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Chapter 4.1
UNIT IV

DOORS, WINDOWNS
AND
VENTILATORS
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MNIMNviiR

4.1.1 DEFINITION

structure for opening an enhance.

A door is a movable
tò the users of the
provided for the purpose of access
It is
structure.
constructed in a wall or roof that
A window is an opening
air to an enclosure and is often
functions to. admit light or
mounted to permit opening
framed and spanned in the glass
and closing.
AND WINDOWS
4.1.2 STANDARD SIZES OF DOORS

1. Height of doors and windows

the
Normally, the height of door is fixed on the basis that
highest object likely to use the door. For residential building,
the height of the door is normally adopted as 2 m because
ne height of the people who is going to use is generally less

than 2 m.
ne common criterion for height of the door = width of

be
or+1.2 m. The minimum height of the door should not
less than 1.8 m.

The height of window is generally kept nearly 1.1 m to

1.2m. The sill of window is kept at 75 cm to 90 cm above floor
level
and and the top
top of the window is always kept at lintel of the
room.

4.1
 doors and windows
2) Width of the
is fixed the
basis of
The width of the door
on

the door. It varius from 900 largest si

ofthe object likely to use nm to 1a
be around 2.75
m and for garages it should m.

The width of the window depends upon

a. size of room
b.. location of room
c. climatic condition

d. spread and direction of winds.

e. minimum width of window 1s kept nearly 900 mm

and the maximum width is around 2 m. mm
The common criterion for width of door = 0.4 to 06y

hejght.
4.1.3 LOCATION OF DOORS AND WINDOWS
The following are the general rules for providing doors
and windows at the proper location.

1. Door should preferable be located near the cornerof

the room.
22. Doors and windows should be located in such a way
as to cause least disturbance to privacy and internal-
decoration.
3. The sill of a window opening should be preferabiy be
located at a height
of 80 cm from the inside floorleve
Doors and windows should be so located that ig
and ventilation are ovides

distributed and
evenly pro
necessary privacy.
.1.4 DIFFERENT MATERIALS USED
The materials used for doors and windows are wood. glass.
lywood, metals and plastics.
4.2
.1.5 COMPONENT PARTS OF DOORS AND WINDOWS

The component parts or a door and a window are given

below:

1. Frame: This consists of a group of members which

form a support for a door or window.
2. Style: This is the outside vertical member of the
shutter of a door or window.

3. Head: The top or uppermost horizontal part of a

frame is known as the head.

4. Top rail: This is the topmost, horizontal member of

the shutter.

5. Lock rail : This is the middle horizontal member of

the shutter where the locking arrangement
is provided.

6. Bottom rail: This is the lover most horizontal

member of the shutter.

7. Panel: This is the area of shutter enclosed between

the adjacent rails.

8. Hold fast: This is generally in the form of a mild

steel flat bar of section 30 mm x 6mm and
a length 200 mm. The three members of
such hold fasts are provided on each side of
the window frame. They keep the frame in

position.
9. Horn: This is a horizontal projection of head or
sill beyond the face of the frame. It
felicitates the fixing of the frame on the wall
opening and its length is about 100mm to

150 mmn.

4.3
 DOORS
4.1.6 TYPES OF
1. Framed and panelled door 2. Glazed oor

3. Flush door 4. Lovered door

5. Collapsible door 6. Rolling shutter
7. Sliding door 8. Revolving steel shutter
9. Ledged door 10. Ledged, braced dogr
11. Ledged, battered braced door
12. Hung door 13. Pivot door

14. Grill door

1. Framed andpanelled door

-1.20 m-
Top rail

Panel

Freiz rail1

Style

Hinge
Lock rail
H H
Frame

-Hold fast

Bottom rail

Fig. 4.1 Framed and panelled door

4.4
 This is the most usual variety Jf door and is used in
oonstruction with various' design and -levation. Usually it is
made in the single panels double panels, four panels, six panels

etc. The above figure shows double leaf framed and panelled
door with six panels. Such type of door reduces the tendency of
shrinkage and presents a cecent appearance.

2) Glazed door

-Top rail

-
Style

-Frame

Glass pane

Bottom rail

L
Fig.4.2 Glazed door

This door gives very good elevational effects and hence

has been in extensive use in posh residential buildings as well
as in public buildings. This door may be fully glazed or partly
Blazed and partly panelled. This type door admit more light in
to the building. Glasses are fixed in between the wooden styles
nd secured by nails and putty or by wooden leads fixed to the
rame. It is very useful for hospitals, offices, librarnes, show

rooms, banks, etc.

4.5
 3) Flush door

The flush doors are being extensively used for i.

work. Now days they become more popular for resida.
a interior
and public buildings because of several good
characterin. sidential
viz. pleasing appearance, simplicity of
construction, econ. eristics,
strength and high durability. nomy,
The flush doors are of two types
a) Solid core flush door
b) Hollow core flush door
a) Solid core flush door

Style -Top rail

HT Laminated core
H i Plywood
Laminated
Style core

UuLUUUUY
Bottom Rail
Plywood
Fig.4.3 Solid core flush door
These doors also known as laminated flush
are
d00
These doors consists of a timber
frame made from styles,
and bottom rails, each not less
than 7.5 em wide. The entn e
frame is filled with laoinated solid is
core. 'The solid cor
developed by gluing together mall strips of wood or by gluing
4.6
 ether patterns not less than 20mm in width under a great
pressure Solid core thus developed is covered from both the
sheets under great pressure.
faces by plywood
core flush door
b) Hollow
In this type, the frame consists of styles, top bottom and

intermediate rails each not less than 7.5 cm wide and this frame
both sides by sheet plywood. Sometimes, the hollow
is covered on
wood frame is filled with granulated cork or any light material,

instead of being left hollow. To ensure thorough circulation of

air within the framing,

ventilation holes are provided as shown
in figure.
Top rail

Holes
Horizontal ribs
Hinge
block
Style- Hallow space

Lock Plywood
block
rHallow space
Vertical Style Hole
ribs
:
A A

Vertical ribs
Plywood-
Fig. 4.4 Hollow core flush door

4) Louvered door
door. In
The other name for louvered door is venetian
full shutter
Lls, the doors are provided in the louvers covering
or part of it. Thin parallel louvers of timber, steel or glass are

louvers are hinged

ed
horizontally one above the other. All
4.7
 of their ends and are sloped
capable ot being sloped.
at both
Lowers when in inclined position object the horizontal down.
louvers may be fixed or movo v1s1on
through the door. The
allows sufficient amount
of ventilation at the sam
are attached in a
ime
maintain privacy. The louvers eries such
sei.

that the upper back edge of any louver is above the lowon &
ver front
edge of the next higher louver. In movable louvers a timt
ber
piece is provided to which louvers are attached. By raisin
ing or
lowering the timber piece, the louvers are opened or closed

Outside Inside Outside Insido

Louvers Vertical
piece of
tim ber

Louvers-

Fig.4.5 Louvered door

5) Collapsible door
These door consists of vertical double
piece of mild stee
channels, 16mm to 20 mm wide joined together with the holow
of the channels on the inside layering a gap of 12mm to 20mu"
between them. Rollers are mounted
both at the top and bottom
or at the
top only in special cases. The pieces are spaceu d 100
mm to 120 mm centre to centre and other
joined to one an
are
by means of cross pieces 16mm wide which
and 5 mm thick *
allows the door to opeh (or) fold.

4.8
 -Roller

-Handle-

Fig. 4.6 Collapsible door

6) Rolling shutter

This door consists cf interlocking steel slates, coiled on

drum at the top of opening. The shutter while being pulled
down or rolling up travels in steel guides mounted at the sides
of the opening. The door is counter balanced by helical springs
enclosed in the drum and a hood of steel protects the drum
from the weather effect. A horizontal shaft and spring are
provided in the drum at the top. The diameter of the drum s
aDOut 200 mm to 300 mm and the shutter rolls in turn. Such
p e of doors are usually provided for garages, show rooms,

shops, godowns etC

7) Sliding door
entrances of
nis type of door is commonly used for the
shops, adges
gar etc. They are moved on horizontal
runners fixed

4.9
 door. The lower end ofthe
and bottom of the
at top door move
between guides,
which prevents on undue lateral Ve
in thedoor. The shutter may
have one or more leavee ement
nt
to slide on one side or both sides. and ay
may
be arranged
receive one shutter in
Cavities are
provided in the wall to onen-

does not obstruct the movement of users. sition.It

Drum

Shutter

-Frame

TLocking
arrangemeni

LHandles
Fig. 4.7
Rolling shutter
4.1L7 TYPES OF WINDOWS
1) Casement windows
2) Glazed window
3) Bay window
4) Corner window
5) Corner windows
5) Pivoted windows
6) Circular windows 7) Dormer window
8) Metal window
10) Sliding window Louvered windows

4.10
p C a s e m e n 1w i n

Framc-
Shutter
Wall Wal Wall
Fig. 4.8 Casement window

In this window, the structure will open like doors, It

of frame, styles, rails, sash bars, mullion and transoms.
Onsistso f

s WOoden frame of door and Window can be

Sometimes woo
madein
aneunit when window is located just touching the door. Shutters

ae COnstructed just ike door shutters.

Glazed window

These are fully glazed casement windows. Glass panels

aresecured in position by small filets. Sashes are rebatedto
reeive glass panels. The rebates are about 15mm and 5mm
respectively.
3) Bay windows

Prame
Fig.4.9 Bay windows
of a
Windows project outside the external walls
rOom. They ma etc.
be square,
may may splayed, circular, polygonal
he projections start from floor level or sill level. They
at building.
more light of the
and improve
nd
imp the appearance

4.11
4) Corner window

-Window frame

Room
Wall

Fig.4.10 Corner window

The windows are provided at the corners of a room to
have a better circulation of air. It also gives good appearance
to the building.
5) Dormer window

Sloping
Domer, roof
window

Gable
window

GableA end

Fig. 4.11 Dormer window

These rooftoadn
windows provided on the sloping
are
roo
more light and air to the rooms below the roof.
4.12
P i r o t e d
d w i n d o u

type window the shutter

ofwi remains pivoted and
this
pivoted the shutter can
Being
Bei
swing round or
either vertically pivoted the
hung.
side
The shutter may be
t
pirot.
izontallypivoted Frame of this window is similar to

nent
window but it is not rebated.
Circular window

These are circular in shape and pivoted. They are useful

factories, workshops etc.

41.8 V E N T I L A T O R S

Definition

Ventilators are smallwindows, fixed at above the height

af window; generally about 30to.50.cm below roof level. The

ventilators has a frame and a shutter, generally glazed which
shutter can be opened or closed by
is horizontally pivoted. The
means of two cards, one attached
to the top rail and the other
to the bottom rail of
the shutter. The top edge of the shutter
the bottom edge open outside so that rain
opens inside and
water is excluded.

4.1.9 PURPOSE OF VENTILATORS

1) Creation of air movement
2) To exclude rain
and flies.
3) To avoid nuisance of mosquitoes
4To remove smoke odour and four smell.
bacteria
dust and
)To the accumulation of
prevent

carrying particles.
4.1.10 TYPES OF
VENTILATORS
1) Pivot hung ventilator
2) Top hung ventilator
central
about a
If the shutter of the rotates

point wh ventilatoris known as pivot

hung

opened or closed it
ventilator.
4.13
 ventilator moves about pi
1fthe shutter of the
shutter moves
a

outside it
pivot which
top, so that the
at io
is located
as top-hung ventilator.
known
COMBINED WITH WINnO
4.1.11 VENTILATORS
owS I
DOORS
Ventilators may also be provided in combination o6
of a
window or a door, at its top. Such a ventilator is also known.as
a fan light.
The construction of a fan light is similar to a window
sash. Such a ventilator is usually linted at top and can open
out. Alternatively the ventilator shutters can be hinged at the
bottom.

4.1.12 MOsQUITO PROOFING

To prevent the nuisance of mosquitoes and flies, it is
necessary to make mosquito proof shutters of doors, windows
and ventilators. They are made mosquito proof as shown below.

Panelled shutters
Outside CFrame

Spring hinge Wire-gauge shutters

Inside

Fig.4.11 Mosquito-proof door

Outside Frame Metal window

Inside in steel frame

Wire-gauge
Roto Aechanism

Fig.4.12 Mosquito-proof window (Wire gauge insiu

4.14
 Outside
Fixed wire-gauge in wooden frame

Window shutters
inside

Mosquito-proof window (Wire gauge outside)

g . 4.13.

Doors

In
case of doors, the ordinary panelled shutters:are
on the front side and they open outside as shown in
provided

The inside shutters are provided with wire gauge and

figure. The
a r r a n g e m e n t in the form of a spring hinge is also
automa

an

p r o v i d e d .

Windows
to proofing for windows
The arrangement for mosquito
for the window which is opening outside. To
is shown in figure
the roto mechanism is provided.
qpen the shutters from inside,
inside, fixed wiremesh
For the window which is opening
parliamentary hinges are
is provided on the outside and
so that they simply
lie
provided to the shutters of window inside
againstthe and thereby do not form any obstruction
wall
the room.

Ventilators

Wire-gauge

Wire-gaugs
-Pivot
Pivot

Inside
Outside

Oulside Inside
Fig.4.15 Mosquito-proof

Fig.4.14 Mosquito-proof top-hung ventilator

plvot-hung ventilator
4.15
 of ventilators, the mosquito proofing io
In case

by providing
wire gauge on a steel frame in the ea aro. chieved
under the
the
of following figures
ventilator. The
command a
ventilator respectively
show the
mosquito proof top hung
Combination of windows and ventilators

Sometinmes the ventiltors are combined and the

he to
top with
windowvs.

This combination is adopted either for getting suffician

ient
light and ventilation or where suffiCient space over all
is not available to accomodate them separately.
Incidentally these coimbinations prove economical also,

Lintei tevel
Head of the frame Ventilator or Fan light Horn
..
-Head-
- ventilator

-Transomme

Top rail
Glass
pane Frarme
Stile

Glazing bar

Bottom rai
Hoftsill level
ITTTATTILITSSs

Floor level-

Frame ELEVATION

Still Mullion
Sash bar
Sill
Overall width of window
Width of opening-
PLAN

Fig.4.16 Details of a wooden casement window (tredle type)

with fanlights of ventilators
4.16
 Head of frame

Horn
Glass ponel
or Tronsome
Transome light
Hold fost

Jomb

old
0sis
Rails

Window frame
(or Zomb)

Bottom
rail

Zomb Horn
Sill

Eg4.17 Parts of a panelled window with ventilator

*****

4.17