HYDROLOGIC

PRINCIPLE
PRESENTED BY: GROUP 1
 HYDROLOGIC PRINCIPLE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
AND WEATHER 02 HYDROLOGIC
LOSSES
▪ Understanding Hydrology ▪ Evaporation and
▪ Hydrologic Cycle Evapotranspiration
▪ Weather System ▪ Infiltration
▪ Precipitation ✓ Horton’s Method
▪ Streamflow and Hydrograph ✓ Phi (∅) index Method
▪ Hydrologic Measurement ✓ Green and Ampt.
Method
 01
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
AND WEATHER
HYDROLOGY
Hydrology is the science that treats the
waters of the Earth, their occurrence,
circulation, and distribution, their
chemical and physical properties, and
their reaction with their environment,
including their relation to living things.
ENGINEERING
HYDROLOGY
includes those segments in the field
pertinent to planning design, and
operation of engineering projects for the
control and use of water
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
Deals with the following features:

Study the
Study the problems of
Estimation of components floods and
water of the droughts
resources hydrological and
cycle preventive
action.
APPLICATIONS OF
HYDROLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
1. Structual and Hydraulic Design
All types of reservoirs must provide
provision for passing flood flows which
may include factors such as dam
height, spillway section capacity, and
downstream protection work

03 02 01
APPLICATIONS OF
HYDROLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
2. Disaster Prevention Projects
Ranges from massive to small
improvements like channel
straightening and localized dredging.
The probable frequency of flood must
be analyzed statistically before the
project is undertaken.

04 03 02
APPLICATIONS OF
HYDROLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
3. Irrigation Schemes and Projects
The water needed to irrigate the
cultivatable land exceeds to the total
flow on some rivers

05 04 03
APPLICATIONS OF
HYDROLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
4. Erosion Control
Erosion causes sedimentation in
reservoirs which can affect their life and
operation

06 05 04
APPLICATIONS OF
HYDROLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
5. Pollution Reduction
The significant growth in large-scale
industrialization and population in many
nations worldwide has resulted in
various health problems including
pollution

06 05
APPLICATIONS OF
HYDROLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
6. Dam Construction
Operating schedule of most existing
plants depends upon continuous
prediction and inventory system

06
HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE
The hydrologic cycle involves the continuous
circulation of water in the earth-Atmosphere
system. At its core, the water cycle is the
motion of the water from the ground to the
atmosphere and back again.
 HYDROLOGIC
PRECIPITATION
CYCLE

CONDENSATION
SURFACE RUNOFF

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION EVAPORATION

INFILTRATION
EVAPORATION
the process where
sunlight warms the
surface of the water
which makes water
molecules move faster
until they escape as a
gas
CONDENSATION
▪ The complete opposite
of evaporation.
▪ Condensation is the
change of state of
matter from the gas
phase to liquid phase,
forming clouds
 PRECIPITATION
▪ Occurs when so much
water has been
condensed that the air
cannot hold it anymore.
▪ The clouds get heavy
and water falls back to
the earth in the form of
rain, hail, sleet or snow.
 WEATHER
SYSTEMS
WEATHER CLIMATE
is the condition of the atmosphere in deals with a set of weather
an area at a specific time. conditions for a long period of time
WEATHER Are simply the movement
of warm and cold air
across the globe. These

SYSTEMS
movements are known as
low-pressure systems and
high-pressure systems.

HIGH LOW
PRESSURE PRESSURE
 HIGH LOW
PRESSURE PRESSURE
▪ rotating masses of ▪ rotating masses of
cool, dry air warm, moist air
▪ keep moisture ▪ usually bring
from rising into the storms and high
atmosphere and winds.
forming clouds
▪ usually associated
with clear skies.
PAGASA
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

▪ it is an agency that is responsible

for studying the weather of the
country
▪ they forecast weather systems
daily through daily weather
bulletins and rainfall forecasts.
Weather
Systems in the
Philippines:

01 04
 Weather Systems in the Philippines:

CYCLONE BREEZE MONSOONS ITCZ

01 04
CYCLONES
– is a large and violent whirlwind observed in
different parts of the Earth.
– tropical areas such as the Philippines used
the term Tropical Cyclones
– Cyclones are born over bodies of water and
die over landmasses

Cyclones are categorized based on wind

speed:
▪ Tropical Depression (61kph)
▪ Tropical Storm (62-88kph)
▪ Severe Tropical Storm (89-117kph)
▪ Typhoon (118kph)
▪ Super Typhoon (200kph)

01
BREEZE
– winds which blow onto the shore from the
sea during daytime and away from the
shore during night time.

Classified into two:

▪ Sea Breeze (day time) - occurs at
daytime where warm air rises and the
cooler air above sea moves towards land

▪ Land Breeze (night time) - winds which

blow onto the shore from the sea during
day time and away from the shore
during night time

02
MONSOONS
– breeze in a larger scale is a monsoon
– monsoon winds are stronger than ordinary
breezes as they are formed by high
temperatures in coastal areas

HANGING AMIHAN
is a filipino term for northeast monsoon. It
brings cold air in Oct. to Feb.

HANGING HABAGAT
is a filipino term for southwest monsoon. It
causes rain and storms in May to Sept.

03
ITCZ
– Intertropical Convergence Zone
– group of clouds which bring weak to
moderate rains and few
thunderstorms
– it forms due to the clashing winds
coming from the northern and
southern hemisphere
– ITCZ moves north in the northern
hemisphere during summer and
south during the cold season
– is responsible for the wet and dry
seasons in countries near the
equator
04
 EL NIÑO LA NIÑA
▪ it is characterized ▪ is characterized by
by unusual and unusually cold
periodic warming temperatures of
of the sea surface the oceans and
▪ happens every 2 seas around the
to 7 years with its equatorial region.
peak around the ▪ cold phase of the
month of Dec. El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO)
Cycle
PRECIPITATION
Precipitation is the process by
which all forms of water reach
back to earth from the
atmosphere. Precipitation occurs
in the form of rainfall, frost, hail,
and dew. Among all, rainfall and
snowfall contribute a significant
amount of water.
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION

SNOW

- is a precipitation in the form

of ice crystals
- most precipitation begins as
snow as it falls from the clouds
 TYPES OF PRECIPITATION

RAIN

- in order to be considered as
rain, the drop must be at least 5
mm in diameter
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION

DRIZZLE
- Drizzle is a fine sprinkle of tiny
water droplets of size less than
0.5mm and intensity greater
than 1mm/h. The tiny drops
forming a drizzle appear to
float in the air.
 TYPES OF PRECIPITATION

HAIL

- Hail is a type of showery

precipitation in the form of
pellets or lumps of size greater
than 8mm. Hail occurs in
violent thunderstorms.
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION

SLEET

- small ice pellets but not the

same as hail
- formed on the way down from
the clouds
STREAMFLOW
▪ also known as discharge or river flow
▪ the flow of water in a natural or artificial
channel, such as a river, stream, or creek.
▪ It represents the movement of water
through a defined cross-sectional area
over a specified period.
▪ It is a critical hydrological parameter
STREAMFLOW
▪ its measurement provides insights into the
water availability, flooding potential, and
overall health of river systems.
▪ Streamflow is typically measured in cubic
meters per second (m³/s) or cubic feet
per second (cfs).
 FACTORS INFLUENCING
STREAMFLOW

PRECIPITATION SNOWMELT GROUNDWATER HUMAN

DISCHARGE ACTIVITIES
 RUNOFF
Water in flowing state

SURFACE RUNOFF SUBSURFACE RUNOFF

Water that flows over the ground Water that flows under the surface

INTERFLOW BASEFLOW
Is the water that flows Groundwater Flow
laterally from the top
part of the soil into the
stream
HYDROGRAPH
▪ is a graphical representation
of the relationship between
time and streamflow.

Discharge
▪ It depicts the variation in
streamflow over a specific
period, often in response to
precipitation events Time
 WATERSHED
PEAK
OUTLET

Discharge (Q)
GAUGING
STATION DIRECT
RUNOFF
= surface
runoff +
interflow

BASE
FLOW
Time (T)

RISING CREST FALLING

LIMB REGION LIMB
 HYDROLOGIC
MEASUREMENT
▪ involve the use of various instruments and
techniques to quantify and monitor different
aspects of the water cycle, including precipitation,
runoff, groundwater, and water quality. These
measurements are crucial for understanding
water availability, distribution, and movement
within a given region.
RAIN GAUGE
▪ a meteorological instrument
designed to measure the
amount of liquid precipitation,
such as rain, that falls over a
specific time period at a
particular location.
▪ There are various types of rain
gauges, ranging from simple
cylindrical containers to more
advanced electronic devices,
but they all serve the purpose
of quantifying rainfall.
LYSIMETER
▪ is a scientific instrument used
to measure and collect the
drainage or percolation of
water through a specific
volume of soil or other porous
media.
▪ The information gathered
from lysimeter studies helps
in understanding processes
like evapotranspiration,
groundwater recharge, and
the movement of
contaminants.
PERMEAMETERS
▪ are instruments or devices
used to measure the
permeability of soils, which is
the ability of a soil or other
porous material to transmit
fluids through its void spaces.
▪ Permeability is a crucial
parameter in hydrogeology,
civil engineering, and soil
science as it affects
groundwater flow, drainage
characteristics, and the
design of structures such as
foundations
ANEMOMETER
▪ device that measures the
speed or velocity of the
wind.
▪ typically consists of cups or
blades that rotate in the
wind, and the rotation
speed is used to determine
the wind speed.
INFILTROMETER
▪ is an instrument used to
measure the rate at which
water enters the soils
(infiltration).
▪ Infiltration is a critical
component of the water
cycle and is essential for
understanding water
movement in the vadose
zone (unsaturated zone) of
the soil.
HYGROMETER
▪ is an instrument used to
measure the humidity or
moisture content in the air.
It provides information
about the amount of water
vapor present in the
atmosphere, helping to
understand and monitor
the moisture levels in
various environments
TENSIOMETER
▪ A tensiometer is a soil
moisture measurement
instrument. It consists of a
porous ceramic cup that is
buried in the soil. The
instrument measures the
soil water tension or
suction, indicating how
strongly the soil retains
water
HYDROLOGIC
LOSSES

02
a. Initial losses
b. Evaporation
c. Transpiration
d. Infiltration
EVAPORATION
the process that changes
liquid water to gaseous
water (water vapor).

TEMPERATURE
Temperature in the locality is a
complex function of several
variables such as latitude, altitude,
ocean currents, distance from sea,
winds, cloud cover, and aspect
PARAMETERS
METEOROLOGICAL
HUMIDITY
Amount of water in air. It is closely
related to the temperature - the
higher the air temperature more
vapor the air can hold

RADIATION WIND
is the direct transfer of energy by Is one of the major factors that
means of electromagnetic waves. affect the climate and
Thus, radiation from the sun is evaporation rate from the water
called solar radiation surface
 EVAPORATION
FACTORS AFFECTING
METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS

NATURE OF EVAPORATING SURFACE

QUALITY OF WATER
 EVAPORATION
FACTORS AFFECTING
METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS
Temperature Humidity Wind

Atmospheric
Radiation Water Vapor
Pressure

NATURE OF EVAPORATING SURFACE

QUALITY OF WATER
 EVAPORATION
FACTORS AFFECTING
METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS

NATURE OF EVAPORATING SURFACE

SOIL SNOW ICE

QUALITY OF WATER
 OF EVAPORATION
METHODS OF ESTIMATION
EMPIRICAL
EQUATIONS

▪Meyer’s Formula
EL = KM (ew – ea) (1 + u9/16)
ANALYTICAL
METHODS
▪Rhower’s
▪Water Budget
Formula
▪ Energy Budget
▪Mass transfer
 Evaporation Pan
EVAPORIMTERS
These are placed in open to
measure the loss of water by
evaporation. Water is placed
in the evaporation pan and
the change of the depth of
water due to evaporation is
measured.
Lake or reservoir evaporation
= pan coefficient and pan
evaporation
EVAPOTRANS
PIRATION
▪ As the sun heats the surface of
the Earth, water evaporates from
land and water surfaces and
transpires, or is released, from
plants and re-enters the
atmosphere.
▪ This combined process is called
evapotranspiration, or ET
 SUPPLY OF ENERGY

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
FACTORS AFFECTING
( SOLAR RADIATION)

ABILITY TO TRANSPORT VAPOR AWAY

(WIND SPEED AND HUMIDITY GRADIENT)

SUPPLY OF MOISTURE AT THE EVAPORATING

SURFACE
POTENTIAL
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
is the evapotranspiration that would
occur from a well vegetated surface when
moisture supply is not limiting

ACTUAL
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
real evapotranspiration occurring in a
specific situation.
 PENMAN METHOD
FOR DETERMINATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

Combined aerodynamic and energy balance method

for estimating evapotranspiration.
Where:
▪ Rn - net radiation
▪ G - soil heat flux,
▪ (es - ea) - represents the vapour pressure
deficit of the air
▪ ra - mean air density at constant pressure
▪ cp - specific heat of the air
▪ D - slope of the saturation vapour pressure
temperature relationship
▪ g - the psychrometric constant; and
▪ rs and ra - (bulk) surface and aerodynamic
resistances.
 MEASUREMENT OF
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
LYSIMETER METHOD
is a small tank containing soil in
which the plats are grown. This
tank is buried in ground such that
its top is made like the
surrounding ground surface, then
water is applied to the lysimeter
for the satisfactory growth of
plant, percolated water excess to
the plant is use is collected in a pit
and evapotranspiration is
obtained.
INFILTRATION
the process by which water in the
ground surface enters the soil
 FACTORS

LAND COVER EVAPOTRANSPIRATION SLOPE

SOIL
TEMPERATURE SOIL SATURATION
CHARACTERISTICS

BASEFLOW
 METHOD OF ANALYZING
INFILTRATION

HORTON’S GREEN-AMPT
PHI INDEX
INFILTRATION METHOD
METHOD
METHOD
HORTON’S INFILTRATION CONCEPT
INITIAL LOSS
GROSS
PRECIPITATION
RATE

VOLUME OF
RUNOFF INFILTRATION
RATE

VOLUME OF INFILTRATION
HORTON’S INFILTRATION CONCEPT
INITIAL LOSS
The curve is called the Horton
GROSS infiltration capacity curve. The
PRECIPITATION
RATE capacity decreases with time and
ultimately reaches a constant rate,
caused by the filling of soil pores
INFILTRATION
VOLUME OF
RATE
with water, which reduces capillary
RUNOFF action.
Horton (1933) showed that
when the rainfall rate i exceeds the
VOLUME OF INFILTRATION infiltration rate f water infil - trates
the surface soils at a rate that
generally decreases with time. These rates are usually reported in inches
per hour. For any given soil, a limiting curve defines the maximum possible
rates of infiltration vs. time. The rate of infiltration depends in a complex
way on rainfall intensity, soil type, surface condition, and vegetal cover.
 HORTON’S INFILTRATION EQUATION
The hydrologic concept of infiltration capacity is empirically based on
observations at the ground surface. Horton (1940) suggested the following form
of the infiltration equation, where rainfall intensity i > f at all times:

−𝒌𝒕
𝒇 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇𝟎 − 𝒇𝒄 𝒆
𝑖𝑛
𝑓 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
ℎ𝑟
𝑖𝑛
𝑓0 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
ℎ𝑟
𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑐 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
ℎ𝑟
𝑘 = 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (ℎ𝑟1 )
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
The initial capacity f0 of a watershed is estimated as 1.5 in/hr,
and the time constant is taken to be 0.35 hr1. The equilibrium
capacity fc is 0.2 in/hr. use Harton’s equation to find (a) the values
of f at t=10 min, 30 min, 1hr, 2hr, and 6hr, and (b) the total volume of
infiltration over the 6-hr period.

HORTON’S EQUATION: 𝒇 = 𝒇𝒄 + 𝒇0 − 𝒇𝒄 𝒆−𝒌𝒕

GIVEN: SOLUTION:
𝒊𝒏 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 −0.35ℎ𝑟 −1𝑡
𝒇𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑓 = 0.2 + 1.5 − 0.20 𝑒
𝒉𝒓 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
𝒉𝒓−𝟏
𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓
𝒊𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒊𝒏 −𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝒉𝒓−𝟏 𝒕
𝒇𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟑 𝒆
𝒉𝒓 𝒉𝒓 𝒉𝒓
a.1) @ t=10 min=1/6 hr a.2) @ t = 30min = 0.5hr
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 −0.35ℎ𝑟 −1 𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 −0.35ℎ𝑟 −1
𝑓 = 0.2 + 1.3 𝑒 𝑓 = 0.2 + 1.3 𝑒 0.5ℎ𝑟
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 −0.35ℎ𝑟 −1 1
𝑓 = 0.2 + 1.3 𝑒 6ℎ𝑟 𝒊𝒏
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗
𝒉𝒓
𝒊𝒏
𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑
𝒉𝒓
a.1) @ t = 1hr a.2) @ t = 2hr
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 −0.35ℎ𝑟 −1 𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 −0.35ℎ𝑟 −1
𝑓 = 0.2 + 1.3 𝑒 𝑓 = 0.2 + 1.3 𝑒 2ℎ𝑟
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 −0.35ℎ𝑟 −1 1ℎ𝑟
𝑓 = 0.2 + 1.3 𝑒 𝒊𝒏
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝒉𝒓
𝒊𝒏
𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐
𝒉𝒓
a.1) @ t = 6hr t (hr) f (in/hr)
𝑖𝑛
𝑓 = 0.2 + 1.3
𝑖𝑛 −0.35ℎ𝑟 −1 𝑡
𝑒 1/6 1.43
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 −0.35ℎ𝑟 −1
0.50 1.29
6ℎ𝑟
𝑓 = 0.2 + 1.3 𝑒
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 1 1.12
𝒊𝒏 2 0.85
𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔
𝒉𝒓
6 0.36
 b.) Total volume of infiltration (F)
6
𝐹 = න 𝑓𝑑𝑡
0

𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 −0.35ℎ𝑟 −1 𝑡
𝑓 = 0.2 + 1.3 𝑒
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
6
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 −0.35ℎ𝑟 −1 𝑡
𝐹 = න 0.2 + 1.3 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
0 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
Horton Infiltration curve. The area shaded under
the total volume of infiltration over a 6-hr period. 𝑭 = 4.36 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔
 PHI INDEX METHOD
The ∅ index is the
GROSS
PRECIPITATION
simplest infiltration method
RATE and is calculated by finding
the loss difference between
gross precipitation and
PHI INDEX observed surface runoff
VOLUME OF
RUNOFF measured as a hydrograph.
The ∅ index method
assumes that the loss is
VOLUME OF INFILTRATION
uniformly distributed across
the rainfall pattern

𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑅𝑂 = 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 − 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
For the given rainfall data, compute the
runoff volume if the ∅ index is 1.0 in/hr. The
watershed area 0.875 square miles
t (hr) i (in/hr)
0–2 1.4
2-5 2.30
5-7 1.10
7-10 0.70
10-12 0.30
SOLUTION:

𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑅𝑂 = 𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 − 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑂 = 1.4 2ℎ𝑟 + 2.3 3ℎ𝑟 + 1.1 2ℎ𝑟 − 1.0 7ℎ𝑟
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

𝑹𝑶 = 𝟒. 𝟗 𝒊𝒏
𝑹𝑶 = 𝟒. 𝟗 𝒊𝒏
2 3
63360𝑖𝑛 1ft
RΟ = 4.9𝑖𝑛 0.875𝑚𝑖 2
1𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 12in

RO = 𝟗, 𝟗𝟔𝟎, 𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝐟𝐭 𝟑
 GREEN – AMPT METHOD
▪ William Heber Green (1880-1932)
▪ Gustav Adolph Ampt (1886-1953)

✓ Infiltration is molded as unsaturated flow

Make use of Richard’s equation and Darcy’s Law

RICHARD’S DARCY’S
EQUATION LAW
FIVE PRINCIPLES ASSUMPTIONS OF GREEN-
AMPT METHOD (FERGUSON, 1994)
1. The soil under consideration is homogeneous and stable, implying that
macropores and preferential migration pathways should not be
considered.
2. The supply of ponded water at the surface is not limited. (an
assumption subject to modification below)
3. A distinct and precisely definable wetting front exists, and as water
continues to infiltrate, the wetting front advances at the same rate with
depth
4. The capillary suction just below the wetting front is uniform throughout
the profile and constant in time during the infiltration event.
5. The soil is uniformly saturated above the wetting front, and the
volumetric water content remain constant above and below the
advancing wetting front.
GREEN-AMPT SIMPLIFICATION
TOTAL INFILTRATION (f)
𝝍𝑴𝒅
𝒇 = 𝑲𝒔 𝟏−
𝑭
Where:
𝐾𝑠 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝜓 = 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
VOLUME OF INFILTRATION AT SURFACE SATURATION (Fs)

𝝍𝑴𝒅
𝒇 = 𝑲𝒔 1−
𝑭

At surface saturation, I = f

𝝍𝑴𝒅
𝒊 = 𝑲𝒔 1−
𝑭

𝒊
𝑭𝒔 = 𝑴 𝒅 1−
𝑲𝒔