
D) connected,
6. At various excavation sites at Hampi,
India, archaeologists have unearthed
remains of shrines, pillared halls,
memorial structures, gateways,
defence check posts, stables, water
structures, etc. that show Hampi was
a varied urban, royal and sacred
system of society in the 14th-16th
century. The ________ economic
prosperity and political status that
once existed, indicating a highly
developed society.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) sites ruins delineate the era’s
B) site’s ruins delineate the eras
C) sites’ ruins delineate the era’s
D) sites’ ruins delineate the eras
10
7. Elizabeth Gilbert’s 2006 bestseller 'Eat,
Pray, Love' is about her year spent
traveling abroad on a journey of
spiritual and personal exploration, while
her 2010 novel ______________
is somewhat of a sequel to 'Eat, Pray,
Love' in that it takes up Gilbert's life
story where her bestseller left off.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)'Committed: A Skeptic Makes Peace
with Marriage' —
B)'Committed: A Skeptic Makes Peace
with Marriage' ,
C)'Committed: A Skeptic Makes Peace
with Marriage'
D)'Committed: A Skeptic Makes Peace
with Marriage' :
8. Agatha Christie's famous detective
Hercule Poirot dies in the last book of
the Poirot series, Curtain: Poirot's Last
Case (published in 1975). In the book,
______________heart disease
and arthritis, had put his amyl nitrite
phials out of his own reach which had
accelerated his death.
9. The Rock Garden of Chandigarh is a
sculpture garden for rock enthusiasts in
Chandigarh, India. Its founder Nek
Chand Saini, a government official,
started building the garden secretly in
his spare time in 1957. Chand built up a
mass made from recycled
materials,with a cement and sand mix
before adding a final coating of
smoothly burnished pure cement
combined with waste materials such
as broken glass, bangles, crockery,
mosaic and iron-foundry ________
in 1986, the park was inaugurated as a
public space.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) slag later,
B) slag;
C) slag,
D) slag, later,

Which choice completes the text so

that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?

A)Poirot, suffering from

B)Poirot , suffering from,
C)Poirot ; suffering from
D)Poirot suffering from

11
10. It was not until 1928 that penicillin,
the first true antibiotic, was discovered
by Alexander Fleming, Professor of
Bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital in
London.
On his return from holiday, Fleming
noticed that one culture in his lab was
contaminated with a fungus, and that
the colonies of staphylococci
immediately surrounding the fungus
had been destroyed, whereas other
staphylococci colonies farther away
were normal. He gave the name
penicillin to the antibacterial
substance present in the mould. If it
could be isolated and produced in
large quantities, _____________
Fleming was determined to find out .
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A) could penicillin be put to medical
use.
B) Penicillin could be put to medical
use :
C) Penicillin could be put to medical
use?
D) could Penicillin be put to medical
use?
11. Nihilism is another well known but
misunderstood philosophical theory
that is often associated with German
philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and his
proclamation, “God is dead.” Nihilism is
derived from the _____ “Nothing”. The
philosophy’s core tenet is that nothing
has any meaning: meaning does not
exist in the universe, neither in the
pursuit of the meaningful, nor in an
individual’s construction of it.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)Latin word, “Nihil,” which means
B)Latin word, “Nihil” : which means
C)Latin word, “Nihil” ; which means
C)Latin word, “Nihil.” Which means
12. Most of us are acquainted with
some version of the story “The
Appointment in Samarra”, in which
______ encounters Death in a
market in Baghdad and hurries back
home to his master. He borrows a
horse from the merchant and escapes
the city in haste, hoping to ride to
Samarra by nightfall to avoid Death.
The merchant, perplexed, goes to the
marketplace and demands from
Death the reason for scaring the
servant.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)a merchants servant
B)a merchants’ servant
C)a merchant’s servant
D)a merchant servant
12
13. Most of us are acquainted with
some version of the story “The
Appointment in Samarra”, in which a
merchant’s servant encounters Death
in a market in Baghdad and hurries
back home to his master. He borrows a
horse from the merchant and escapes
the city in haste, hoping to ride to
Samarra by nightfall to avoid Death.
The merchant, perplexed, goes to the
marketplace and demands from Death
the reason for scaring the servant.
Death answers that he was merely
surprised to see the servant in
_______ he had an appointment
with him in Samarra that night.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)Baghdad, when
B)Baghdad when;
C)Baghdad; when
D)Baghdad when,
14. Confucianism is about correct
behaviour, obedience to hierarchy, and
ethics. It prioritised family over
__________ intelligence as the
paramount importance within the
officials in positions of power over
family name and wealth. It formed the
bedrock of what a lot of East Asian
culture and practices are derived from
today.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)individualism, and pushes merit, and
B)individualism and pushes merit and
C)individualism, and pushes merit and
D)individualism and pushes merit, and
15. Dolores del Rio was one of the first
Mexican movie stars with international
appeal and who had a meteoric
career in the 1920s/1930s Hollywood.
Del Rio came from an aristocratic
family in Durango. In the Mexican
revolution of _______ family lost
everything and emigrated to Mexico
City.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)1916 however, the
B)1916, however, the
C)1916 however the
D)1916, however the
13
Homework DV4
Central ideas
and details
1.The following text is from Elizabeth
Bishop’s 1976 poem “One Art” which
depicts loss as an inevitable part of
life.
The art of losing isn’t hard to master;
so many things seem filled with the
intent
to be lost that their loss is no disaster.
Lose something every day. Accept the
fluster
of lost door keys, the hour badly spent.
The art of losing isn’t hard to master.
Then practice losing farther, losing
faster:
places, and names, and where it was
you meant
to travel. None of these will bring
disaster.
Which choice best states the main
idea of the text?
A)To master the art of losing we
should try to lose door keys if we can.
B)Losing things is a constant in life and crushed by travelers.
should not be considered as a
disaster.
C)One should forget the lost things in
life.
D)It is always difficult to deal with the
loss of significant things.
2.The following text is from Robert
Frost’s 1916 poem “The Road Not Taken”
which describes the dilemma of a
person standing in front of a forked
road .
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted
wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same.
Based on the text, what does the
phrase “it was grassy and wanted
wear” indicate about the path?
A)It describes the forest in the autumn
season.
B)It means that the leaves had been
C)It signifies that it was a less
travelled road.
D)It symbolizes a choice the poet
made in life.
14
3. The following text is from Emily 4. The following text is from Maya
Dickinson’s 1863 poem “Because I could Angelou’s 1863 poem “Still I Rise” which
not stop for death” which describes a is based on her experiences as a Black
close encounter with death and woman in America.
immortality.
You may write me down in history
Because I could not stop for Death – With your bitter, twisted lies,
He kindly stopped for me – You may trod me in the very dirt
The Carriage held but just Ourselves – But still, like dust, I'll rise.
And Immortality. Does my sassiness upset you?
We slowly drove – He knew no haste Why are you beset with gloom?
And I had put away ’Cause I walk like I've got oil wells
My labor and my leisure too, Pumping in my living room.
For His Civility – Leaving behind nights of terror and fear
We passed the School, where Children I rise
strove Into a daybreak that’s wondrously clear
At Recess – in the Ring – I rise
We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain – Bringing the gifts that my ancestors
We passed the Setting Sun – gave,
Or rather – He passed Us – I am the dream and the hope of the
The Dews drew quivering and Chill – slave.
For only Gossamer, my Gown – I rise
My Tippet – only Tulle – I rise
I rise.”
Based on the text, what do the
expressions ‘At Recess – in the Ring’, Based on the text, what are the
‘the Fields of Gazing Grain’ and the inherited gifts that Maya Angelou is
‘Setting Sun’ mean? referring to most likely to be?
A)The phrases signify the possessions A)Terror and dreams were gifted by
that the poet was willing to give up. the preceding generation.
B)The expressions portray the sense of B)The gift of self confidence and
content and peace that the poet had in resilience that has shaped her
life. personality.
C)They represent the scenes that the C)The most precious gift was the oil
poet cherished while on the journey wells that the poet received.
with ‘death’. D)The gifts were the hope and dream
D)They symbolize the different stages that the discrimination will end one
of life as childhood, adulthood, and day.
death.

15
5. The following text is from Paul 6. There is a common belief that while
Laurence Dunbar’s 1895 poem “We the dog is man’s best friend, the coyote
Wear the Mask” which is about the is his worst enemy. The bad reputation
experience of being black in America in of the coyote traces back to his
the late 19th century, following the Civil
fondness for small animals; he hunts at
War. night and is particularly destructive to
sheep, young pigs, and poultry. Yet it is
We wear the mask that grins and lies, sometimes wise to encourage coyotes.
It hides our cheeks and shades our Provided valuable farm animals are
eyes,— protected, the coyote will often free the
This debt we pay to human guile; property of other animals, like rabbits,
With torn and bleeding hearts we smile, which are ruinous to crops and certain
And mouth with myriad subtleties. trees. He is especially beneficial in
Why should the world be over-wise, keeping down the rodent population.
In counting all our tears and sighs? Where coyotes have been allowed to
Nay, let them only see us, while do their work without molestation,
We wear the mask. ranchers and fruit growers have found
We smile, but, O great Christ, our cries them so valuable that they would no
To thee from tortured souls arise. more shoot them than they would
We sing, but oh the clay is vile shoot their dogs.
Beneath our feet, and long the mile;
But let the world dream otherwise, Which choice best states the main idea
We wear the mask! of the text?
A)Dogs are better than coyotes in
Based on the text, why do people hide many respects.
their tears behind the mask? B)Despite their bad reputation, coyotes
A)Because they want to conceal their are useful under certain circumstances.
heart-wrenching agony from the C)Coyotes offer tough competition to
outside world. dogs in protecting farms.
B)Because they don’t want the world to D)Rodents are the biggest enemies of
be judgemental. coyotes.
C)Because they want to show how
happy they are.
D)Because they don’t want anyone to
see their weaknesses.

16
7. With smarter strategies, a growing
population can be accommodated
even as we tackle climate change. For
example, by changing how and where
humans grow crops, the world could
reduce water stress and dramatically
shrink the land footprint of agriculture.
Moreover, our models suggest that by
accelerating the transition to cleaner
energy, the world could keep the
increase in global temperature below
1.6°C – essentially meeting the Paris
accord’s target. Best of all, these gains
could be achieved while maintaining
current trajectories of economic
growth. By implementing a few
dramatic but manageable changes
over the next few decades, it is possible
to realise a sustainable future for both
people and nature.
Based on the text, how can the Paris
accord’s target be achieved?
A) By modifying agricultural patterns.
B) By increasing the utilization of eco-
friendly sources of energy.
C) By expanding the area of farming.
D) By boosting the economic curve of
nations.
8. Today’s woman is highly self-
directed, alive to the sense of her
dignity and the importance of her
functions in the private domestic and
public domains of the world of work.
Women are rational in approach,
careful in handling situations, and want
to do things as best as possible. The
Fourth World Conference of Women
held in Beijing in September 1995
emphasized that no enduring solution
to society’s most threatening social,
economic, and political problems could
be found without the participation and
empowerment of women. The
Constitution of India conferred on
women equal rights and opportunities
in political, social, educational, and
employment with men. Because of
oppressive traditions, superstitions,
exploitation, and corruption, a majority
of women are not allowed to enjoy the
rights and opportunities bestowed on
them. One of the major reasons for this
state of affairs is the lack of literacy
and awareness among women.
Which choice best states the main idea
of the text?
A)Women nowadays are adept at
multitasking .
B)Women are considered to be an
integral part of the society.
C)The literacy rate among women is
low in developing countries, such as
India.
D)Women are better at decision-
making because of their practical
thought process.
17
9. Stress is a part and parcel of 10. Too many parents these days can’t
everyday life. It has a different say no. As a result, they find
meaning, depending on the stage of themselves raising ‘children’ who
life a person is in. The loss of a toy or a respond greedily to the advertisements
reprimand from the parents might aimed right at them. Even getting what
create a stress shock in a child. An they want doesn’t satisfy some kids;
adolescent who fails an examination they only want more. Now, a growing
may feel as if everything has been lost number of psychologists, educators,
and life has no further meaning. In an and parents think it’s time to stop the
adult, the loss of his or her companion, madness and start teaching kids about
job, or professional failure may appear what’s really important: values like hard
as if there is nothing more to be work, contentment, honesty, and
achieved. Such signs appear in the compassion. The struggle to set limits
attitude and behaviour of the individual, has never been tougher and the stakes
such as muscle tension in various parts have never been higher. One recent
of the body, palpitation and high blood study of adults who were overindulged
pressure, indigestion, and hyperacidity. as children paints a discouraging
There are other signs of stress such as picture of their future: when given too
trembling, shaking, nervous blinking, much too soon, they grow up to be
dryness of throat and mouth, and adults who have difficulty coping with
difficulty in swallowing. Ultimately the life’s disappointments. They also have a
result is self-destructive behaviour distorted sense of entitlement that gets
such as eating and drinking too much, in the way of success in the workplace
smoking excessively, and relying on and in relationships.
tranquilizers.
Which choice best states the main idea
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
of the text? A)People may face serious
A)Stress in adulthood has more repercussions in their later years if right
adverse effects than in other phases of values are not inculcated in their
life. formative years.
B)Environmental factors are evidently B)Children nowadays are stubborn
the biggest reasons for stress. and make unreasonable demands.
C)Stress is a condition that C)Parents these days maintain a
encourages people to involve in perfect balance between being lenient
behaviour which could be injurious to and being firm with children.
them. D)Children in the present day do not
D)Stressed people often feel distracted have any goals or ambitions because
and frustrated. of their endless desires.

18
11. Many people around the world are
engaged in video gaming and gambling
which are recognized as addictive
behaviors, but usually do not result in any
significant health consequences. However,
a small proportion of people engaged in
such behaviours may develop disorders
due to addictive behaviours associated
with functional impairment or distress.
Video gaming is highly prevalent in
modern culture, particularly among young
people. However, in recent years there has
been increasing global recognition among
public health professionals and
academics that particular patterns of
video gaming may lead to marked
impairment in personal, family, social,
educational, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning and
psychological distress for a significant
minority of players. People who partake in
gaming should be alert to the amount of
time they spend on gaming activities,
particularly when it is to the exclusion of
other daily activities, as well as to any
changes in their physical or psychological
health and social functioning that could be
attributed to their pattern of gaming
behaviour.
Which choice best states the main idea of
the text?
A)Video games are proven to be a
healthy leisure activity for people.
B)Significant studies have revealed that
video games impact a huge proportion of
people adversely.
C)People should keep a check on the
duration they spend playing video games
in a day.
D)Health experts opine that under certain
circumstances video games may lead to
problems for a small proportion of players.
12. The following text is adapted from
Oscar Wilde’s short story “The Happy Price”
based on love and sacrifice, wealth and
poverty, and the nature of true beauty.
'Who are you?' he said.
'I am the Happy Prince.'
'Why are you weeping then?' asked the
Swallow; 'you have quite drenched me.'
'When I was alive and had a human heart,'
answered the statue, 'I did not know what
tears were, for I lived in the Palace of
Sans-Souci where sorrow is not allowed to
enter. In the daytime I played with my
companions in the garden, and in the
evening I led the dance in the Great Hall.
Round the garden ran a very lofty wall, but
I never cared to ask what lay beyond it,
everything about me was so beautiful. My
courtiers called me the Happy Prince, and
happy indeed I was, if pleasure be
happiness. So I lived, and so I died. And
now that I am dead they have set me up
here so high that I can see all the ugliness
and all the misery of my city, and though
my heart is made of lead yet I cannot
choose but weep.'
Which choice best states the main idea of
the text?
A)A person with luxurious possessions
does not know sorrow and sufferings.
B)It is crucial to spend leisure time with
companions to be happy in life.
C)Happiness need not be synonymous
with pleasure or possessions.
D)It is indeed important to appreciate the
beauty of things around us.
19
13. Current manufacturing processes for
polycarbonate typically use phosgene (a
toxic gas used as a chemical weapon in
WWI) and a chemical called bisphenol-A,
which mimics estrogen and is now
banned from baby products in countries
such as Canada. The sugar-based
polycarbonate would be safer to produce
and use, making it suitable for medical
implants, stitches and organ scaffolds.In
the US, chemists at Rutgers University have
developed a new technique using
electrocatalysts containing nickel and
phosphorus to combine water and carbon
dioxide with electricity to produce complex
carbon-containing molecules that can be
used to produce plastics and other
products such as pharmaceuticals. “This is
essentially artificial photosynthesis,” says
Professor Charles Dismukes, at Rutgers
University–New Brunswick. “We knew it was
possible to beat natural photosynthesis for
efficiency – and this is just blowing it
away.”Conventional ways to produce
plastics might be the norm – but that
doesn’t make them ideal, says Prof
Dismukes.
Which choice best states the main idea of A)Winter is harsh in Ireland due to heavy
the text?
A)Though the traditional ways to generate B)The snowfall is similar to death as it falls
plastic are hazardous to the environment; without discrimination on everyone dead
they are still followed as no alternatives
are there.
B)Experts have discovered the substitute
of a natural process that could prove to
be more efficient and eco-friendly to
generate plastic as well as medical
equipment.
C)Some toxic compounds still being used
in manufacturing baby products show the
negligence of the government in countries
such as Canada.
D)A study conducted by experts suggests
that the toxic gas which was used as a
chemical weapon must be banned from
being used in producing plastics in the U.S.
14. The following text is adapted from
James Joyce’s short story “The Dead”
which is based on love and loss,
A few light taps upon the pane made him
turn to the window. It had begun to snow
again. He watched sleepily the flakes, silver
and dark, falling obliquely against the
lamplight. The time had come for him to
set out on his journey westward. Yes, the
newspapers were right: snow was general
all over Ireland. It was falling on every part
of the dark central plain, on the treeless
hills, falling softly upon the Bog of Allen
and, farther westward, softly falling into the
dark mutinous Shannon waves. It was
falling, too, upon every part of the lonely
churchyard on the hill where Michael Furey
lay buried. It lay thickly drifted on the
crooked crosses and headstones, on the
spears of the little gate, on the barren
thorns. His soul swooned slowly as he
heard the snow falling faintly through the
universe and faintly falling, like the descent
of their last end, upon all the living and the
dead.
Based on the text, what is the significance
of the snow?
snowfall everywhere.
and alive.
C)The snow is compared to tears that fall
on a person’s grave.
D)The snow depicts the danger
associated with travelling to the West.
20
15. Exploring the wonders of the natural Based on the text, why is the game
world might be difficult for a lot of us at considered to be unique?
the moment, but a new game from E- A)Players can earn fins to swim deep
Line Media helps us connect to nature inside the ocean.
from home. It is an immersive single- B)With the help of technological
player narrative game that takes equipment, players can watch
players deep into our planet’s beating documentaries while diving.
blue heart. E-Line says BBC Studios’ C)The game is one of its own kind and
Blue Planet II was the inspiration for the hence quite exorbitantly priced.
game. The game reflects the awe and D)The game has made it possible to
wonder of exploring the world below explore captivating under sea views
the waves while staying high and dry at from the players’ homes without getting
home.Ground-breaking technologies even a bit drenched.
allow players to see, hear and interact
with the ocean through the eyes of a
deep-sea explorer and scientist called
Mirai. Players will earn fins as they swim
with a pod of gigantic humpback
whales, squeeze through grassy reefs
teeming with life and analyse rare
lifeforms of the deep.Beyond Blue also
features 16 mini-documentaries, or
‘Ocean Insights’, with unseen footage
from Blue Planet II and interviews with
ocean experts and explorers.

21
Homework DV5
Words in
context
1.The Internet is a powerful tool and a
group of like-minded people can be
formed on social media. People can
share environmental stories and issues
as well as pool in solutions and
__________ to educate one
another. With the current state that our
planet is in, it is imperative that people
actively care about the environment
and most importantly, act now.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A)conventions
B)alternatives
C)problems
D)reasons
2. Ride, work, ride, repeat. It’s a
scientifically proven system that
describes some ___________
benefits of cycling. In a recent study in
the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic
Research, scientists found , to their
surprise, that people scored higher on
tests of memory, reasoning, and
planning after 30 minutes of spinning
on a stationary bike than they did
before they rode the bike. They also
complete the tests faster after
pedaling.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A)unexpected
B)predictable
C)extreme
D)inevitable
22
3. Exercise is like _________ for
your brain. All those hours spent on
exercising your muscles, create rich
capillary beds not only in leg and hip
muscles, but also in your brain. More
blood vessels in your brain and
muscles mean more oxygen and
nutrients to help them work. When you
pedal, you also force more nerve cells
to fire. The result: you double or triple
the production of these cells—literally
building your brain. You also release
neurotransmitters (the messengers
between your brain cells) so all those
cells, new and old, can communicate
with each other for better, faster
functioning. That’s a pretty profound
benefit to cyclists.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A)fertiliser
B)uncover
C)narcotic
D)chemical
4. Upon arriving in Haiti in 1994,
Lawrence Rockwood, a US army
counterintelligence officer, received
reports on the despicable prison
conditions experienced by opponents
of the government, When he expressed
concern to his commanding officers ,
he was told that his complaints would
be addressed in the coming days, and
that he was not to inspect the prisons
without "full military support". However,
he carried out an unauthorized
inspection of Haitian prisons. He
refused to _________ group
pressure because conditions in which
the prisoners had been kept were
horrific and against all human rights.
He could not just follow the orders and
leave the prisoners in such conditions.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) challenge
B) react to
C) rebel against
D) conform to
23
5. Mother Teresa served at Loreto
convent school in Entally, eastern
Calcutta for nearly twenty years and
was appointed its headmistress in
1944. Although Mother Teresa enjoyed
teaching at the school, she was
increasingly ____________ the
poverty surrounding her in Calcutta.
She asked for and received permission
to leave the school, and in 1950, she
founded the Missionaries of Charity in
order to serve the poor.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) indifferent to
B)enthusiastic about
C) disturbed by
D) surprised at
6. Scientists have recently announced B) interpretation
findings that appear to challenge the
‘Standard Model of physics’ , a bedrock D) commercialization
theory developed in the 1970s that
explains nature at its most
fundamental level and has hitherto
successfully passed almost all
experimental tests. These findings that
a subatomic particle named the W
boson is far heavier than the Standard
Model had predicted are unlikely to
______ the Standard model entirely
but could mean that the Standard
Model needs refinement.
7. "Sun City" is a 1985 protest song
written by Steven Van Zandt, produced
by Van Zandt and Arthur Baker and
recorded by Artists United Against
Apartheid to convey opposition to the
South African policy of
apartheid.Known as the most fervent
political music single, “Sun City” brought
54 artists from across genres to take a
stand against apartheid. From rock
stars like Bruce Springsteen to hip-hop
pioneers like Kurtis Blow, this
________drew attention to
apartheid and urged artists to stop
playing at venues that practiced the
racist policy.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) enhancement
C) collaboration

Which choice completes the text with

the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) dispute
B) withdraw
C) underscore 24
D) invalidate
8. Unless the unwanted wastes in
cooking oils are removed through
some process, they are not suitable for
human consumption. There are two
ways by which oil can be refined –
Physical or Chemical refining.
Traditional chemical refining
processes to remove major impurities
are considered _____ as these
processes may leave traces of the
chemical or its products in the final oil.
Physical refining of oils does not use
such harmful chemicals as it
physically removes these from the oil
instead of using chemical reactions.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) resilient
B) hazardous
C) dynamic
D) adequate
'9. James Cameron's magnificent
'Titanic' is the closest any of us will get to
walking the decks of the doomed ocean
liner. One of the most ______ aspects
of 'Titanic' is its use of genuine
documentary images to set the stage
for the flashback story. Not satisfied with
the reels of currently-existing footage of
the sunken ship, Cameron took a crew to
the site of the wreck to do his own
filming. As a result, some of the
underwater shots in the framing
sequences are of the actual liner lying
on the ocean floor heightening the
production's sense of verisimilitude.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) restrained
B) innovative
C) inexplicable
D) mystifying
25
10. The Victorians have a reputation for
being prim, proper and persnickety. As
a member of the upper class in
Victorian England (during the reign of
Queen Victoria, 1837-1901), one had to
know the exhaustive rules of etiquette
___________ for one's position.
Today, many of these rules seem
arbitrary and silly: Does it really matter
the order in which dinner party guests
enter the dining room? At the time it
did, because such social niceties
constituted basic manners and
politeness.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A) illustrated
B) accommodated
C) interjected
D) prescribed
12. Recognition of air pollution is
relatively recent. It is not _______ to
experience a feeling of ‘suffocation’ in
a closed environment. It is often
ascribed to the lack of oxygen.
Fortunately, however, the composition
of air is remarkably constant all over
the world. There is about 79 percent
nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen in the
air, the other gases forming a very
small fraction.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A)common
B)popular
C)worthy
D)uncommon
11. We live in an age of wonders and
miracles. It has been called the ‘Age of
Science’, and different aspects of our
life that changed in the preceding
centuries have been attributed to
science. This is completely true, but it is
only one side of the coin. The flip side is
that as we have advanced more in the
field of technology, something
fundamental to humanity has been left
behind. Values such as _______
and concern for our fellow human
beings are gradually being eroded due
to the onslaught of our ever-evolving
lifestyles, aided by the marvels of
technological advancements.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A)empathy
B)apathy
C)passivity
D)indifference
13. The fascinating and sometimes
terrifying wildlife keeps us entertained
during our explorations. Bearded harp
and ring seals greet us daily. The
________of bird life is awesome; at
times we see and smell hundreds of
thousands of thick billed murres
clinging to their cliffside nests.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A)profusion
B)scarcity
C)dearth
D)understanding
26
14. Today’s parents aren’t _______to
deal with the problem. Many of them,
raised in the 1960s and ’70s, swore
they’d act differently from their parents
and have closer relationships with their
own children. Many even wear the
same designer clothes as their kids
and listen to the same music. They
even work more hours; so at the end of
a long week, it’s tempting to buy peace
with a ‘yes’ and not mar precious
family time with conflict. Anxiety about
the future is another factor. How do
well-intentioned parents say no to all
the sports gear and arts and language
lessons they believe will help their kids
thrive in an increasingly competitive
world? Experts agree: too much love
won’t spoil a child. Too few limits will.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A)ready
B)incompetent
C)equipped
D)willing
15. The Food Bill is still in the works but
has ________a furious debate on
the lack of grain storage facilities,
rotting of grains and whether they
should be distributed free to the hungry
masses. Waking up to the fact that no
food security programme can be
effective without proper storage, the
government is now planning to
upgrade existing warehousing facilities
and also add new ones. However,
between food security and large scale
storage, there is a missing link that
needs to be taken note of: storage at
the farm level. No one can deny the
importance of decentralised storage;
at least 25-30 percent of grains in the
country are stored at the farm level.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A)deterred
B)provoked
C)infused
D)dissuaded
27
Homework DV6
Command of
Evidence (Textual)
Strengthen, Weaken,
Inference questions
1.Passengers must exit airplanes swiftly
after accidents, since gases released
following accidents are toxic to
humans and often explode soon after
being released. In order to prevent
passenger deaths from gas inhalation,
safety officials recommend that
passengers be provided with smoke
hoods that prevent inhalation of the
gases.
Which of the following, if true, weakens
the safety officials' recommendation?
A)Test evacuations showed that
putting on the smoke hoods added
considerably to the overall time it took
passengers to leave the cabin.
B)Some airlines consider smoke hoods
expensive.
C)Some experienced flyers fail to pay
attention to the safety instructions
given on every commercial flight
before takeoff.
D)In many airplane accidents,
passengers who were able to reach
emergency exits were overcome by
toxic gases before they could exit the
airplane.
2.In many corporations, employees are
being replaced by automated
equipment in order to save money. But
authorities claim that many workers
who lose their jobs to automation will
need government assistance to
survive, and the same corporations
that are laying people off will
eventually pay for that assistance
through increased taxes and
unemployment insurance payments.
Which of the following, if true, most
strengthens the authorities’ claim?
A)Many workers who have already lost
their jobs to automation have been
unable to find new jobs.
B)Many corporations have failed to
automate.
C)Taxes and unemployment
insurance are paid also by
corporations that are not automating.
D)Most of the new jobs created by
automation pay less to the workers.
28
3. Based on a survey, a researcher 4.Offshore oil-drilling operations entail
concludes that rural households have an unavoidable risk of an oil spill, but
more purchasing power than do urban importing oil on tankers presently
or suburban households at the same entails an even greater such risk per
income level, since some of the income barrel of oil. Therefore, an official
urban and suburban households use claims that if we are to reduce the risk
for food and shelter can be used by of an oil spill without curtailing our use
rural households for other needs. of oil, we must invest more in offshore
operations and import less oil on
Which of the following, if true, would tankers.
most directly support the researcher’s
conclusion? Which of the following, if true, most
seriously weakens the official’s claim?
A)The average rural household A)Tankers can easily be redesigned so
includes more people than does the that their use entails less risk of an oil
average urban or suburban household. spill.
B)Rural households have lower food B)Oil spills caused by tankers have
and housing costs than do either urban generally been more serious than
or suburban households. those caused by offshore operations.
C)Suburban households generally C)The impact of offshore operations
have more purchasing power than do on the environment can be controlled
either rural or urban households. by careful management.
D)The median income of urban and D)Offshore operations usually
suburban households is generally damage the ocean floor, but tankers
higher than that of rural households. rarely cause such damage.
29

5.A program instituted in a particular
state allows parents to prepay their
children’s future college tuition at
current rates. The program then pays
the tuition annually for the child at any
of the state’s public colleges in which
the child enrolls. The program officer
believes that parents should
participate in the program as a means
of decreasing the cost for their
children’s college education.
Which of the following, if true, weakens
the program officer’s belief?
A)The parents are unsure about which
public college in the state the child will
attend.
B)The amount of money accumulated
by putting the prepayment funds in an
interest-bearing account today will be
greater than the total cost of tuition for
any of the public colleges when the
child enrolls.
C)The students who prepay their fee
get an edge over others.
D)Some of the state’s public colleges
are contemplating large increases in
tuition next year.
6.The principal of School X has
proposed a plan that would add an
hour-long study period to the end of
the school day. She claims that the
extension would improve the school’s
average score on the math section of
the state assessment by allowing
students more time to complete math
homework that they wouldn’t otherwise
have time to complete.
Which of the following statements, if
true, would most weaken the principal’s
claim?
A)Administrators from neighboring
School Y recently implemented a
school day extension and have seen no
significant improvement in student test
scores on the state assessment.
B)Music department faculty members
at School X strongly oppose the plan
because they feel any time added to
the school day should be used to
bolster the music curriculum.
C)Parents of students from School X
have expressed concern that the
proposed schedule change would
interfere with students’ extracurricular
activities.
D)The core components of School X’s
math curriculum are not aligned with
the topics tested on the state math
assessment.
30
7. Studies in restaurants show that the
tips left by customers who pay their bill
tend to be larger when the bill is
presented with the server’s name
hand-written on the bill. Psychologists
hypothesize that simply seeing a hand
written name makes many consumers
feel more of a personal identification
with the server, encouraging larger tips.
Which of the following, if true, most
strongly supports the psychologists’
hypotheses?
A)The effect noted in the studies
applies to patrons paying with either
credit cards or cash.
B)Nametags for servers have not been
shown to have any effect on the size of
the bill.
C)Greeting card companies have
found that charities which send holiday
cards with handwritten signatures are
more likely to receive donations than
those which send cards with printed
signatures.
D)Many of the restaurants in which the
studies were conducted are located in
tourist areas, where people are
traveling for leisure activities.
8. At any given time, approximately
fifteen percent of all homes in Florida
are on the market. In Texas, however,
only seven percent of all homes are on
the market at any given time.
Therefore, real estate experts claim
that one will have a wider selection of
homes to choose from if one looks for
a home in Florida rather than in Texas.
Which of the following, if true, would
most seriously strengthen the claim of
the real estate experts?
A)Homes in Florida tend to be less
expensive than those in Texas.
B)Mortgages are easier to obtain for
homes in Florida than for homes in
Texas.
C)The construction industry in Texas
has reported significant growth over
the past year.
D)The total number of homes in Florida
is three times greater than the total
number in Texas.
31
9. Beasley & Halpert Law Firm has
instituted an Employee Wellness
Program that will provide attorneys and
support staff with free access to
Smokers Anonymous programs,
diabetes monitoring, and discounted
memberships to a local gym. Similar
programs at other firms have been
shown to improve workplace
attendance and performance, and
reduce the employer’s costs for
employee health insurance. Thus, the
Employee Wellness Program will
be_____________________.
Which choice most logically completes
the text?
A)necessary for every firm.
B)beneficial for the employees
considering the increase in mental
health issues.
C)good for both the employees and
the firm.
D)a replacement of health insurance
policy.
10. When World War I broke out in
Europe that year, Curie saw a way to
apply her expertise to help save the
lives of wounded soldiers. She realized
that the electromagnetic radiation of
X-rays could help doctors see the
bullets and shrapnel embedded in the
soldiers’ bodies and remove them, as
well as locate broken bones. During the
war, assisted by her daughter, Irene,
Curie personally devoted herself to this
remedial work. She developed mobile
radiology units which were used at the
front . Thus , it is clear that Marie Curie
_____________
Which choice most logically completes
the text?
A)was held in high esteem and
admiration by scientists throughout the
world.
B)received many honorary science,
medicine and law degrees.
C)actively promoted the use of radium
to alleviate suffering.
D)developed methods for the
separation of radium from radioactive
residues.
32
11. Under a new clean air proposal, the 13. Marie Curie received many honorary
government has decided to tighten science, medicine and law degrees
controls on the release of certain toxic and honorary memberships of learned
chemicals, including benzene, societies throughout the world.
formaldehyde, and other carcinogens, Together with her husband, she was
by chemical plants which cause awarded half of the Nobel Prize for
cancer. The stated purpose of this Physics in 1903, for their study into the
proposal is___________ spontaneous radiation discovered by
Becquerel, who was awarded the other
Which choice most logically completes half of the Prize. In 1911 she received a
the text? second Nobel Prize, this time in
A)to reduce cancers caused by air Chemistry, in recognition of her work in
pollution. radioactivity. She also received, jointly
B)to ensure chemical companies with her husband, the Davy Medal of
follow the clean air proposal. the Royal Society in 1903 and, in 1921,
C)to avoid releasing the majority of President Harding of the United States,
carcinogens into the air. on behalf of the women of America,
D)to allow self-monitoring for the new presented her with one gram of radium
clean air proposal. in recognition of her service to
science.Thus, the importance of Mme.
12. By the age of 17, Alfred Nobel was Curie’s work is reflected in
fluent in Swedish, Russian, French, _____________
English, and German. His primary
interests were in English literature and Which choice most logically completes
poetry as well as in chemistry and the text?
physics. Alfred’s father, who wanted his A)the excellence of her research.
sons to join his enterprise as engineers, B) the fact that many other scientists
disliked Alfred’s interest in poetry and did not receive the Nobel prize.
found his son rather introverted. So ,his C)the numerous awards bestowed on
father sent him abroad for further her.
training in chemical engineering D)her quiet, dignified, and unassuming
______________ character.

Which choice most logically completes

the text?
A)because life is often fraught with
difficulties.
B)to expose his son to European art.
C)despite this obvious benefit.
D)in order to widen Alfred’s horizons.

33
14. Our emotional state is closely linked
to the physiological state of our bodies.
For instance, nervousness causes
perspiration, accelerated heartbeat,
and other similar reactions. These
reactions are temporary and are
caused by Cortisol, a hormone
released in response to a triggering
stimulus. Likewise, Endomorphins ,
another set of hormones, can induce a
sense of well-being, when released into
our systems. As it is a strain on the
body to sustain elevated hormone
levels for extended periods of time,
___________________
Which choice most logically completes
the text?
A) both anxiety and happiness tend to
be short- lived emotional states.
B) emotions cannot be easily
controlled.
C) generally, people are unable to
predict how they will respond in a given
situation.
D) some people resort to drugs .
15. Some street artists have been so
prolific and have such a distinctive
style that they have achieved
worldwide notoriety and often infamy.
They often protect their identities and
avoid legal detection by assuming
street names that are often related to
their preference for media types,
themes, or a distinctive style. Many
well-known street artists have
branched out into more legitimate
artistic endeavors to capitalize on their
success, such as creating paintings on
more traditional canvas supports or
creating sculptures that can be sold.
In addition, in a positive response to
accusations of vandalism ,
___________
Which choice most logically completes
the text?
A)Street art has evolved into an art
form using a wide variety of mediums,
ranging from simple graffiti to publicly
commissioned large-scale murals and
sculptures.
B)Many street artists have responded
to street art’s negative reputation of
defacement of public property by
using less permanent or erasable
materials to create street art.
C)Many citizens who considered graffiti
to be a nuisance responded by
creating movements to remove it.
D)Urban artists began by spray-
painting words, symbols, and images
to make public statements .
34
Homework DV7
Transitions
1.Einstein became deeply religious at
age 12, even composing several songs
in praise of God and chanting religious
songs on the way to school. This began
to change, _______ after he read
science books that contradicted his
religious beliefs. This challenge to
established authority left a deep and
lasting impression.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A) but,
B) however,
C)so that,
D)for
2. In the 1830s, British mathematician
Charles Babbage was fascinated by
the binary code in Jacquard’s punch
cards. He believed a punch card
system could be used to make
mathematical tables so he began
working on a machine that would do
this, calling it an Analytical Engine. His
friend, Ada Lovelace, proposed that
combinations of the two numbers in a
binary code could be used to represent
other variables, ______ letters,
symbols, or even musical notes!
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A)but,
B)likewise,
C)such as
D)furthermore
35
3. John Glenn resigned from NASA two
years after his Mercury flight.
________, he ran for the U.S. Senate
from the state of Ohio but an injury
forced him to withdraw from that race,
however, he went on to be elected to
the U.S. Senate in 1974, and served in
the senate for 25 years.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A)Consequently
B)Thereby
C)Subsequently
D)Besides
4. Drawing is all about taking the time
to master each step. In other words,
mastering the art of drawing doesn’t
happen in a day. ________ it’s a
skill that takes daily practice as well as
dedication to hone your craft. It’s
important not to burn yourself out, but
you need to stick with it.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A)However,
B)Still,
C)Since,
D)Furthermore,
5. Pepper seeds traveling through the
digestive systems of mammals are
damaged or even digested by some
mammals. When the remnants are
spread in the animal’s waste, the seeds
are no longer capable of germinating
and producing new plants.
________ pepper seeds digested
by a bird pass through its system
unharmed, are spread in the
environment, and then germinate and
produce new plants.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A) While
B) Though,
C)Indeed,
D)However,
6. Herbs are staging a comeback and
herbal “renaissance” occurs all over the
world. According to the World Health
Organization, 75% of the world's
populations are using herbs for basic
healthcare needs. Since the dawn of
mankind, in fact, the use of
herbs/plants has offered an effective
medicine for the treatment of illnesses.
_________, many
conventional/pharmaceutical drugs
are derived directly from both nature
and traditional remedies distributed
around the world.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A)Subsequently
B)Moreover
C)However
D)Regardless
36
7. Archaeopteryx fossils discovered to
date show no indication that
Archaeopteryx ever developed strong
pectoral muscles, and perhaps this is
one reason why it never developed a
sternum. ______ it retained reptilian
gastral ribs, thin braces in the
abdominal region, which were not
attached to the skeleton and which
served only to support and protect
internal organs.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A)Since,
B)Instead,
C)Furthermore,
D)Regardless,
8. Animal scavengers like hyenas
consume almost all of a carcass, but
leave the heads because they lack the
ability to crack open the skulls to
extract the brains. Nomadic
_________ mastered that trick.
They could easily open the discarded
animal heads to gobble up the fatty,
nutritious, energy-rich brains. In
addition, animals’ bone marrow, also
fatty and energy rich, was likely an
important food source for scavengers.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A)humans, however,
B)humans, moreover
C)humans, since
D)humans, because
9. In addition to being nutrient-rich,
yoghurt is an excellent substitute for
high-energy nutrient-poor snacks and
can thereby help children and
adolescents develop healthy snacking
behaviours that promote energy
balance. _______, the nutrients and
ferments contained in yoghurt have
been implicated in gut microbiota
modulation.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A)Furthermore
B)Nonetheless
C)In contrast
D)In addition
10. In his seminal work - The Birth of
Tragedy, Frederich Nietzsche had
traced the origins and development of
drama back in Ancient Greece to the
balance that existed between two gods
who existed in opposition to one
another, Apollo and Dionysius. Apollo
represented the essence of light,
rationality, civility, culture, and restraint.
_______ Dionysius suggested wine,
the primitive urge, all that was
uncivilized.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A)Instead,
B)In contrast,
C)Thereafter,
D)For instance,
37
11. In 1984, John Glenn ran for U.S.
president but did not win the
Democratic nomination. After leaving
the Senate in 1999, he became an
adjunct professor at Ohio State
University. _________ NASA
renamed its field center in Cleveland,
Ohio, “John H. Glenn Research Center”
after him.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A)Despite that,
B)Indeed,
C)In other words,
D)Thereafter,
13. While Da Vinci was very much
focused on proportion, Michelangelo
regularly exaggerated perspective and
size to give his art a larger meaning.
Instead of everything being perfectly
anatomically representative, his works
were adjusted depending on what he
wanted to get across. _______
looking at Michelangelo's Pieta, not
everything is perfectly proportioned. In
relation to Jesus Christ, The Virgin Mary
is abnormally large, especially since
the Pieta depicts Jesus as a grown
man after he has been crucified.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A)Likewise,
B)For example,
C)While,
D)Additionally,
12. During her six months on the journey
across the Pacific, the feeling of
“unfettered” freedom Isabella Bird found
during the hurricane bloomed. Bird had
visited a number of places around the
world before and had written of her
experiences, most notably in her
popular travel memoir "The
Englishwoman in America "(1856) ,
______ it was in Hawaii that she
shook off the shackles of convention in
earnest.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A) actually
B) but
C) instead
D) finally
14. Archaeopteryx lithographica, has
provided a wealth of information about
the evolution of flight in birds.
According to researchers, the bones in
the manus of Archaeopteryx do not
seem to have been fused. In modern
birds, these bones are fused in order to
support the wing. _______ the ulna
of modern birds is marked with small
knobs where feathers are anchored
firmly to the bone by ligaments. The
ulna in Archaeopteryx, however, is
smooth, indicating that its feathers
were not firmly anchored into the
skeleton.
Which choice completes the text with
the most logical transition?
A)While,
B)Whereas,
C)However,
D)In addition, 38
15. Fresh fruits and vegetables supply
energy as well as dietary fibre, which
promotes the feeling of satiety and has
positive effects on gastrointestinal
function, cholesterol levels, and
glycemic control. _______, fresh
fruits and vegetables are key sources
of phytochemicals, which are bioactive
compounds believed to confer many of
the health benefits associated with fruit
and vegetable consumption.

Which choice completes the text with

the most logical transition?
A)Because
B)Since
C)However
D)In addition

39
Rhetorical
Synthesis
1. While researching a topic, a student
has taken the following notes:
Johannes Steininger was a French
geologist who introduced the term
maar into the volcanological
nomenclature.
Maar is a German‐derived word
that means “crater lake,” whose
origin derived from the Latin word
mare (sea).
In 1819, in his book “Die erloschenen
Vulkane in der Eifel und am
Niederrheine,” Johann Steininger
was the first to coin the term maar
to describe a volcanic feature.
Ollier, Lorenz and other authors
used the term widely after that.
These early papers put the term
maar into scientific literature as an
important volcanic landform.
A maar stands for a volcanic crater
that is cut into country rocks.
The term maar is sometimes also
used only as a morphological term.
The student wants to describe Johann
Steininger’s contribution to an audience
unfamiliar with the geologist and the
term Maar. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A)Johann’s notable contribution to
scientific literature came from his use
of the term Maar.
B)Johann Steininger introduced the
term Maar in his book which
consequently led to wide usage of the
word.
C)Johann Steininger was a geologist of
French descent who coined the term
Maar, which meant crater lake in Latin,
to describe a volcanic feature.
D)The idea of the word Maar being
occasionally used as a morphological
term came into being because of its
usage by French geologist Johann
Steininger in 1819.
40
2. While researching a topic, a student The student wants to explain how Anne
has taken the following notes: Frank’s diary came into being. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant
Annelies Marie or Anne Frank (1929- information from the notes to
1945), a Jewish girl born in Frankfurt, accomplish this goal?
Germany, was a celebrated diarist.
Anne received a diary as a birthday A)Anne Frank was a Jewish girl who
present and wrote in it regularly, wanted to become a writer.
documenting life in hiding under B)Anne Frank’s father was the only
Nazi persecution. survivor from his family to escape from
In her diary, Frank examined her the Nazis.
relationships with the members of C)Anne Frank documented her
her family, and the strong experiences hiding during Nazi
differences in each of their persecution in a diary that was
personalities. received as a birthday present.
Otto Frank, Anne’s father, the only D)Anne Frank’s diary was saved by her
survivor of the Frank family from father’s secretaries .
Nazi Persecution , found that Anne's
diary had been saved by his female
secretaries.
He decided to fulfill Anne's greatest
wish to become a writer and
publish her diary.
The diary was translated from its
original Dutch version and first
published in English in 1952 as The
Diary of a Young Girl, and has since
been translated into over 70
languages.

41
3. While researching a topic, a student
has taken the following notes:
The Grand Canyon is one of the
most incredible sights in the world.
A number of factors have
contributed to its remarkable
appearance and it is a unique story
of land collisions and erosions, and
of rising and falling water levels.
Experts who have analyzed the rock
formations say that, historically, it
goes back nearly two billion years.
The geological processes that have
taken place since then are exposed
to everyone to see, not hidden
beneath vegetation or a fast-
flowing water course.
The student wants to explain the
formation of the Grand Canyon. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A)Experts are still unable to single out
the factors of the Grand Canyon’s
formation.
B)The contributing factors behind the
formation of the Grand Canyon are
several and apparent to visitors.
C)The rock formations of the grand
canyon are ancient and go back to
nearly two billion years.
D)The rock formations of the Grand
Canyon started two billion years ago
with multiple land collisions and
erosions along with rising and falling
water levels contributing to create the
present structure.
42
4. While researching a topic, a student
has taken the following notes:
The Tasmanian tiger or the
Thylacine was the largest
carnivorous Australian marsupial to
survive into the modern era and
was an ambush predator.
The last known Thylacine in captivity
was called ‘Benjamin.’ He died at a
private zoo in Hobart in 1936.
In 1999, the Australian Museum
started to pursue a project to clone
the animal, and various attempts
have been made at intervals ever
since to extract or rebuild viable
DNA from samples.
This latest project is a partnership
between scientists at the University
of Melbourne and Texas-based
company Colossal.
The US firm made headlines last
year with its plans to use similar
gene editing technology to bring
the woolly mammoth back to life -
a technological feat yet to be pulled
off.
The student wants to emphasize the
study’s methodology. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A)Numerous attempts have been made
to create DNA samples to clone the
Thylacine.
B)In association with a US company, the
University of Melbourne is trying to use
gene editing technology to clone the
Thylacine.
C)The Tasmanian tiger was the largest
carnivorous marsupial to survive and be
in captivity.
D)The Texas based company ‘ Colossal’
plans to revive the woolly mammoth
back to life .
43
5. While researching a topic, a student The student wants to emphasize a
has taken the following notes: difference in the appearance of lemon
and lime. Which choice most effectively
Lemons and limes are very popular uses relevant information from the
citrus fruits enjoyed in many ways notes to accomplish this goal?
such as in garnishes, savory dishes,
desserts, or drinks. A)Lemons have a slightly higher
Lime is a key ingredient in chutneys nutritional profile than limes.
and pickles from certain areas, and B)Lemons are larger than limes and
the juice is often used to flavor have skin dotted with oil glands.
drinks, food, and sweets. C)Lemons are a key ingredient in main
Lemon is used to enhance the dishes while limes are an ingredient in
flavor of meat, fish, or vegetables, or drinks and sweets.
you can use it to flavor beverages D)Both these citrus fruits have
(like lemonade) or pastries and medicinal value.
desserts.
Lemons are oval-shaped, and their
skin can be noticeably dotted with
oil glands. They are usually larger
than limes.
Overall, lemons offer a slightly
greater quantity of vitamins and
minerals, including potassium,
folate, and vitamin B6.
Traditional herbal medicine
practices have been known to utilize
citrus fruits — like lemons and limes
— for their medicinal benefits.

44
Homework DV8
Modifiers
1. A loud squeaking or squealing noise
while accelerating could mean there’s
a problem with your engine belt. It
could mean the belt is loose or worn
out , or it could mean that one of the
belt’s pulleys is starting to fail. A loud
rumbling noise when accelerating
might suggest there’s a problem with
your exhaust system. There might be a
leak somewhere, and the rumbling is
the sound of your system working extra
hard to manage excess exhaust fumes.
In a recent study, many racing cars
were found to make a loud noise.
________________ nearly
deafening to the spectators.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)As the race car reached speeds of
over 200 miles per hour, its engine
noise became
B)As it reached speeds of over 200
miles per hour, the race car's engine
noise became
C)Reaching speeds of over 200 miles
per hour, the race car's engine noise
became
D)The race car's engine noise, reaching
speeds of over 200 miles per hour,
2. Clarion was founded by Robin Scott
Wilson at Clarion State College (now
Clarion University) in Pennsylvania.
Wilson built his system partly on the
tradition of mutual criticism in use at
the Milford Science Fiction Writers’
Conference, a workshop for
professional SF writers established by
Damon Knight and Kate Wilhelm (who
helped Wilson with Clarion as well).
_______________ Many aspiring
writers join the workshop every year.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)Founded in 1968, attendees of the
Clarion Workshop are taught to
improve their science- fiction writing.
B)Founded in 1968, improving their
science- fiction writing is the goal of
attendees of the Clarion Workshop.
C)The Clarion Workshop is attended by
those, founded in 1968, who are taught
to improve their science-fiction writing.
D)Attendees of the Clarion Workshop,
which was founded in 1968, are taught
to improve their science-fiction writing.
45
3. Warkworth Castle and Hermitage
form one of the most unusual pairs of
medieval monuments in Britain. The
castle was probably laid out in its
present form in about 1200 and was
the favoured residence of the powerful
Percy family from the 14th to the 17th
centuries. As the Earls (and later
Dukes) of Northumberland, they were
among the greatest landowners in
northern England.
______________
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)Standing in Northumberland County,
invading armies were never able to
breach the thick stone walls of
Warkworth Castle.
B)Invading armies were never able to
breach the thick stone walls of
Warkworth Castle, which stands in
Northumberland County.
C)Invading armies, never breached the
thick stone walls of Warkworth Castle,
standing in Northumberland County.
D)Invading armies, standing in
Northumberland County, were never
able to breach the thick stone walls of
Warkworth Castle.
4. GPS is a powerful and dependable
tool for businesses and organizations in
many different industries. Surveyors,
scientists, pilots, boat captains, and
workers in mining and agriculture, are
just some of the people who use GPS
on a daily basis for work. They use GPS
information for preparing accurate
surveys and maps, taking precise time
measurements, tracking position or
location, and for navigation.
_________GPS works at all times,
and in almost all weather conditions.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)Using GPS technology, getting lost is
easily dealt with by the savvy traveller.
B)Using GPS technology, the savvy
traveller’s getting lost is easily dealt
with.
C)The savvy traveller using GPS
technology, easily deals with getting
lost.
D)Using GPS technology, the savvy
traveller easily deals with getting lost.
46
5. The Beatles were an English rock
band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that
comprised John Lennon, Paul
McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo
Starr. They are regarded as the most
influential band of all time and were
integral to the development of 1960s
counterculture and popular music's
recognition as an art form. Rooted in
skiffle, beat and 1950s rock 'n' roll, their
sound incorporated elements of
classical music and traditional pop in
innovative ways; the band also
explored music styles ranging from folk
and Indian music to psychedelia and
hard rock._____________ In the
UK, the Beatles have four Multi-Platinum
albums, four Platinum albums, eight
Gold albums and one Silver
album.They were inducted into the
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)Formed while its members were in
college, the four-piece band toured all
over Europe.
B)Formed while its members were in
college, Europe was toured all over by
the four- piece band.
C)The four-piece band toured all over
Europe, formed while its members were
in college.
D)All over Europe, formed while its
members were in college, the four-
piece band toured.
6. Small space heaters are typically
used when the main heating system is
unavailable, inadequate, or when
central heating is too costly to install or
operate. In some cases, small space
heaters can be less expensive to use if
you only want to heat one room or
supplement inadequate heating in one
room. _________ They can also
boost the temperature of rooms used
by individuals who are sensitive to cold
without overheating your entire home.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)Chilly in the winter, a space heater
would make the basement more
comfortable.
B)Chilly in the winter, space-heating
would make the basement more
comfortable.
C)A space heater would make the
basement, chilly in the winter, more
comfortable.
D)A space heater, chilly in the winter,
would make the basement more
comfortable.
47
7. A green-collar worker is a worker
who is employed in environmental
sectors of the economy. Environmental
green-collar workers (or green jobs)
satisfy the demand for green
development. Generally, they
implement environmentally conscious
design, policy, and technology to
improve conservation and
sustainability. _____________
Green collar workers include
professionals such as conservation
movement workers, environmental
consultants, and environmental
services managers/officers.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of skyscraper's tenants felt the building
Standard English?
A)Green workers, known for their focus C)As the building was buffeted by
on the environmental impact of large
projects, are in high demand.
B)Known for their focus on the
environmental impact of large projects, winds, the skyscraper's tenants felt the
demand is high for so-called "green"
workers.
C)Known for focusing on the
environmental impacts of large
projects, there is a high demand for
so-called "green" workers.
D)Green workers, known for their focus
on large projects and its environmental
impact, are in high demand.
8. In addition to the vertical force of
gravity, skyscrapers also have to deal
with the horizontal force of wind. Most
skyscrapers can easily move several
feet in either direction, like a swaying
tree, without damaging their structural
integrity. The main problem with this
horizontal movement is how it affects
the people inside.
______________ leaning to and
fro.
Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)Buffeted by strong, gusty winds, the
B)The skyscraper's tenants, buffeted by
strong, gusty winds, felt the building
strong, gusty winds, the skyscraper's
tenants could feel it
D)When buffeted by strong, gusty
building
48
9. We should all love seeing nighthawks 10. Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam
catch and eat flying insects on the (6 July 1859 – 20 May 1940) was a
wing in summer skies above buildings, Swedish poet, novelist and laureate of
treetops, and grasslands. They are a the 1916 Nobel Prize in Literature. He was
champion among the birds that a member of the Swedish Academy
consume mosquitoes with their wide, from 1912. His poems and prose work
bristle-lined mouths adapted to easily are filled with a great joy of life,
scoop prey from the air, and long, sometimes imbued with a love of
pointed wings and tails for precision Swedish history and scenery,
aerial maneuvering. Other birds known particularly its physical aspects.
to dine on mosquitoes include purple _____________
martins, Eastern bluebirds, red-eyed
vireos, yellow warblers, downy Which choice completes the text so
woodpeckers, house wrens, Baltimore that it conforms to the conventions of
orioles, and hummingbirds. Standard English?
________________ considered
building bird houses in their backyards.
A. An author of passionately
nationalistic novels, Carl Gustaf
Which choice completes the text so Verner's writing depicts Swedish life
that it conforms to the conventions of and traditions.
Standard English? B. Authoring passionately nationalistic
novels, Carl Gustaf Verner's writing
A. Because they eat mosquitoes, many depicts Swedish life and traditions.
homeowners have C. Carl Gustaf Verner, an author of
B. Because birds eat mosquitoes, many passionately nationalistic novels,
homeowners have depicts Swedish life and traditions in
C. Homeowners, because they eat his writing.
mosquitoes, have D. Authoring passionately nationalistic
D. Because mosquitoes are eaten by novels, Swedish life and traditions were
birds, many homeowners have depicted by Carl Gustaf Verner's
writing.

49
Parallel
structure
1. Diamonds play with light well, but the 2. When older adults don’t consistently get
rainbow effect with many colours enough healthy food to eat, it can have a
created by cubic zirconia in the sun is harmful impact on their health. The effects
more spectacular than _________ of food insecurity pose a bigger problem
real diamonds. Take your piece outside for older adults __________adults in
and see how it reacts to the light. If it their thirties.
shines a lot, it is probably cubic
zirconia. Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard
Which choice completes the text so
English?
that it conforms to the conventions of
A)than for
Standard English?
B)than the problem of
A)those of
C)compared to the problem of
B)the colors of
D)than
C)that of
D)the light of

50
3. Some people criticise film makers, 5. A mentor must not only provide
who depict life in the slums, for guidance and motivation
portraying affluence as _________ offer help with
criminal and ____________ exploring careers and setting goals.

Which choice completes the text so Which choice completes the text so
that it conforms to the conventions of that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English? Standard English?
A)poverty is glorified.
B)poverty is being glorious. A) but must
C)poverty as glorious. B) and must also
D)poverty glorified. C) but also
D) but

4. One reason why organically grown

food is better than its conventionally
grown counterparts is that the taste of
organic vegetables is
________________

Which choice completes the text so that

it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A)far better than conventionally grown
produce.
B)far better than that of conventionally
grown produce.
C)better by far than conventionally
grown produce.
D)far better than are conventionally
grown ones.

51
Homework DV9
Text Structure
& Purpose
1. Bamboo is light and strong, and it 2. The following text is from Khalil
bends without breaking. It is cheap, Gibran’s 1923 poem “On Friendship.”
floats on water, almost never wears
out, and is easy to grow. Nothing else And let your best be for your friend.
on earth grows quite so fast as If he must know the ebb of your tide,
bamboo.Botanists have recorded let him know its flood also.
growths of more than three feet in just For what is your friend that you
24 hours! Bamboo is hollow and has a should seek him with hours to kill?
strong root system that almost never Seek him always with hours to live.
stops growing and spreading. Bamboo For it is his to fill your need but not
is used to build large buildings as well your emptiness.
as homes. When it is glued in layers, it And in the sweetness of friendship let
becomes as strong as steel. On some there be laughter, and sharing of
islands in the South Pacific, bamboo is pleasures.
even used for water pipes. This For in the dew of little things the
extraordinary material has many other heart finds its morning and is
uses. It is used to make musical refreshed.
instruments such as flutes and
recorders. Paper made from bamboo Which choice best states the main
has been highly prized by artists for purpose of the text?
thousands of years. A)To express how friends should be
there for each other
Which choice best states the main B)To compare friendships and
purpose of the text? mornings
A)Bamboo grows at a rate which is not C)To highlight the importance of
seen in any plant. friendship
B)Bamboo has physiological features D)To enumerate the essential qualities
that make it ideal for boats. for a best friend
C)Bamboo has several applications
and uses.
D)Bamboo is the only plant that never 52
dies.
3. The following text is from William
Shakespeare's poem “Sonnet 18.”
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s
day?
Thou art more lovely and more
temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling
buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short
a date.
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven
shines,
And often is his gold complexion
dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometime
declines,
By chance, or nature’s changing
course, untrimmed;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou
ow’st,
Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in
his shade,
When in eternal lines to Time thou
grow'st.
So long as men can breathe, or eyes
can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to
thee.
Which choice best states the main
purpose of the text?
A)To call attention to a certain writer’s
careful and elaborately detailed writing
process
B)To recount fond memories of an
afternoon spent in nature with a
certain writer
C)To compare his beloved to a
summer day
D)To describe the kind of activities one
performs with the stillness outside
4. High in the Andes Mountains in Peru
stands the ancient city of Machu Picchu.
No one knows why this great city was
built, nor is it likely that anyone will ever
know. Nevertheless, the deserted city of
Machu Picchu is important for what it
reveals about the ancient Inca people
of South America. The Incas once ruled
a great empire that covered a large
part of the South American continent.
The empire was more than 500 years
old when the first Spanish explorers,
looking for gold, went to that continent
in the 16th century. The Incas were an
advanced people. They were skillful
engineers who paved their roads and
built sturdy bridges. They plowed the
land in such a way that rains would not
wash away valuable soil, and dug
ditches to carry water into dry areas for
farming.
Which choice best describes the
function of the underlined sentence in
the text as a whole?
A)It makes an assertion that the next
sentence then expands on.
B)It gives the precise location of the
ancient city on the continent.
C)It elaborates on the significance of
Machu Picchu.
D)It explains how the Inca’s empire
spread throughout the continent.
53
5. The following text is from Margaret 6. The following text is from Robert Frost’s
Atwood’s 1995 poem “Morning in the 1913 poem “A Line- storm Song.”
Burned House.”
I can't see my own arms and legs The line-storm clouds fly tattered and swift,
or know if this is a trap or blessing, The road is forlorn all day,
finding myself back here, where Where a myriad snowy quartz stones lift,
everything And the hoof-prints vanish away.
in this house has long been over, The roadside flowers, too wet for the bee,
kettle and mirror, spoon and bowl, Expend their bloom in vain.
including my own body, Come over the hills and far with me,
including the body I had then, And be my love in the rain.
including the body I have now
as I sit at this morning table, alone and Which choice best states the main purpose
happy, of the text?
bare child's feet on the scorched A)To describe a natural scene, then express
floorboards a desire to spend time with his loved one.
(I can almost see) B)To present an outdoor scene, then
in my burning clothes, the thin green consider a human behavior occurring within
shorts that scene.
and grubby yellow T-shirt C)To describe a sight in nature, then ponder
holding my cindery, non-existent, over what meaning to attribute to that sight.
radiant flesh. Incandescent. D)To contrast the weather conditions at
different places.
Which choice best describes the
overall structure of the text?
A)The speaker presents an outdoor
scene, then contrasts it with another
indoor scene.
B)The speaker examines her
surroundings, then speculates about
their influence on her emotional state.
C)The speaker describes a remarkable
natural phenomenon, then ponders on
what meaning to attribute to that
phenomenon.
D)The speaker assesses a natural
phenomenon, then questions the
significance of the surrounding
environment.

54
7. The following text is from Maya
Angelou’s 1978 poem “Still I Rise.”
You may write me down in history
With your bitter, twisted lies,
You may trod me in the very dirt
But still, like dust, I’ll rise.
Does my sassiness upset you?
Why are you beset with gloom?
’Cause I walk like I’ve got oil wells
Pumping in my living room.
Just like moons and like suns,
With the certainty of tides,
Just like hopes springing high,
Still I’ll rise.
Which choice best describes the
overall structure of the text?
A)The speaker speaks about various
forms of oppression and displays the
determination and resilience to face
them.
B)The speaker examines various forms
of oppressions , then speculates about
their adverse effects on a person.
C)The speaker stresses upon the
importance of fighting back against
harassment of women.
D)The speaker focuses on the
emotional state of victims facing
harassment.
8. In 1951, US birth control advocate
Margaret Sanger asked researcher
Gregory Pincus to develop an effective
hormonal contraceptive, funded by
heiress Katharine McCormick. Pincus
found that progesterone helped to stop
ovulation, and used this to develop a
trial pill. Clinical trials were conducted
on vulnerable women, notably in Puerto
Rico, where there were concerns about
informed consent and side effects. The
new drug was released by GD Searle &
Co as Enovid in 1960, with US Food and
Drug Administration approval. This was
granted because the risk of pregnancy
was seen as greater than the risk of
side effects, such as blood clots and
strokes. It took ten years to prove a link
between oral contraceptive use and
serious side effects. After a 1970 US
government inquiry, the pill’s hormone
levels were lowered dramatically.
Which choice best states the main idea
of the text?
A)It expresses doubt regarding a
scientific invention.
B)It gives an account of the difficulties
encountered in the clinical trials of the
pill.
C)It explains how the contraceptive pill
developed over a period of time.
D)It summarizes exhaustively the work
researchers have carried out in birth
control.
55
9. If we travelled deep into our past,
beyond 450 million years ago, we
would need to carry a handy supply of
oxygen tanks with us. But what we are
less certain of is the absolute amount
of oxygen in the atmosphere and
oceans through time and whether rises
in oxygen levels fuelled the evolution of
animal life, or vice versa. These
questions have in fact sparked
numerous debates and decades of
research. The current thinking is that
oxygen levels have risen in three broad
steps. The first, called the “great
oxidation event”, occurred around 2.4
billion years ago, transforming the
Earth from a planet essentially devoid
of oxygen in the atmosphere and
oceans to one with oxygen as a
permanent feature of it. The third
occurred around 420 million years ago
and is called the “Paleozoic
oxygenation event”, which saw a rise in
atmospheric oxygen to present day
levels.
Which choice best states the function
of the underlined sentence in the
overall structure of the text?
A)To summarise the change in the
understanding about oxygen levels.
B)To call out the challenges that
climate change poses.
C)To introduce the current
understanding about the rise of oxygen
levels in the atmosphere.
D)To present the current research and
questions that have to be answered in
the future.
10. The following text is from Deborah
Paredez’s 2020 novel "Year of the Dog".
All morning my daughter pleading,
outside outside. By noon, I kneel to
button her coat, tie the scarf to keep her
hood in place. This is her first snow so
she strains against the ritual, spooked
silent then whining, restless under each
buffeting layer, uncertain how to settle
into this leashing. I manage at last to
tunnel her hands into mittens and she
barks and won’t stop barking, her hands
suddenly paws. She’s reduced to
another state, barking all day in these
restraints. For days after, she howls into
her hands, the only way she knows now
to tell me how she wants out.
Which choice best states the main
purpose of the text?
A) To express the disappointment of a
dog with her guardian.
B) To describe how the dog tells her
guardian she wants to go out.
C)To elaborate on the kind of dress a
dog should wear while going in the
snow.
D)To demonstrate the relationship
between the dog and the owner.
56
11. The following text is adapted from
Edith Nesbit’s 1906 novel "The Railway
Children" .
Mother did not spend all her time in
paying dull [visits] to dull ladies, and
sitting dully at home waiting for dull
ladies to pay [visits] to her. She was
almost always there, ready to play with
the children, and read to them, and
help them to do their home-lessons.
Besides this she used to write stories
for them while they were at school, and
read them aloud after tea, and she
always made up funny pieces of
poetry for their birthdays and for other
great occasions.
Which choice best states the function
of the underlined sentence in the
overall structure of the text?
A)To explain the kind of activities
mother used to enjoy doing with the
children.
B)To present a contradiction to what
other mothers did.
C)To elaborate on the role mother
played in the children’s education.
D)To exemplify what mothers should
do for their children.
12. According to studies published in
2021 by Charles Marshall et al., the total
population of adult Tyrannosaurus at
any given time was perhaps 20,000
individuals, with computer estimations
also suggesting a total population no
lower than 1,300 and no higher than
328,000. The authors themselves
suggest that the estimate of 20,000
individuals is probably lower than what
should be expected, especially when
factoring in that disease pandemics
could easily wipe out such a small
population. Over the span of the genus'
existence, it is estimated that there were
about 127,000 generations and that this
added up to a total of roughly 2.5 billion
animals until their extinction.
Which choice best describes the overall
structure of the text?
A)The writer focuses on the method of
the estimations carried out.
B)The writer highlights the estimated
number of Tyrannosaurus and provides
explanations for that estimate.
C)The writer mentions several reasons
why the Tyrannosaurus number did not
increase.
D)The writer emphasizes the adversities
the species encountered during their
existence.
57
13. In 2014, Amelia Quon and her team
at NASA set out to build a helicopter
capable of flying on Mars. Because
Mars’s atmosphere is only one percent
as dense as Earth’s, the air of Mars
would not provide enough resistance
to the rotating blades of a standard
helicopter for the aircraft to stay aloft.
For five years, Quon’s team tested
designs in a lab that mimicked Mars’s
atmospheric conditions. The craft the
team ultimately designed can fly on
Mars because its blades are longer
and rotate faster than those of a
helicopter of the same size built for
Earth.
Which choice best states the main
purpose of the text?
A)To give an account of the
development of a helicopter suitable
for the Martian atmosphere.
B)To compare Mars and Earth’s
atmospheric conditions.
C)To suggest the factors that
contribute to the density of the planets’ speeches.
atmospheres.
D)To appreciate the team for the
successful construction of the
helicopter.
14. At least two First Ladies, Bess Truman
and Lady Bird Johnson, made it their
business to send signals during their
husbands’ speeches. When Lady Bird
Johnson thought her husband was
talking too long, she wrote a note and
sent it up to the platform. It read, “It’s
time to stop!” And he did. Once Bess
Truman didn’t like what her husband
was saying on television, so she phoned
him and said, “If you can’t talk more
politely than that in public, you come
right home.”
Which choice best states the main
purpose of the text?
A)To draw similarities between the kind
of signals sent by the First Ladies.
B)To reveal the conflicts both First
Ladies had with their husbands.
C)To convey the role that the two first
ladies played in the development of
business.
D)To explain how the two first ladies
assisted their husbands in giving
58
15. One of the most famous First Ladies
was Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of
President Franklin D. Roosevelt. She was
active in political and social causes
throughout her husband’s tenure in
office. After his death, she became
famous for her humanitarian work in
the United Nations. She made life
better for thousands of needy people
around the world.

Which choice best states the main

purpose of the text?
A)To provide information about the
kind of work the Roosevelt family did.
B)To convey how strong the Roosevelt
were politically and socially.
C)To describe the good work Mrs.
Roosevelt did.
D)To emphasize the role Mrs. Roosevelt
played in her husband’s life.

59
Homework DV10
Cross Text
Connections
Text 1:
It is striking how our culture has
wholeheartedly adopted the recycling
ethic. Most parents have probably
received humbling lectures from their
children after tossing a glass jar in the
trash can. But the popularity of
recycling is even more surprising
considering the inconveniences
associated with it. Who hasn’t
experienced the annoyance of trying to
satisfy complicated rules about what
can and cannot be recycled? Glass
jars—but not their tops? Plastics
number 1 and 2—but not number 3?
Still there is no sign that the public is
becoming impatient, so convinced are
people of the virtues of recycling.
Text 2 :
Collecting a ton of recyclable items is
three times more expensive than
collecting a ton of garbage. Recycling
may be the most wasteful activity in the
modern United States: a waste of time
and money, a waste of human and
natural resources.
1. The author of Text 2 would most likely
characterize the “people” mentioned in
Text 1 as
A) foolishly supportive of a wasteful
activity
B) indecisive about an important
activity
C) unmotivated about dealing with a
social problem
D) undemanding and submissive to
unreasonable rules

Recycling programs actually consume

resources. They require a continual
public relations campaign explaining
what to do with dozens of different
products—recycle milk jugs but not
milk cartons, index cards but not
construction paper.

60
Text 1
It was no accident that nineteenth-
century naturalist Charles Darwin
strove to connect the mentality and
emotionality of people with that of
dogs, rather than, say, doves or horses.
Politically and emotionally, the choice
was inevitable for an English
gentleman who had set himself the
task of making the idea of evolutionary
continuity palatable. Darwin wrote that
“dogs possess something very similar
to a conscience. They certainly
possess some power of self-
command. Dogs have long been
accepted as the very type of fidelity
and obedience.”
2. Based on the texts, what would the
author of Text 1 most likely say about
Text 2’s characterization of dogs as
heroes?
A) Writers of dog stories intentionally
distort the truth for dramatic purposes.
B) Comparing the intelligence of dogs
to that of Ph.D.s is a pointless enterprise.
C) Dogs are less intelligent than many
people believe.
D) Dogs are endowed with many noble
human-like qualities.

Text 2

Every dog trainer that I know had the

same childhood, a childhood filled with
the brilliant, heroic dogs of literature.
We read about dogs who regularly
traveled thousands of miles to be
reunited with owners who somehow
misplaced them, repeatedly saved
people from certain death, and
continually exhibited a better grasp of
strategic problem solving than the
average Ph.D.

61
Text 1 3. Based on the texts, what would the
author of Text 2 most likely say about
Today’s woman is a highly self- ‘Today’s woman’ described in Text 1?
directed person, alive to the sense of
her dignity and the importance of A)Though many of the observations
her functions in the private domestic about ‘Today’s woman’ are valid, it can’t
domain and the public domain of be denied that they are given a raw
the world of work. Women are deal in most spheres of life.
rational in approach, careful in B)Though discrimination exists, ‘Today’s
handling situations and want to do woman’ participates actively both in the
things as best as possible. domestic as well as the professional
front.
Text 2 C)‘Today’s Woman’ is self motivated
and understands her worth.
The role of women in overall D)‘Today’s Woman’ cannot eliminate
development has not been fully poverty, hunger, injustice and inequality.
understood nor has it been given its
full weight in the struggle to eliminate
poverty, hunger, injustice and
inequality at the national level. Even
when we are at the threshold of the
21st century, our society still
discriminates against women in
matters of their rights and privileges
and prevents them from
participating in the process of
national and societal progress.

62
Text 1
For many years now, though
Governments have been promising the
eradication of child labour in
hazardous industries in India, no
Government so far has succeeded in
eradicating this evil, nor has any been
able to ensure compulsory primary
education for every Indian child.
Between 60 and 100 million Indian
children are still at work instead of
going to school, and around 10 million
are working in hazardous industries.
Text 2
4. Based on the texts, how would the
author of text 1 most likely sympathize
with the ‘families’ mentioned in text 2?
A)Some contractors may exploit the
children but not all do.
B)It is important to raise complaints
against the exploiters, so that the
government can take action.
C)If the government puts in effort to
bring more families out of poverty , it
may alleviate the problem of child
labour.
D)It is the duty of these families more
than that of the government to protect
children from exploitation.

Poverty is pushing children into the

brutish labor market. We have 260
million people below the poverty line in
India ; a large number of them are
women. According to the poor and
especially woman-headed families,
they have no option but to push their
little ones in this hard life in hostile
conditions, with no human or labor
rights. Also, these families believe that
the role of government is overpowered
by the role of contractors who provide
these unsecured jobs.

64
Text 1 5 . Based on the texts, how would the
author of text 2 most likely connect
Air pollution is an issue which concerns suffocation to air pollution mentioned in
us all alike. One can willingly choose or text 1 ?
reject a food, a drink or a life comfort,
but unfortunately there is little choice A)Suffocation is caused due to exposure
for the air we breathe. All what is there to toxic gases emitted by automobiles.
in the air is inhaled by one and all living B)Suffocation is caused only by air
in those surroundings. pollution.
C)Suffocation can sometimes be
Text 2 caused by the very air we breathe.
D)Suffocation is caused due to a closed
It is not uncommon to experience a room and no exposure to air.
feeling of ‘suffocation’ in a closed
environment. It is often ascribed to the
lack of oxygen. Fortunately, however,
the composition of air is remarkably
constant all over the world. It is true
that carbon dioxide exhaled out of the
lungs may accumulate in a closed and
overcrowded place. But such an
increase is usually small and
temporary unless the room is really
airtight. Exposure to poisonous gases
such as carbon monoxide may occur
in a closed room which can prove to
be fatal.

63
Graph/ Table
Questions
Anthropologists describe gift-giving as a 1. Which choice most effectively uses
positive social process, serving various data from the graph to complete the
political, religious, and psychological statement?
functions. Economists, however, offer a
less favorable view. According to A) the monetary value of the gift.
Waldfogel (1993), gift-giving represents B) their relationship with the gift-
an objective waste of resources. People recipients.
buy gifts that recipients would not C) their own desires for the gifts they
choose to buy on their own, or at least purchase.
not spend as much money to purchase D) the appreciation level of the gift-
(a phenomenon referred to as ‘‘the recipients.
deadweight loss of Christmas”). To wit,
givers are likely to spend $100 to
purchase a gift that receivers would
spend only $80 to buy themselves. So, it
can be concluded that gift-givers base
their predictions of how much a gift will
be appreciated on
_________________

65
There are different views on where ethics 2. Which choice most effectively uses
should apply when someone makes an data from the graph to complete the
economic decision. One view is instead statement?
of rooting ethics in character or the
consequences of actions, we can focus A) Fair trade coffee consistently
on our actions themselves. From this earned greater profits than regular
perspective some things are right, some coffee earned.
wrong—we should buy fair trade goods, B) the profits earned from regular
we shouldn’t tell lies in advertisements. coffee did not fluctuate.
Ethics becomes a list of C) Fair trade coffee profits increased
commandments, a catalog of “dos” and between 2004 and 2006.
“don’ts.” When a finance official refuses D) Fair trade and regular coffee were
to devalue a currency because they earning equal profits by 2008.
have promised not to, they are defining
ethics this way.
Take fair trade coffee (coffee that is sold
with a certification that indicates the
farmers and workers who produced it
were paid a fair wage), for example:
buying it might have good
consequences, be virtuous, and also be
the right way to act in a flawed market.
Therefore,
____________________

66
Though there are 600 million cars on
the planet, and counting, there are also
seven billion people, which means that
for the vast majority of us getting
around involves taking buses, ferry
boats, commuter trains, streetcars, and
subways. In other words, traveling to
work, school, or the market means
being a straphanger: somebody who,
by choice or necessity, relies on public
transport, rather than a privately owned
automobile.
3. Which of the following is supported by
the graph?
A) Unemployed people use public
transportation less often than do people
employed outside the home.
B) The number of employed people
using public transportation and the
number of unemployed people using
public transportation is roughly the
same.
C) People employed outside the home
are less likely to use public
transportation than are homemakers.
D)The number of students using public
transportation is greater than the
number of retirees using public
transportation.
67
We are not witnessing the abandonment 4. Which choice most effectively uses
of the suburbs, or a movement of data from the graph to complete the
millions of people back to the city all at statement?
once. The 2010 census certainly did not
turn up evidence of a middle-class A) a significant decline in the
stampede to the nation’s cities because population of small metropolitan
________________________ areas compared to the 1980s.
_. B) more growth in small metropolitan
The news was mixed: Some of the larger areas than in large metropolitan
cities on the East Coast tended to gain areas.
population, albeit in small increments. C)less growth in metropolitan areas
Those in the Midwest, including Chicago, of all sizes than had taken place in
tended to lose substantial numbers. The the 1990s.
cities that showed gains in substantial D) roughly equal growth in large
numbers. The cities that showed gains in metropolitan areas and
the South and Southwest. But when it nonmetropolitan areas.
comes to measuring demographic
inversion, raw census numbers are an
ineffective blunt instrument. A closer look
at the results shows that the most
powerful demographic events of the
past decade were the movement of
African Americans out of central cities
(180,000 of them in Chicago alone) and
the settlement of immigrant groups in
suburbs, often ones many miles distant
from downtown.

68
A team led by Sinan Aral, a network
scientist at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology in Cambridge,has been
secretly working with a popular website
that aggregates news stories. The
website allows users to make
comments about news stories and vote
each other’s comments up or down.
The vote tallies are visible as a number
next to each comment, and the
position of the comments is
chronological. (Stories on the site get
an average of about ten comments
and about three votes per comment.)
It’s a follow-up to his experiment using
people’s ratings of movies to measure
how much individual people influence
each other online (answer: a lot). This
time, he wanted to know how much the
crowd influences the individual, and
whether it can be controlled from
outside.
5. Data presented in the figure most
directly supports which idea from the
passage?
A) The mean score of artificially down-
voted comments is similar to that of the
control.
B) The patterns observed in the
experiment suggest that people are
suspicious of negative social influence.
C) The positive bias observed in users of
the news site may not apply to human
behavior in other contexts.
D) The type of story being commented
on has an impact on the degree to
which people can be influenced.
69
Answers
Homework DV2- Verbs and
Pronouns
Verbs Pronouns
1. D 1. C
2. A 2. D
3. C 3. D
4. B 4. D
5. B 5. C
6. D 6. C
7. A 7. B
8. B 8. B
9. A 9. C
10. D 10. D
11. A
12. A
13. D
14. B
15. A

70
Homework DV3-
Punctuation
1. A 9.B
2. C 10.D
3. B 11.A
4. D 12.C
5. B 13.A
6. C 14.C
7. C 15.B
8. A

Homework DV4 - Central

Ideas and Details
1. B 8.B
2. C 9.C
3. D 10.A
4. B 11.D
5. A 12.C
6. B 13.B
7. B 14.B
15.D

71
Homework DV5- Words In
Context
1. B 9. B
2. A 10.D
3. A 11.A
4. D 12.D
5. C 13.A
6. D 14.C
7. C 15.B
8. B

Homework DV6-
Strengthen, Weaken, and
Inference
1. A 8.D
2. A 9.C
3. B 10.C
4. A 11.A
5. B 12.D
6. D 13.C
7. C 14.A
15.B

72
Homework DV7 -
Transitions
1. B 9. A
2. C 10. B
3. C 11. D
4. D 12. B
5. D 13. B
6. B 14. D
7. B 15. D
8. A

Homework DV7 - Rhetorical

Synthesis
1. C
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. B

73
Homework DV8- Modifiers
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. C

Homework DV8- Parallel

structure
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. C

74
Homework DV9 - Text
Structure and Purpose
1. C 8.C
2. A 9.C
3. C 10.B
4. A 11.A
5. B 12.B
6. A 13.A
7. A 14.A
15.C
Homework DV10 - Charts
and graphs
1. A
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. D

Homework DV10 - Cross text

connections
1. A
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. C
75
SAT WORD
LISTS
V1 word list
1.Acclaim (Vb )- praise enthusiastically and publicly (approve)

2.Advent (N) - a coming into being or use

3.Bipedalism (N) - the condition of having two feet or of using only

two feet for locomotion

4.Cognition (N) - reasoning

5.Decipher (Vb)- translate or decode

6.Epitome (N) - exemplar

7.Erudite (Adj) - scholarly or knowledgable

8.Jarring (Adj) - shaking or vibrating

9.Obscure (Adj) - mysterious

10.Pragmatic (Adj) - practical or sensible

76
11. Pursuit (N) - quest or chase

12. Rife (Adj) - common, widespread

13.Scrupulous (Adj) - diligent attention to details

14. Simulate (Vb) - replicate or mimic

15.Sinecure (N) - an office or position that requires little or no work

and that usually provides an income

16.Sporadic (Adj) - intermittent or irregular

17.Squander (Vb) - misspend

18.Transcend (Vb) - excel or surpass

19.Trounce (Vb) - defeat heavily in a contest ( to thrash)

20.Untoward ( Adj) – unexpected

V2 word list
1.Abate (Vb)-Become less intense/reduce

2.Abundance (N) - an ample quantity

3.Candour(Noun) - honest or sincere expression

4.Circumvent (Vb) - beat or get around

5.Conjecture (N) - guess or supposition

6.Dexterity (N) - adroitness

7.Gleam (N) - a small bright light 77

8.Helix (N) - something spiral in form , an object having 3D shape

9.Hibernate (Vb) - to pass the winter in a torpid or resting state

10.Impel (Vb) - force

11.Involuntary ( Adj) - done contrary to or without choice

12.Latch (Vb) - to fasten (a door or a gate)

13.Orangutan (N) - a largely herbivorous arboreal anthropoid ape

14.Pitfall (N) - a trap or a snare

15.Plausible (Adj) - believable or credible

16.Retrieve (Vb) - restore or revive

17.Saline (Adj) - consisting of or containing salt

18.Strenuous (Adj) - energetic and zealous

19.Synchronisation (N) - the operation or activity of two or more

things at the same time or rate

20.Zenith (N) - a high point or an apex

V3 word list
1.Altruistic (Adj) - beneficent, benevolent or charitable

2.Clout (N)- Influence and Power

3.Conceal (Vb) - to cache or to hide

4.Deceptive (Adj) - fallacious or misleading 78

5.Discernible (Adj) - able to be perceived by a sense such as sight
or smell)- distinguishable

6.Imperceptible (Adj) -indistinguishable

7.Ingenious (Adj) - clever or creative

8.Innocuous (Adj) - harmless

9.Nonetheless (Advb) - in spite of what has just been said

(however or nevertheless)

10.Nuance (N) - a subtle distinction or variation

11.Obtrusive (Adj) - intruding or interfering- noticeable in an

unpleasant way

12.Ponder (Vb) - to think about or to reflect

13.Reign (N) - Domination or Supremacy

14.Renaissance (N)- a movement or period of vigorous artistic and

intellectual activity (Also known as a golden age)

15.Reverence (N)- honour, homage, or respect

16.Shaggy (Adj) - confused or unclear in conception or thinking

17.Sybarite ( Adj) - self indulgent person in luxury and pleasure

18.Tranquil (Adj) - free from agitation of mind or spirit (calm or

peaceful)

19.Zealous (Adj) - Full of enthusiasm

79
V4 word list
1.Abhor (Vb) - to dislike strongly (loath or detest)

2.Convention (N) - agreement or contract

3.Egregious (Adj) - conspicuously bad or strikingly bad

4.Endow(Vb)- To provide with something freely or naturally

5.Enervate (Vb) - enfeeble or exhaust

6.Ephemeral (Adj) - lasting only for a short time (evanescent or

brief)

7.Exigent (Adj) - dire or critical

8.Impetuous (Adj) - heedless or inconsiderate

9.Invertebrate (Adj) - Weak or frail

10.Mull (Vb) - to consider at length (ponder)

11.Petulant (Adj) - irritable or grumpy

12.Quagmire (N ) - difficulty or plight

13.Quaint (Adj) - bizarre or crazy

14.Quandary (N) - deadlock or dilemma

15.Ruminate (Vb) - contemplate or consider

16.Scuff (Vb) - to walk without lifting the feet

17.Sedition (N) - (formal) the crime of saying, writing, or doing

something that encourages people to disobey their government 80
18.Seminal (Adj) - authoritative or influential

19.Surreal (Adj) - unbelievable or fantastic

20.Ubiquitous (Adj) - widespread

V5 word list
1.Abstain(Vb)-to choose not to do or have something (refrain or
adjure)

2.Acumen (N) - clear sightedness or depth of perception

3.Adulation (N) - extreme or excessive admiration or flattery

(ideolatry or idealised)

4.Bovine(Adj)- relating to/ affecting cattle (cowlike or cattle-like)

5.Burgeon (Vb) - to send forth new growth (sprout or bloom)

6.Cacophony (N) - harsh discordant mixture of sounds

7.Demagogue (N) - a political leader who seeks support by

appealing to popular desires rather than reason

8.Derisive (Adj)-expressing/ causing contemptuous ridicule/ scorn

9.Discern (Vb) - behold or catch

10.Dubious (Adj) - doubting or uncertain

11.Exacerbate (Vb) - make (a problem, bad situation, or negative

feeling) worse

12.Gregarious (Adj) - outgoing or social

13.Intrepid (Adj) - characterised by resolute fearlessness, fortitude,

and endurance (dauntless or bold) 81
14.Mendacious (Adj) - given to or characterised by deception or
falsehood or divergence from absolute truth (Perfidious or lying)

15.Obdurate (Adj) - stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing (cold

blooded or affectless)

16.Penurious (Adj) - tightfisted or stingy

17.Procrastinate (Vb) - to put off intentionally and habitually

18.Reticent (Adj) - reserved or reluctant

19.Usurp (Vb) - seize or take over

20.Vitriolic (Adj) - bitterly harsh or caustic language or criticism

V6 word list
1.Catastrophe (N)- a momentous tragic event ranging from
extreme misfortune to utter overthrow or ruin

2.Craven (Adj)-lacking the least bit of courage (Gutless or

cowardly)

3.Decipher (Vb) - to make out the meaning of despite

indistinctness or obscurity (decode or decrypt)

4.Grapple (VB) - engage in a close fight.

5.Hubris (N) - exaggerated pride or self-confidence

6.Ignoble (Adj) - not honourable in character

7.Imminent (Adj)- ready to take place : happening soon

8.Importunate (Adj) - overly persistent in request or demand 82

9.Indigent (Adj)- suffering from extreme poverty (impoverished or
destitute)

10.Inventive (Adj) adept or prolific at producing inventions (artful

or clever)

11.Malapropism (N) – mistaken use of a word in place of a similar

sounding word

12.Meadow (N)- land that is covered or mostly covered with grass

13.Obfuscate (Vb) - to confuse

14.Obscure (Adj) - having an often intentionally veiled or uncertain

meaning (ambiguous or arcane)

15.Paucity (N) - a falling short of an essential or desirable amount

or number

16.Polyglot (Adj) - knowing or using several languages

(multilingual)

17.Postulate (Vb)- a hypothesis advanced as an essential

presupposition, condition, or premise of a train of reasoning

18.Renounce (Vb)- resign or give up

19.Spurious (Adj)- bogus or counterfeit

20.Tenuous (Adj)- having little substance or strength (flimsy or

weak)

83
V7 word list
1.Abide (Vb) - to bear patiently (withstand or tolerate)

2.Accordance (N) - the act of granting something (Agreement or

conformity)

3.Acoustic (Adj) - phonic or auditory

4.Acquaintance (N) - a person whom one knows but who is not a

particularly close friend

5.Ambivalent(Adj) - having or showing simultaneous and

contradictory attitudes or feelings toward something or someone
(Conflicting or equivocate)

6.Exquisite (Adj) - marked by flawless craftsmanship or by

beautiful, ingenious, delicate, or elaborate execution

7.Exult (Vb) - to be extremely joyful (rejoice)

8.Foliage (N) - a representation of leaves, flowers, and branches

for architectural ornamentation (flora or green)

9.Foster (Vb) - to promote the growth or development of

(encourage)

10.Imprudent (Adj) - indiscreet or injudicious

11.Imprudent (Adj) - lacking discretion, wisdom, or good

judgement

12.Invigorating (Adj) - having an enlivening or stimulating effect

(refreshing or vitalizing)

13.Languish (Vb) - to be or become feeble, weak, or enervated

(decay or fade)

14.Misnomer (N) - wrong or inaccurate name in designation 84

15.Profusion (N) - great quantity or lavish display ( abundance)

16.Repose (N) - a state of rest (eternal or heavenly rest)

17.Resilient (Adj) - implies the ability to recover shape quickly

when the deforming force or pressure is removed ( able to
withstand)

18.Spindle (N) - a round stick with tapered ends used to form and
twist the yarn in hand

19.Startling (Adj) - causing momentary fright, surprise, or

astonishment

20.Vigor (Adj) - active bodily or mental strength or force ( gusto or

energy)

V8 word list
1.Ablation (N) - surgical removal or loss of a part by melting or
vaporising

2.Antiquity (N) - the quality of being ancient

3.Braggart (N) - a person who boasts about achievements

4.Cache (N) - a collection of similar items stored in a secret place

5.Dearth (N) – scarcity or lack of something

6.Diluvial (Adj) - of or relating to a flood

7.Dynamics (N) - a pattern or process of change, growth, or

activity

8.Epochal (Adj) - extremely significant

9.Expound (Vb) - explain or present 85

10.Fictive (Adj) - created by imagination

11.Expound (Vb) - explain or present

12.Flinch (Vb) - to withdraw or shrink from as if from pain

13.Flippant (Adj) - not showing a serious attitude

14.Herbicide (N) - an agent used to destroy or inhibit plant growth

15.Inhibitor (N) - a substance that reduces or suppresses the

activity of another substance

16.Opaque (Adj) - blocking the passage of radiant energy and

especially light

17.Solemn (Adj) - characterised by deep sincerity

18.Tenacious (Adj) - Keep a firm hold on something

19.Torpid (Adj) - numb or dormant

20.Zealous (Adj) - filled with eagerness or enthusiasm

V9 word list
1.Abasement (N) - humiliation or degradation

2.Abrogate (Vb) - cancel or deny

3.Absolution (N) - forgiveness or pardon

4.Acquiesce (Vb) - to agree to or give in to

5.Bilk (Vb) - cheat or defraud

86
6.Blight (Vb) - ruin, reck, or spoil

7.Counterfeit (Adj ) - fake or false

8.Cryptic (Adj) - puzzling or enigmatic

9.Curtail (vb) - to cut short

10.Enunciation (N) - clear pronunciation, accent, or articulation

11.Headstrong (Adj) - stubborn or willful

12.Knotty (Adj) - complex or difficult to solve

13.Labyrinth (N) - a complicated irregular network of passages

14.Lacklustre (Adj) - dull or monotonous

15.Laconic (Adj) - using a few words, brief, or to the point

16.Noxious (Adj) - harmful, poisonous, or lethal

17.Obdurate (Adj) - stubborn

18.Tangent ( Adj) - going off the main subject

19.Tardy (Adj) - slow, late, or overdue

20.Tawdry (Adj) - of little value

87
V10 word list
1.Allusion (N) - indirect reference

2.Analogy (N) - comparison

3.Blithe (Adj) - free spirited or very carefree (casual)

4.Cliche (Adj) - overused expression

5.Covert (Adj) - hidden or covered

6.Credulous (Adj) - gullible or ready to believe about anything

7.Envenom (Vb)- to cause bitterness or bad feeling

8.Epicure (Adj) - someone who appreciates good food and drink

9.Forage (Vb) - search for food

10.Garner (Vb) - gather

11.Harbingers (N) - indicators or bringers of warnings

12.Heed (Vb) - listen to

13.Inept (Adj) - clumsy or inexpert

14.Kindle (Vb) - light or ignite

15.Lachrymose (Adj) - tearful or sad

16.Lamentation (N) - expression of regret or sorrow

17.Lampoon (Adj) - ridicule or spoof

88
18.Oblivious (Adj) - totally unaware

19.Pliable (Adj) - flexible not stubborn

20.Resonant (Adj) - echoing

V11 word list

1.Comrade (N) - associate or companion

2.Contrive (Vb) - device or plan

3.Culinary (Adj) - related to kitchen or cooking

4.Decipher (Vb) - depict or decode

5.Dormant (Adj) - asleep, dozing or inactive

6.Dynamic (Adj) - energetic or forceful

7.Enumerate (Vb) - to list

8.Garner (Vb) - gather

9.Impending (Adj) - upcoming or approaching

10.Imperative (Adj) absolutely necessary

11.Legitimate (Vb) - lawfully begotten

12.Menacing (Adj) - inspiring fear

13.Rebut (Vb) - repel or refute

14.Resilient (Adj) - having ability to recover

89
15.Reticent (Adj) - reserved or reluctant
16.Rever (Vb) - respect deeply

17.Rudimentary (Adj) - Fundamental

18.Soporific (Adj) - having power or sensation to produce taste

19.Surmise (N) - Idea or thought based on scanty evidence

20.Yield (Vb) - to produce or to give way

90