06-16, 12:41 PM

Anatomy of flowering plants

INTRODUCTION
~Study of internal structure of plants

↱ Having common origin

Tissues → Group of cells
↳ performing common
functions
CLASSIFICATION : Based on the capability of
↓ dividing or not
(a) Meristematic tissues
(b) Permanent tissues

Area of active cell division

↓
↶ Meristematic Tissues ↷
Apical ↓ Lateral/secondary
Intercalary
06-16, 12:41 PM

APICAL
~ At tips of roots & shoots produce primary tissues
↓ ↓
Root apical Shoot apical
• Occupies tip of root • Occupies distant
most region or stem
axis

INTERCALARY
• Occurs in between mature tissues.
• Occurs in grasses & regenerate parts

LATERAL / SECONDARY
• Occurs in mature regions of roots & shoots.
• Produce woody axis & appear later than primary.
• Are cylindrical meristems
• Eg : Fasicular vascular , Inter facicular & cork
Cambium
• Produce 2 tissues

During leaf formation & stem elongation , some cells

06-16, 12:41 PM

leaf behind
Axillary Bud Present in axis of leaves & is capable of
forming a branch

Cell division → Newely formed cells

↓ ↱ Structurally
Permanent/mature cells Specilised
↓ ↓ ↳ Functionally
Constitute permanent loose ability to divide
tissue

During primary plant body formation , specific

regions of the Apical meristem produce -
~Dermal tissues
~Ground tissues
~Coetex , endodermis , pericycle , pith
~Vascular tissues (xylem & phloem)

Permanent tissues → Lost ability to divide

↓ ↓
Simple tissues Complex tissues
06-16, 12:41 PM

↓ ↓
All cells similar in Have different types of cells
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Storage Function Xylem Phloem

↶ Various simple tissues are ↷

Parenchyma ↓ Sclerenchyma
Collenchyma

Parenchyma
~Major components within organs.
~Cells may be isodiametric , ovul , spherical , polygonal ,
elongates
~Walls may be thin / Cellulosic
~Closely packed / little spaces
~Function : Photosynthesis storage & secretion

Collenchyma
~Layers below the epidermis in most dicots.
~Homogenous layer or patches.
~Cells : Thickened (due to hemicellulose , cellulose &
06-16, 12:41 PM

pectin)
~May be ovul , spherical / polygonal
~Has Chlorophyll
~Intercellular spaces are absent.
~Provide support to young stem & petiole of leaf.

Sclerenchyma
~Found in pulp of fruits (gauva , pear , sapota) walls of
nuts
~Seed coat of legumes + tea leaves
~Long & narrow
~Has numerous pits
~Thick & lignifies cell wall

Usually dead + Cout protoplasm

Variation in structure , origin & development

Can fibres Schlereids

•Elongates & pointed •Spherical , oval

•Occurs in groups •Has narrow cavities
06-16, 12:41 PM

•Provides mechanical support

COMPLEX TISSUES > 1 type of cell

↓ ↓
Xylem Phloem

PHLOEM
Conduction tissue for h20 minerals → from roots
↓
stem / leaves
Mechanical strength to plant parts

Tracheid (dead)
↓
Vessels (dead)← H ELEMENTS →Xylem fibres
↓ (dead)
Xylem parenchyma
(Living)

H ELEMENTS
06-16, 12:41 PM

Tracheid (dead)
~Elongates / be thick & lignified walls Tepering Ends
protoplasm (X)

Vessels (dead)
~Absent in gymnosperms Long + Cylindrical made of
vessels members Large central cavity connected through
Perforations.
~Characteristic feature of angiosperms

Xylem fibres (dead)

~Highly thickened obliterated central lumen can be
separate / aseptate

Xylem parenchyma (living)

~Thin walled cells made of cellulose
~Store food materials in the form of starch , fat & other
substances like tannins

XYLEM → Metaxylem Later formed primary xylem

↓ In stem → lies towards periphery
06-16, 12:41 PM

Protoxylem In roots → lies towards centre

Formed by primary xylem

In stem → lies towards centre (pith)
In roots → lies towards periphery

Endarch → Protoxylem → inside

Stem → Metaxylem → inside

Exarch → Protoxylem → Outside

Root → Metaxylem → Inside

PHLOEM → food materials , leaves → other parts

Sieve tube elements (LIVING)

(a) Absent in gymno
(b) Instead sieve cells
(c) Long tube like
(d) Association with companion cells
(e) End walls : perforated
(f) forms sieve plates
06-16, 12:41 PM

(g) Matue sieve elements have peripheral cytoplasm +

large vacuole
(h) Nucleus absent
(i) Functions controlled by companion cells

Companion cells (LIVING)

(a) Absent in Gymno
(b) Aluminous cells
(c) Closely associated with sieve tube
(d) Connected by pit
(e) fields
(f) Present b/w longitudinal walls
(g) Maintains pressure gradient in sieve tubes

Phloem Parenchyma (LIVING)

(a) Made of elongated , tapering + cylindrical cells
(b) Dense cytoplasm + Nucleus
(c) Cell wall - Cellulosic - has pits
(d) Stores food materials (resins , latex , mucilage)
(e) Absent in monocots

Phloem fibres (DEAD)

06-16, 12:41 PM

(a) Also called Bast fibres

(b) Sclerenchyma cells
(c) Absent in phloem
(d) Unbranched , pointed
(e) fibres of jute , flax , hemp used commercially

Phloem ↘
→ Metaphloem
Protoplasm ↗ (Bigger sieve tubes)
Narrow sieve tubes

THE TISSUE SYSTEM

(Depends on their location)
↓ ↓ ↓
Epidermal Ground/fundamental Vascular /
Tissue cells Tissue system Conductivity
Tissue system

EPIDERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM

• Forms outermost covering of 1 plant body
• Comprises of epidermal cells , stomata & epidermal
06-16, 12:41 PM

Appendages (Trichomes & hairs)

• Made pf elongated , compactly arranged cells
↓
Continuous layer
• Usually Single layered
↓
• Are parenchymatous + have large vacuole

• Thick waxy layer

Outside → Covered by cuticle • Prevents water
loss
• Absent in roots

Stomata Storage present in epidermis of leaves

Regulates - Transpiration , gaseous
Exchange
Has 2 bean shaped cells guard cells
↓ •enclose stomatal pore
↶ 2 walls ↷ •Regulates opening &
Outer thin Inner thick Closing of stomata
•Dum-bell Shaped → in
grasses
06-16, 12:41 PM

•Has chloroplasts

Stomatal apparatus : stomatal aperture + guard

cells + Subsidiary cells
~Epidermal cells in vicinity of guard cells are
specialized in shape & size

EPIDERMAL CELLS
↓ ↓
STEM ROOT HAIRS
↓ ↓
TRICHOMES ~Unicllular
↓ ~absorbs H2O &
~Multicellular minerals - soil
~Branched / unbranched
~Soft / stiff
~Can be secretory
~Prevents water loss due to transpiration

THE GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM

06-16, 12:41 PM

• Has parenchyma , collenchyma & Sclerenchyma

• Parenchymatous cells are present in : Cortex ,
pericycle , pith , medullary rays , in primary stems & roots
• MESOPHYLL → LEAVES → Thin walled
Chloroplast containing cells

THE VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM

XYLEM in between cambium → Can form 2

PHLOEM Phloem & 2 xylem
↓
Open vascular bundles

In monocots , cambium (X) Radial : Xylem & phloem

2 str (X) Are arranged
Closed cambium Alternatively
along different
radii in roots.

Xylem & phloem → Along same radius

06-16, 12:41 PM

Common in stems & leaves

Usually phloem on outer side of xylem

ANATOMY OF DICOTS & MONOCOTS

Dicot roots & monocots roots
Outer layer : Epiblema : Root hairs
Cortex :
(a) Thin walled & parenchymatous
(b) with intercellular spaces
Pericycle : Thick walled & parenchymatous
~Initiation of lateral roots / 2 growth
Pith : Small / inconspicuous
Vascular Bundle :
~Conjugative tissue (V) → b/w xylem & phloem
↓
2 - 4 patches

Outermost layer
Endodermis (single layered , Barrel shaped)
-Intercellular space (X)
Tangential/radial walls
06-16, 12:41 PM

↱ Impermeable to H2O
Casparian strips
↳ Waxy suberin materials

DICOT STEM
Epidermis:
1. Outermost
2. Protective
3. Has trichomes , few stomata

Cortex → Hypodermis → mechanical support

Few layers of collenchymatous cells

Cortical cells → Round , thin walled , conspicuous ,

parenchymatous

Endodermis → Rich in starch grain , starch sheath

Pericycle → Similar patches of sclerenchyma

Vascular Bundles
06-16, 12:41 PM

Conjoined
Open
Endarch
Arranged in ring → in b/w medullary rays

PITH → Radially arranged + Parenchymatous cells

large
rounded
Parenchymatous cells

Monocot stem
Hypodermis → Sclerenchyma
Large , conspicuous ground tissue

Vascular bundle :
-Scattered
-Each surrounded by sclerenchyma
-Closed
-Conjoint

Peripheral V.B < Centrally located

06-16, 12:41 PM

Pholem parenchyma (X)

-Water containing cavities within vascular bundles

DICOT LEAF
3 parts
• Epidermis
• Mesophyll
• Vascular system
Endodermis
↓
Tissue b/w upper & lower epidermis
↓
Mesophyll → has chloroplast → photosynthesis

Pallisade Spongy
↓ ↓
Adaxial Abaxial round + loose
Elongated cells Extends to lower epidermis

VASCULAR SYSTEM
Vascular bundles
↓ ↓
06-16, 12:41 PM

Veins Midrib

Size of veins : may vary in thickness due to reticulate

ventaion

Bundles : Surrounded by a layer of thick walled bundle

sheath cells
06-16, 3:33 PM

MONOCOT LEAF / ISOBILATERAL

Stomata is present on both surfaces
-Mesophyll : no differentiation
-Certain adaxial cells → Bulliform cells
large + empty colourless
Absorbs H2O : Turgid
Flaccid due to water stress , leaf curl inward

Size = Same due to parallel venation except main veins

Two lateral meristems←Secondary growth

↓ ↓ ↓
Vascular Cork Increase in girth
Cambium Cambium

Vascular cambium → Meristematic layer , cuts off :

Xylem & Phloem
Initially as a patch or single layer → forms a compl-
-ete ring
Formation of cambial ring
In dicots , cambial cells : intrafasicular cambium -
06-16, 3:33 PM

Adjoining medullary rays

↓
Interfasicular Cambium
↓
Forms a continuous ring of cambium

Activity of cambial ring

Cambumbial ring : Active : Cut off new cells : outside
(periphery) 2*
Most actives on inner side → inside → pith → 2* Xylem
So , 2* Xylem & 2* Phloem

At some places the cambium forms a narrow bond of

parenchyma , passes through 2* Xylem & 2*phloem → 2*
medullary rays

Spring wood & Autumn wood

Temperate regions , climatic conditions not uniform

Spring season : Cambium very active→Spring wood

06-16, 3:33 PM

-Light in colour
-law density
-Has vessels with different cavities

Winter season : Cambium less active→Autumn /

latewood
-Darker in colour
-High density
-Narrow cavities

Annual ring : Spring wood + Autumn wood

~Measures age of the tree

Heartwood & spywood →

Heartwood
Greater part of 2*xylem-dark brown •Tannins
• resins
Hard , resistant & durable • Oils
to organisms & insects • gums
• aromatic
Substance
06-16, 3:33 PM

• Essential
Oils in central region

Water conduction (X) - Provides mechanical strength

Peripheral regions of 2* xylem - sapwood-light
Colour , conduction of water + minerals

CORK CAMBIUM
↑se in girth → outer cortical epidermal → gets
Broken
↓
Needs to be replaced

CORK CAMBIUM / PHELLOGEM

Meristamatic tissue / develops in cortex / made of
narrow thinned walled + rectangular

↶ Cut cell on both side ↷

Inner Outer
↓ ↓
Cork / phellem suberin Secondary crotex /
06-16, 3:33 PM

Position Phelloderm parenchytamous

Cells

BARK
~No technical term
~refers to all tissues exterior to vascular
Cambium (including 2* phloem)

↶ Formed in 2 season ↷
Early soft bark late / hard bark

At certain places , phellogem→cuts parenchyma-

↶ -tous cells ↷
ruptures epidermis Outer side
↓
Forms lenticles
Occurs in most woody trees
-Exchange of gases
-Lens shaped opening
06-16, 3:33 PM

SECONDARY GROWTH IN ROOTS

In dicot roots , vascular cambium → Completely 2*

→Originates from tissue below phloem bark

Portion of peicycle→Complete & continuous wavy ring

→ Circular
↓
Futher events same

Growth → Also occur in gymno. But not in monocots

Wood → actually 2* Xylem