Reading&Writing Practice Book

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Reading and Writing Skills (Practice Book)
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Reading and Writing
Skills Practice Book
i
Publishing-in-support-of,
IDEA PUBLISHING
Block- 9b, Transit Flats, Hudco Place Extension
Near andrews Ganj, New Delhi
Zipcode : 110049
Website: www.ideapublishing.in
__________________________________________________
© Copyright, Author
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical,
manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer.
ISBN: 978-93-86518-41-5
Price: D 800.00
Publishing Year: January, 2018
The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the author and do not represent
the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of idea publishing.
Printed in India
ii
Reading and Writing
Skills Practice Book
By
Dr. Bushra Saadoon Mohammed Alnoori

Dr. Fatima Rahim Al-Musawi
IDEA PUBLISHING
WWW.ideapublishing.in
iii
iv
Dedication
X
Dedicated to our lovely students.
v
vi
About the Authors
X
Bushra Saadoon M. Al-Noori has received her
Ph.D. degree in English Language Teaching from
Baghdad University, Iraq in 1995.
She is Currently an Associate Professor In English
Language Teaching, Baghdad University College
of Education, Ibn Rushd For Human Sciences, English
Department, Baghdad, Iraq &She also Visited Italy As a Visiting
Professor In the Year 2015-16 in Florence University, to evaluate
the English Language Program between Iraq and Italy & she has
got her Excellent Marks. Her Research Include Method of
Teaching Foreign Language. I have even added an article in Pune,
India which is Using Dictation in Teaching College Students. Dr.
Bushra Nima Rashid & Dr. Bushra S. Al-Noori. International
Conference on languages, literature and cultural. Institute of
Advanced studies in English. India, Pune. Dr Bushra is a member
of the Iraqi Translation Association & Educational and
Psychological Education and Iraqi Teacher Union.
vii
Fatima Rahim Abdul Hussein has received her
Ph.D. Degree in English Language Teaching. She
is currently an Associate Professor in Missan
University, College of Basic Education, Iraq. She
teaches Grammar, Method of teaching, Testing
and Composition. She participated in many international
conferences inside and outside Iraq. She worked as A Lecturer of
English Language in the University of Imam Al-Al-kadhim In
Year 2014-2016, University of Wasit In Year 2005-2006,
University of Imam Al-Al-kadhim In Year 2014-2016.
viii
About the Book
X
This book is talking about reading and writing skills; it helps the students
and especially English Language College students to know the parts of
speech and differentiates between sentence, phrase and clause, then to
write the paragraph in correct and logical order by using the suitable
punctuation marks and transitional expressions in order to be creative
writer. This humble effort for our distinguished students with respect.
The students need to be to

1. Know the parts of speech such as verbs, nouns, adjectives,
adverbs and prepositions.
2. Recognize the types of phrase, clause and sentences.
3. Find the sentences according to the structure and meaning.
4. Provide them with focus on particular aspects of paragraph
writing such as topic sentence and main idea.
5. Provide them with language support to help them with
vocabulary grammar, transitional expression and punctuation.
6. Encourages students to become independent and creative writers.
ix
x
Contents
X
Sr. No. Chapters Name Page No.
1. Introduction 1-1
2. Parts of Speech 2-4
3. Rules Simple Past 5-5
4. Verb Tenses 6-6
5. Types of Pronouns 7-10
6. Rules of Pronouns 11-11
7. Rules of Preposition 12-12
8. Reading Vocabulary 13-13
9. How to Use Wh-Questions 14-18
10. Using Correct Capitalization 19-19
11. Checking Your Writing 20-20
12. Word, Phrase, Clause, Sentence , 21-24
13. Kinds of Sentences 25-27
14. Transitional Words or Phrases 28-30
15 Paragraphs and Topic Sentences 31-35
16. Paragraph structure 36-36
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17. Passage 1. My Week 37-38
18. Passage 2. School Trip 39-40
19. Passage 3. Free Time 41-42
20. Passage 4. Age of Pupils 43-45
21. Passage 5. Meet Our Students 46-48
22. Passage 6. Iraq 49-51
23. Passage 7. Walid’s Mother 53-54
24. Passage 8. The Theatre 55-56
25. Passage 9. Beautiful Day 57-58
26. Passage 10. My Parents 59-60
27. Passage 11. My Best Friend 61-62
28. Passage 12. Cam, Photographer 63-64
29. Passage 13. Send an Email to Your Friend 65-66
30. Passage 14. Muna’s Day 67-68
31. Passage 15. Signs Around the World 69-70
32. Passage 16. Tarzan 71-72
33. Passage 17. My Dream House 73-74
34. Passage 18. How Can You Clean Your 75-76

Room?
35. Passage 19. Birthday 77-79
36. Passage 20. Be Careful From the TV 80-82
37. Passage 21: The Truth 83-84

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38. Passage 22: The Olympic Games 85-87
39. Passage 23: A New Girl 88-89
40. Passage 24: Nabils’ Job 90-91
41. Passage 35: Holiday 92-93
42 Passage 26: Yaseen Family 94-95
43. Passage 27: Letter To My Dad And Mam 96-98
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Reading and Writing Skills – Practice Book
1
Introduction
English holds a place of supreme importance as an international

language. It is the most widely used language in the world. A Chinese
and a Japanese almost automatically find themselves conversing in
English. There are many reasons why you might need or want to improve
your writing skills in English. Perhaps you need to reply to emails at
work in English or take an English language exam, for example, TOEIC
or IELTS. Or maybe you need to write essays in English for university,
write letters to English friends or relatives or you might want to start
writing a blog in English! Whatever the reason is that you need to
improve your English writing skills, you will need to work hard.
1
Book for Review Not for Sale
2
Parts of Speech
Words are classed into eight categories according to their uses in

a sentence. Noun –Pronoun -Adjective –Verb –Adverb -Conjunction
Preposition –Interjection.
Part of Some
Definition
Speech Examples
dog, cat,
people, places, garden, work, The sun shines.
Nouns things (and music, town,
animals) Manila, Anna goes to school.
teacher, Bob
he, I, its, me,

my, she, that,
John is hungry. He wants to
Pronouns replace nouns this, those, us,
eat.
who, whom,
you
run, go, have,

invited,
show action or
Verbs laughed, The dog and cat are running.
being
listen, playing,
singing, walk
Angry, brave,
healthy, little,
old, red, smart, Broun dog, Fat cat, Big
Adjectives describe nouns
two, some, garden
good, big,
interesting
badly, fully,
Adverbs describe verbs, Run quickly, Eats very slowly
hardly, nearly,
adjectives or
nearly
2
other adverbs quickly,

silently, well,
very, really,
almost
signal that a
Articles noun is going the, a, an The dog, The cat
to follow
Above, before,
show expect, from,
relationship in, near, of,
Prepositions between since, I am going to my garden
words in a between, (Prep) (Object of the P)
sentence upon, with, to
at, after, on
connect And, or, but,

words, so, after,
Conjunctions phrases, before, unless, I was tried so I went to sleep.
clauses or either, neither,
sentences because, since,
aha!, gosh!,
great! hey!,
Exclamation
hi!, horray!,
Interjections that express Oops! I spilled the milk.
oh!, oops!,
strong feelings
phew!, oh!,
ouch!, well
8 parts of Example
what its job is Example sentences
speech words
I like learning English

(to) be, have,
vocabularygrammar.com for
Verb action or state do, like, work,
learning vocabulary and
sing, can, must
grammar
pen, dog,
work, music, This is my dog. He lives in my
are a thing or
Noun town, apartment. We live in
person
London, Bangkok.
teacher, John
3
a/an, the,
some, good,
describes a I have two cats. My cats are
Adjective big, small,
noun small. I like small animals.
red, well,
interesting
quickly,
describes a My pet rabbit eats quickly.
silently, well,
Adverb verb, adjective When it is very hungry. My
badly, very,
or adverb dog eats really quickly.
really
replaces a I, you, he, she, Jumnear is Thai. She is

Pronoun
noun some beautiful Thai lady.
links a noun to to, at, after, on, The ball is on the table. The
Preposition
another word under, next to ball is under the table
1. I like burgers and fries

joins clauses
2. I like burgers and fries
Conjunction or sentences or and, but, when
words 3 I like orange but I don't like
apples.
short
exclamation, oh!, yeah, Ouch! That hurt me! Hi! John.
Interjection sometimes ouch!, hi!, How are you today? Wow!
inserted into a well, wow, You look amazing
sentence
4
3
Rules of Past Simple
To Talk about events in the past, use the past simple
 When regular verbs, add –ed or –d
Want-------wanted they wanted people to eat good

food
Use---------used they used surgery to treat people
 With verbs ending –y, replace they –y with –ied
Study-------studied people studied medicine.
 Many common verbs are irregular.
Build ------- built------------- They built public baths
Write -------- wrote----------- He wrote a book
Be ----------be, were----------- medicine was important for the

Romans
They were many different
discoveries.
.
.
5
4
Verb Tenses
Verb tenses Notes and Examples
A repeated or habitual action in the present.

Simple Present
Example: Mina studies English in Austin, Texas.
An action or situation that is in progress in the

Present present.
Continuous Example: Mina is studying and working this
quarter.
An action or state that will occur in the future.

Future Example: Mina will be in Texas for at least two
years.
A completed action or state.

Past
Example: Mina came to Austin three months ago.
An action or, more usually, a state (with verbs like

be, have, feel, know) that began in the past and
continues in the present. Often appears with for and
Present Perfect since + time expression.
Example: Mina has known her friend Salima since
1986; she has known her friend Sally for one
month.
An action that began in the past and continues in

the present; Often appears with for and since + time
Present Perfect expression.
Continuous Example: Mina has been working part time in the
school Cafeteria since she arrived (for three
months).
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5
Types of Pronouns
There are many different kinds of pronouns. In general, these do

not cause difficulties for native English speakers. The list below is
mainly for reference purposes.
1. Demonstrative Pronouns
These pronouns are used to demonstrate (or indicate). This, that,
these and those are all demonstrative pronouns.
Examples:
 This is the one I left in the car.
(In this example, the speaker could be indicating to a mobile phone,
in which case, the pronoun this replaces the words mobile phone.)
 Shall I take those?
2. Indefinite Pronouns
Unlike demonstrative pronouns, which point out specific items,
indefinite pronouns are used for non-specific things. This is the largest
group of pronouns. All, some, any, several, anyone, nobody, each, both,
few, either, none, one and no one are the most common.
Example:
 Somebody must have seen the driver leave.
(Somebody – not a specific person)
 We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars.
(Oscar Wilde)
 I have nothing to declare except my genius. (Oscar Wilde )
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3. Interrogative Pronouns
These pronouns are used in questions. Although they are
classified as pronouns, it is not easy to see how they replace nouns. Who,
which, what, where and how are all interrogative pronouns.
Example:
 Who told you to do that?
 Which dog won the race?
4. Personal Pronouns
The personal pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, they, and who.
More often than not (but not exclusively), they replace nouns
representing people. When most people think of pronouns, it is the
personal pronouns that usually spring to mind.
Example:
 We can't all be heroes because somebody has to sit on the
curb and clap as they go by.
 I bought some batteries, but they weren't included.
5. Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are used to show possession. As they are
used as adjectives, they are also known as possessive adjectives. My,
your, his, her, its, our and there are all possessive pronouns.
Example:
 Have you seen her book?
(In this example, the pronoun her replaces a word like Sarah's.)
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6. Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns are used to add more information to a
sentence. Which, that, who (including whom and whose) and where are
all relative pronouns.
Examples:
 Dr Adam Sissons, who lectured at Cambridge for more than
12 years, should have known the difference.
(In this example, the relative pronoun who introduces the clause
who studied at Cambridge for 12 years and refers back to Dr
Adams Sissons.)
 The man who first saw the comet reported it as a UFO.
(In this example, the relative pronoun who introduces the clause
who first saw the comet and refers back to the man.)
7. Absolute Possessive Pronouns

These pronouns also show possession. Unlike possessive
pronouns (see above), which are adjectives to nouns, these pronouns sit
by themselves. Mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs are all absolute
possessive pronouns.
Examples:
 The tickets are as good as ours.
 Shall we take yours or theirs?
.
8. Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns are used for actions or feelings that are
reciprocated. The two most common reciprocal pronouns are each other
and one another.
9
Examples:
 They like one another.
 They talk to each other like they're babies.
9. Reflexive Pronouns
A reflexive pronoun ends. ..self or. ..selves and refers to another
noun or pronoun in the sentence (usually the subject of the sentence).
The reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves and themselves.
Examples:
 The dog bit itself.
(In this example, the intensive pronoun itself refers back to the
noun the dog.)
 Are you talking to yourself?
10. Intensive (or Emphatic) Pronouns

An intensive pronoun (sometimes called an emphatic pronoun)
refers back to another noun or pronoun in the sentence to emphasize it
(e.g., to emphasize that it is the thing carrying out the action).
Examples:
 John bakes all the bread himself.
(In this example, the intensive pronoun himself refers back to the
noun John.)
 The cat opened the door itself.
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6
Rules of Pronouns
Writers sometimes use pronouns, for example, him, her, it, they,
in place of nouns because they don‘t want to repeat the noun, for
example
 Florence Nightingale she
 The Romans they
 The pronoun refers to a noun that comes before. for example,
 The Egyptians made many medical discoveries, They used
surgery to treat people
 In Baghdad people built the first hospital in the world. It opened
in 850 CE
Use subject and object pronouns in place of nouns
Subject pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Object pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us, them
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7
Rules of Propositions
 We use different propositions of time in, at, on with different

time expressions in apart of the day.
 He watched television in the evenings

 At the weekend /the weekend
 At the weekend, he gets up at 8:30
 On a day, and a part of the day :
 On Mondays, he teaches.
 On Monday morning, he gives a lecture
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8
Reading Vocabulary
1. Many adjectives have an opposite. For example, the opposite of large

is small.
2. Some adjectives use a prefix, such as un or in, to make an opposite
For example, important ------unimportant
3. Some adjectives have 2 opposites : a different word, and the same
word with a prefix, for example, Expensive --------inexpensive,
cheep
4. Easy----difficult, small-----big, wrong -----right, poor------rich,
old---new, slow---fast, quickly, late ------early, full----- empty,
high ---low
5. Popular-------unpopular, dependent ------independent, complete -----
incomplete Successful-----unsuccessful Clean –dirty, interesting --
-----boring, uninteresting, safe ---dangerous ------unsafe Healthy ---
--sick, ill, unhealthy, correct ------wrong, incorrect
6. Add er to the Adjective
Long ------- longer, short ------ shorter, old ------- older, big ---bigger,
Young ------- younger, old ------ older, small ------ smaller
7. Bigger and Smaller
 A ruler is longer than a pen
 And number 6 is bigger than 4
8. A giraffe is taller than a bee, and my mum and dad are older than me.
So I am younger than them, you see!
9. A car I am shorter than that man
10. Let‘s say these words together again
Longer, shorter, older, younger, bigger, smaller, taller, shorter
13
9
How to Use Wh-Questions
Wh-Question Words
1. We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question

word questions).
We often refer to these words as WH words because they include the
letters WH (for example Why, How).
Question word Function Example Sentence
asking for information

What is your name?
about something
what
asking for repetition or
What? I can't hear you.
confirmation
asking for a reason, What did you do that

what...for
asking why for?
when asking about time When did he leave?
asking in or at what
where Where do they live?
place or position
Which colour do you

which asking about choice
want?
asking what or which

who person or people Who opened the door?
(subject)
14
asking what or which

whom Whom did you see?
person or people (object)
Whose are these keys?

whose asking about ownership
Whose turn is it?
asking for reason, asking

why Why do you say that?
what...for
why don't making a suggestion Why don't I help you?
asking about manner How does this work?

how asking about condition
How was your exam?
or quality
asking about extent or

how + adj/adv see examples below
degree
How far is Pattaya from

how far distance
Bangkok?
how long length (time or space) How long will it take?
How many cars are

how many quantity (countable)
there?
How much money do

how much quantity (uncountable)
you have?
how old age How old are you?
how come asking for reason, asking How come I can't see
(informal) why her?
2. We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. They are: who,

which, whom, what and whose. These are also known as wh-words.
Questions using these are called wh-questions:
15
 Who called last night?

 Which keys are yours?
 Whom do I ask for at the desk?
 What did you do when the electricity failed?
 Whose watch is this?
Interrogative pronouns: uses

We use who and whom on their own:
 Who paid?
 Whom did you speak to?
We can use whose, which and what either on their own (as pronouns) or
with a noun head (underlined):
As pronouns With a noun head
Whose are these books? Whose books are these?
Which did you buy? Which sweater did you buy?
What is the number on the door? What number is your house?
We can use who, whose, which and what both as subject and object:
 Who is the best footballer in the world? (who as subject)
 Who did you meet? (who as object)
 What happened next? (what as subject)
 What did you buy? (what as object)
 Who or whom?
Warning:
We use whom as an object in formal styles. When we use a preposition
before whom, it is even more formal. We don‘t normally use it in
speaking:
Whom did you give the book to? (formal)
16
To whom did you give the book? (very formal) Or, less formally: Who
did you give the book to?
3. Questions: wh-questions
Wh-questions begin with what, when, where, who, whom,
which, whose, why and how. We use them to ask for information.
The answer cannot be yes or no:
A: When do you finish college?

B: Next year.
A: Who is your favorite actor?

B: George Clooney for sure!
Forming wh-questions
With an auxiliary verb

We usually form wh-questions with wh- + an auxiliary verb (be, do or
have) + subject + main verb or with wh- + a modal verb + subject + main
verb:
Be: When are you leaving? Who’s been paying the bills?
Do: Where do they live? Why didn’t you call me?
Have: What has she done now? What have they decided?
Modal: Who would she stay with? Where should I park?
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Without an auxiliary verb
Warning:
When what, who, which or whose is the subject or part of the subject, we
do not use the auxiliary. We use the word order subject + verb:
 What fell off the wall?
 Which horse won?
 Who bought this?
 Whose phone rang?
When: yesterday, On Monday, On Sunday, At 2 o'clock
Who: A boy A girl, a monkey
How: slowly, quickly, carefully
What: ate an ice –cream, ate some chees, made cake, drink some
milk
Where: in the classroom, in the kitchen, in the garden, in the zoo, in

the living room
Why: because he /she/it
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10
Using Correct Capitalization
In your paragraph, remember to capitalize time words correctly.
 Capitalize months and days of the week.

Examples: July September Monday September
 Don't capitalize seasons.
Examples: summer fall winter spring
 Capitalize names of schools and businesses.
Examples: Lincoln Community College Lucia's Bakery
 Don't capitalize kinds of schools, businesses, or jobs.
Examples: a bakery
a baker
an export company
an accountant
a community college
a musician
Don't capitalize school subjects except languages.

Examples: business math, French, biology, English
Use commas (,) after words in a list. For example:

 It has borders with France, Andorra, and Portugal.
 The capital city has many universities, technical institutes,
colleges, and schools.
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11
Checking Your Writing
Before you hand in an essay, it is important to check it. Look for

mistakes in:
1. Punctuation, for example capital letters, full stops, commas
2. Spelling, for example irregular nouns, and past simple verbs
3. Grammar, for example subject and verb agreement, articles
4. Sentence structure, for example subject+verb+object
5. Linking words, for example and, but, because
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12
Word, Phrase, Clause and Sentence
Word
A single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with

others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown
with a space on either side when written or printed.
Example: Book, be, yesterday, happy
Phrase
A phrase is a collection of words without a subject/verb or complete

thought. Latin examples coming soon....
The customer,
He,
An aspirin,
Nominal phrase
Mr. Brown,
Mr. Brown‘s helper,
Mr. Saunders,
A beautiful brown chair,

Adjectival phrase
With long hair
In a nice way,
Adverbial phrase For few,
After dinner
21
Is writing,
Verbal phrase Has taken,
Must reach
Prepositional phrases "Over the river," "through the woods," "to

grandmother's house..."
Infinitive phrases "To respect criticism is a sign of maturity."
Participial phrases "Biting my nails, I waited anxiously..."
Gerund phrases "I saw the running of the bulls"

"Waiting for the rain to stop"
Appositive phrases "My father, the doctor, gave me drugs.‖
Clause
Contains a subject and a verb, but can or cannot contain a complete

thought. Clauses that can stand on their own two feet as sentences are
called either "independent" or "main"; clauses that lack a complete
thought are termed either "dependent" or "subordinate"
An example of a subordinate clause is ―When the man broke
into the house‖
An example of an independent clause is ―the dog barked at him‖
An example of a dependent clause is When the man broke into
the house, the dog barked at him.
Sentence
A sentence must have a subject (expressed or not), a verb, and a

complete thought (or ―predicate‖) Supplied by variety of constructions.
22
Structure of a Sentence
1. Simple sentence
a. The boy strikes the rock.

b. The boy strikes with
c. A sharp word.
d. The boy strikes.
e. It was evening now.
f. He had been asleep.
g. We could have stayed in Paris.
h. We could have gone anywhere.
2. Compound sentence
a. It was evening now, and he had been asleep.

b. We could have stayed in Paris or gone anywhere.
c. Presidents and princes wear jeans as easily as robes of
state,
He went out to dinner but didn‘t enjoy the meal.
3. Complex sentence
A complex sentence is a sentence with an independent clause

and at least one dependent clause. The dependent clause is introduced
by either a subordinate conjunction (such as although, while, or
because) or a relative pronoun (such as who or which).
Simple
 My friend invited me to a party. I do not want to

go.
23
Compound
 My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want

to go.
 Adjectival: functioning as a modifier of a noun
 Adverbial: usually functioning as an adverbial

(when, where, how, why)
 Nominal: having the same kinds of functions as a
noun phrase complement of preposition.
a. Although Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics.

b. When he was younger, Mike had many dogs.
c. Many people enjoyed the movie; however,
William did not.
d. I was alright when we started talking
e. Do you think that it is fun to do this?
f. How could a woman know that you meant nothing
that you said?
g. He no longer meant what he said.
h. Africa was where he had been happiest
4. Compound -Complex sentence
A compound-complex sentence has one complex sentence

joined to a simple sentence with a conjunction.
a. While Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics, but Sam only
reads magazines.
24
13
Kinds of Sentences
Kinds of Sentences:
Sentence can be classified into five categories according to the meaning
or functions. They are:-
1. Assertive Sentence.
2. Interrogative Sentence
3. Imperative Sentence (Optative Sentence.)
4. Exclamatory Sentence.
1. Assertive Sentence:
An assertive sentence is a simple statement or assertion, either
affirmative or negative.
Pattern: Subject + verb + Object/complement/adverb
Example:
 English is an International Language. (Affirmative)
 We do not do bad things. (Negative)
 Everybody should know English. (Modal auxiliaries)
2. Interrogative Sentence:
Interrogative sentence is a sentence that ask question to replay about
some person or things and ends with a question mark (?).
There are two ways to form an interrogative sentence.
a. Begins with helping verbs (am, is, are, was, were, have, had).
b. Modal auxiliaries (shall, should, will, would, can, could, may,
might etc.).
25
Example
 How is your business going on?
 Who fixed the computer?
 Whom do you support?
 What are you expecting from me?
 What time is it now?
 How many people have died there?
3. Imperative Sentence:
A sentence that expresses a request, command, order, advice,
suggestion is an imperative sentence.
In an imperative sentence, subject is usually unexpressed, it is
understood.
Pattern: Subject (Invisible) + verb + object / where
Example:
a. Take care of you.
b. Give me the pen.
c. Do it now.
d. Be honest.
e. Come here
f. Never tell a lie
g. Do not laugh at others helplessness.
h. Let him go there. Optative Sentence:
Wish, desire, prayer are expressed by the Optative sentence.

Pattern: May + Assertive
Example:
a. May you live long.
b. May Allah bless you.
c. Wish you all the best.
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d. Long live Bangladesh (can be formed without ‗may‘)
4. Exclamatory Sentence:
Exclamatory is a sentence which expresses strong/sudden feeling or
emotion like surprise, pain, delight, anger, disgust etc.
Pattern: Alas/ Hurrah/ Bravo/ What/ How etc. + Others
Example:
a. Hurrah! Our cricket team has won the series.
b. Alas! He has failed the competition.
c. Bravo! You have done a great job.
d. What a talent-full girl she is!
e. How sweetly the cuckoo sings!
f. What a wonderful land Bangladesh is!
g. Were I a Super Hero!
h. What a pity!
i. Fantastic!
j. What an idea!
k. Put that down now!
l. Leave the package at the door.
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14
Transitional Words or Phrases
Transitional words OR phrases
Connect one idea to another.

1. To Show Chronological Order -afterward, again, also, as long as,
as soon as, at last, before, besides, earlier, equally important,
furthermore, meanwhile, moreover, simultaneously, soon, then,
therefore, too, until, when
2. To Indicate Spatial Order -above, below, beyond, elsewhere,
farther on, here, near, nearby
3. To Connect Examples or Show Emphasis -for example, for
instance, in fact, of course, specifically, such as
4. To Compare and Contrast -in comparison, also, likewise,
similarly, although, on the contrary, and yet, but, despite, even so,
however, yet
5. To Trace Cause and Effect -because, consequently, otherwise,
since, then, therefore
6. To Summarize -in short, in simpler terms, in summary, that is, to
summarize
A. DEFINITION - a word or phrase that shows how one idea is

related to another idea.
B. PLACEMENT - Time-order transitions are usually placed at the

beginning of a sentence followed by a comma. (Then is NOT
followed by a comma.
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B. EXAMPLES
First, ... In the morning, ...
 First of all, ... In the afternoon, ...
 Second, ... In the evening, ...
 Third, ... At night, ...
 Next, ...
 After that, ...
 Then, ...
 Finally, ...
OUTLINING PRACTICE
What is the topic sentence? ______________________
____________________________________________
I. ___________________⇐ Topic sentence / main idea
_____________________
A. ___________________⇐ Point #1
B. ___________________⇐ Point #2
C. ___________________⇐ Point #3
1. ___________________⇐ Detail #1
2. ___________________⇐ Detail #2
3. ___________________⇐ Detail #3
II. ___________________⇐ conclusion
____________________________________________
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Writing a Polite Email:

Learn and use polite phrases to write emails.
For example:
1. Dear Dr. Stuart
2. Please find attached the power point for my presentation.
3. I am sorry that it is late
4. Please could you send me the handouts?
5. I would like to talk to you about my essay.
6. I look forward to seeing you tomorrow.
7. Best wishes, Ana Gonzalez
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15
Paragraphs and Topic Sentences
A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and

coherent, and are all related to a single topic. Almost every piece of
writing you do that is longer than a few sentences should be organized
into paragraphs. This is because paragraphs show a reader where the
subdivisions of an essay begin and end, and thus help the reader see the
organization of the essay and grasp its main points.
Paragraphs can contain many different kinds of information. A
paragraph could contain a series of brief examples or a single long
illustration of a general point. It might describe a place, character, or
process; narrate a series of events; compare or contrast two or more
things; classify items into categories; or describe causes and effects.
Regardless of the kind of information they contain, all paragraphs share
certain characteristics. One of the most important of these is a topic
sentence.
Topic Sentences
A well-organized paragraph supports or develops a single
controlling idea, which is expressed in a sentence called the topic
sentence. A topic sentence has several important functions: it
substantiates or supports an essay‘s thesis statement; it unifies the
content of a paragraph and directs the order of the sentences; and it
advises the reader of the subject to be discussed and how the paragraph
will discuss it. Readers generally look to the first few sentences in a
paragraph to determine the subject and perspective of the paragraph.
That‘s why it‘s often best to put the topic sentence at the very beginning
of the paragraph. In some cases, however, it‘s more effective to place
another sentence before the topic sentence—for example, a sentence
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linking the current paragraph to the previous one, or one providing

background information.
Although most paragraphs should have a topic sentence, there
are a few situations when a paragraph might not need a topic sentence.
For example, you might be able to omit a topic sentence in a paragraph
that narrates a series of events, if a paragraph continues developing an
idea that you introduced (with a topic sentence) in the previous
paragraph, or if all the sentences and details in a paragraph clearly
refer—perhaps indirectly—to a main point. The vast majority of your
paragraphs, however, should have a topic sentence.
Writing Topic Sentences

The topic sentence tells the main idea of the paragraph. In your
paragraph about the person you interviewed, the purpose of the topic
sentence is to introduce your partner and tell something important about
him or her.
Don‘t begin the paragraph with ‗I am going to write about …..‘‘
or "This paragraph is about….‖ Begin your paragraph with ―(Name of
student) is a member of―(name of class) at (name of college).
Examples of Topic Sentences
A topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph.

Sometimes referred to as a focus sentence, the topic sentence helps
organize the paragraph by summarizing the information in the paragraph.
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In formal writing, the topic sentence is usually the first sentence in a

paragraph (although it doesn't have to be).
Purpose of the Topic Sentence

A topic sentence essentially tells readers what the rest of the
paragraph is about. All sentences after it have to give more information
about that sentence, prove it by offering facts about it, or describe it in
more detail. For example, if the topic sentence concerns the types of
endangered species that live in the ocean, then every sentence after that
needs to expound on that subject.
Topic sentences also need to relate back to the thesis of the
essay. The thesis statement is like a road map that will tell the reader or
listener where you are going with this information or how you are
treating it.
Topic Sentences and Controlling Ideas

Every topic sentence will have a topic and a controlling idea.
The controlling idea shows the direction the paragraph will take.
Here are some examples:
 Topic Sentence: There are many reasons why pollution in ABC
Town is the worst in the world.
 The topic is ―pollution in ABC Town is the worst in the
world‖ and the controlling idea is ―many reasons.‖
 Topic Sentence: To be an effective CEO requires certain

characteristics.
 The topic is ―To be an effective CEO‖ and the
controlling idea is "certain characteristics."
 Topic Sentence: There are many possible contributing factors to

global warming.
 The topic is "global warming" and the controlling idea is
"contributing factors."
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 Topic Sentence: Fortune hunters encounter many difficulties

when exploring a shipwreck.
 The topic is ―exploring a shipwreck‖ and the controlling
idea is ―many difficulties.‖
 Topic Sentence: Dogs make wonderful pets because they help

you to live longer.
 The topic is "dogs make wonderful pets" and the
controlling idea is "because they help you to live
longer."
 Topic Sentence: Crime in poverty-stricken areas occurs as a

result of a systemic discrimination.
 The topic is "crime in poverty stricken areas" and the
controlling idea is "systemic discrimination."
 Topic Sentence: Teen pregnancy may be prevented by improved

education.
 The topic is "teen pregnancy may be prevented" and the
controlling idea is "improved education."
 Topic Sentence: Cooking requires a number of different skills.

 The topic is "cooking" and the controlling idea is "many
different skills."
 Topic Sentence: It is important to be ready before buying a

house.
 The topic is "buying a house" and the controlling idea is
it's "important to be ready."
 Topic Sentence: Graduating from high school is important for

many different reasons.
 The topic is "graduating from high school" and the
controlling idea is "many different reasons."
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 Topic Sentence: Having a first child is difficult because of the

significant adjustments in your life.
 The topic is "having a first child" and the controlling
idea is "significant adjustments in your life."
 Topic Sentence: Remodeling a kitchen successfully requires

research and a good eye.
 The topic is "remodeling a kitchen" and the controlling
idea is "requires research and a good eye."
A carefully thought out topic sentence has two functions. First, it

helps you, the author, to stay focused. Second, a clearly stated topic and
controlling idea will give readers the tools they need to clearly
understand what you have to say.
Remember that topic sentences set the tone for the paragraph and
should relate back to the thesis or the main idea of the paper.
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16
Paragraphs Structure
Most paragraphs in an essay have a three-part structure—

introduction, body, and conclusion. You can see this structure in
paragraphs whether they are narrating, describing, comparing,
contrasting, or analyzing information. Each part of the paragraph plays
an important role in communicating your meaning to your reader.
1. Introduction: the first section of a paragraph; should include the
topic sentence and any other sentences at the beginning of the
paragraph that give background information or provide a
transition.
2. Body: follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea,
using facts, arguments, analysis, examples, and other
information.
3. Conclusion: the final section; summarizes the connections
between the information discussed in the body of the paragraph
and the paragraph‘s controlling idea.
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17
Passage 1: My Week
On Sunday, we visit family.

On Monday, we clean the house.
On Tuesday, we go shopping.
On Wednesday, we cook,
On Thursday, we go to the park.
On Friday, we have a big lunch.
On Saturday, we have a picnic.
Sami's Afternoon.
I eat lunch, I help Dad, I play game, I watch TV. I help Dad. I clean my
room, I draw pictures.
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Ream is sleepy
I brush my teeth, I comb my hair, I wash my face, I go to sleep. I wake
up at 6 o'clock, I eat breakfast at 7 o'clock, I go to school at 7:30, I go to
bed at 8 o'clock.
Q.1 Write suitable words in theses blanks.

On Saturday, I watch TV in my bedroom, I do my homework in my
bedroom., I play football at school, I cook -----, I sleep -----, I do -----, I
ride ------, I cook in the kitchen; I ride my bike in the park. I sleep in my
bedroom. How do you feel? Happy, sad
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18
Passage 2: School Trip
We are a school trip, and were having fun! I am drawing, she‘s

sleeping, there‘re writing, he is reading, we're on a big train and we're
having fun. I 'm singing. She‘s talking, they‘re on a school trip. And
we‘re having fun!
Q.1 Read, write the words to complete the paragraph-

Today is Saturday. I go shopping with my --------. We go
shopping by -------. There are lots of ------- and shops. On Sunday, I play
with my friends in the ----------There is a swing, -------, bars and around
about we have a lunch in -----------, I like rice and children. I go home at
---------
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Today is Tuesday. I go to school at ---------.I go to school -----.

There are -------children in my school.
On Tuesday, I have Arabic, PE 2+3=5-----and history. I have my
-------at home. I play with my baby ----- and brother.
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19
Passage 3: Free Time
Tomorrow will be Saturday. The children don‘t have school. We

can go out for dinner. They like Pizza, so they will eat pizza and French
fries with a salad.
As for me, I will take cheese bread and salad bar with a juice.
The children like to go out, so they will be happy.
On Sunday they will study, and in the afternoon we will go to
some friends. We will be back early, because they will have to take their
bath and sleep early for school on the next day.
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Q1. Answer the following questions

1. What day will tomorrow be?
2. Why can they go out for dinner?
3. What will they have?
4. What will the mother have?
5. Where will they go on Sunday?
6. Why do they have to come back have early?
Q2. Read the paragraphs and pick out the topic sentence.
Q3. Write adverbs of time and place in these sentences?
Q4. Complete the following sentences with (in, on, and at).
1. Conrad gets up --------- 8:30 0n Sundays.
2. He doesn't have lectures --- Monday mornings.
3. -------the weekend, Malika and Yasmin go on the Internet.
4. --------the afternoons, the students have lectures.
5. Yasmin works in the library -----Wednesdays.
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20
Passage 4: Age of Pupils
1. I 'm Ali and I 'm 10. I 'am tall for my age, I live with my mum, dad
and my sister, Huda she's 9.
2. I am Ahmed, I am 9, Hadi is my best friend, I have very short black
hair, my favourite sport is running. Hadi is taller than me, but I am
bigger boxing.
3. My name is Nada, I am 9, so I am older than mona. She‘s my best
friend. I have long black hair.
4. I am Tahseen. I am in grade 3 at school and I am 9. I have short hair.
My favourte lesson is English and my favourite colour is red.
5. My name is Karim Mansour. I come from Rabat, in Morocco. I study
engineering at university. I play backgammon with my friends.
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6. I am Anna Costa. I lives in Rio de janeiro. In Brazil. I am a nurse. I

work in a hospital. I am married, and I play back gammon with my
husband.

1. What country does Karim come from?
2. What city does he come from?
3. What does he study?
4. Where does he study?
5. Where does Ann live?
6. What does she do?
7. Where does she work?
Q3. Look at these questions and their Answers:
1. Where did you go?

I went to the zoo.
2. What did you see?
I saw elephants, and monkeys.
3. Who did you go with?
I went with Ali.
4. When did you go there?
We went at three.
5. How did you get there?
We went in Alis'car.
6. Why did you go there?
Because it was my birthday!
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Q4. Read the student's paragraph below and find:

1. Three mistakes with verbs.
2. Two mistakes with punctuation.
3. Two mistakes with articles.
My family and I comes from

London my father is an architect
and my mother am a
businesswoman. I has one brother
.he is 18 and he is a student.
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21
Passage 5: Meet Our Students
1. Conrad Delzer is 19. He is a chemistry student. He goes to the

university everyday. In the mornings, he works in the lab. At
12.30, he has lunch in the cafeteria. In the afternoons, he has
lectures. He goes home at 5:00. in the evenings, he works on his
computer and checks his emails.
2. Malika Fahri and Yasmin Hamdi study medicine. They have
lectures in the mornings. They go home at 6.00. In the evenings,
he works in the lab in the afternoons. The weekend, they see
their friends.
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3. Martino Basti gets up at 7.45. He leaves home and goes to the

university at 8:15. Martino studies maths. He has lectures in the
mornings, and he works on his computer in the afernoons. He
does his homework and goes on the internet in the evening.
4. My name is Hiroko Sato. I am Japanese and I was born in
Kyoto, in Japan, on 2nd September 1994. I'm a maths student. I
live at 22, Victoria Road, Manchester.
Q1. Read the text on page. Work with a partner and answer the
questions.
Conrad
1. How old is he?
2. Where does he have lunch?
3. What does he do in the afternoons?
Malika and Yasmin

4. When do they have lectures?
5. What do they do in the afternoons?
6. When do they see their friends?
Martino
7. When does he get up?
8. What does he do in the mornings?
Q3. Complete the text with the verbs in the box.

Get up, go on, and go to, have, use, watch, work
I study nursing. I--1-----------at 7.00 in the morning and I--2-----
breakfast. I--3---the university at 8:00.I have lectures in the mornings. I
47
have lunch in the cafeteria at 12.00. In the afternoons, I-4-------in the lab.
In the evenings, I work in the library. I----5—the computers. I go home
at 8: 00 and have dinner. I----6---television, and I---7----the internet.
Q4. Use these words or phrases to complete the words in the box.
Place of birth, Occupation, Nationality, Signature
Family name Sato

First name(s) Hiroko
02.09.1994
Date of birth
Kyoto, Japan
1----------
Student
2------------
Japanese
3------------- 22Victoria
Address in the UK Road,Manchester,M146AQ
4-------------- H.Sap
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22
Passage 6: Iraq
Iraq is a big country; it has high mountains and dry desert. There
are lots of rivers. The two famous rivers are the Tigris and the Euphrates.
Iraq has big cities and small villages. It has a green field for farming.
There is lots of oil in Iraq is famous for its date plans.
We are still in Baghdad. We are having a great time. We are
staying at a very nice hotel next to the sea. We have a wonderful view
49
from our balcony. The room is not very big, but very comfortable.
There's a kitchen, and a television set.
Baghdad is a great city with its wonderful restaurants and hotels.
Each day, we take our map which helps us greatly. We go by bus around
the city to admire squares and monuments, old and new buildings. There
is also a big historical museum in this lovely city. It shores are also
fantastic, at night you can see hundreds of fishing boat lights flicking in
the dark.
Night and day. In Baghdad, you can enjoy your stay.

1. Where is the narrator?
2. Where is he staying?
3. How is the room he is staying in?
4. What is great in Bagdad?
5. Why does he use a map?
6. How does he go around the city?
7. What kind of museums is there?
8. What can he see at night in the sea?
9. Do you think the narrator is enjoying his time?
Q3. Work with partners. What part of speech are the underlined
words?
1. There are a lot of tourists in Paris.
2. It is a longer river.
3. The city is in the north.
4. Do you like travelling?
5. What countries does Italy border?
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Q4. Look at the sentences in the passage. Underline the nouns

and circle the adjectives.
Relaxing at the Beach
1. Where is your favorite summer vacation place?

2. The beach is the perfect place for me.
3. The air is hot, but the water is cool, wet, and fresh.
4. First, I enjoy swimming and surfing in the ocean.
5. When I am tired, I come out and lie on the beach.
6. The sand is soft and white.

7. The beach is noisy with seagulls and children laughing, but it's a
pleasant noise.
8. I even like the beach smells.
9. The air smells salty from the sea and sweet from everybody's
suntan lotion.
10. I feel peaceful and relaxed. 11. When I want to relax in summer,
I go to the beach
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23
Passage 7: Walid’s Mother
Walid's mother was going to work when she noticed a boy on the
street. The boy was crying, so she stopped the car, and went to see him.
He told her that he was hungry and cold, and that he had no home. So,
she decided to go back home and take him with her. Walid was at home,
he was watching TV.
It was Saturday and he didn‘t have to go to school. He was
sixteen years old. His mother asked him to give the child something to
eat and to keep him at home till she return from work.
52

1. Where was Walid's mother going
2. What day was it?
3. Where was the boy?
4. What was he doing?
5. What did she do when she saw him?
6. What did the boy tell her?
7. What did she decide to do?
8. What was Walid doing?
9. Why was he at home?
10. What did she ask him to do?

and circle the adjectives.
Q4. Read the text again. Complete it with words from the box
And, but, There are, There is
A big country
Canada is a big country in North America. It has coastlines on

the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and 1----------the Arctic Ocean.2. -
--------- A border with USA. Most of the land is flat, 3-------------there
53
are mountains in the west. -4--------------a lot of rivers in Canada. The

capital of Canada is Ottawa Toronto, Montreal, 5--------Vancouver are
very important cities, too.
54
24
Passage 8: The Theatre
Last week, I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play
was very interesting. But I did not enjoy it.
A young woman and a young man were sitting behind me. They
were talking loudly. I got very angry.
I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man
and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I
could not bear it. I turned round again.
''I can't hear a word!" I said angrily.
"It's none of your business‖, the young man said rudely,
"This is a private conversation".
55

1. Where did the writer go last week?
2. Did he enjoy the play?
3. Who was sitting behind him?
4. How were they talking?
5. Could the writer hear the actors?
6. What did he do?
7. What did he say?
8. How did he say it?
9. What did the young man say?
10. How did he say it?
Q3. How many simple and compound sentences in this text on

page, list and Underline them?

and circle the adverbs, Adjectives and prepositions?
Q5. Write the past simple verbs in this passage?
Q6. How many negative sentences here in this passage?
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25
Passage 9: Beautiful Day
Today is a very beautiful day. The weather is very nice. If my

friends want to go out, I shall go with them. We can go up to the
mountain to have lunch if they like to.
If they don‘t have their car. We can stay in the city and have fun.
We shall prepare some interesting things in the afternoon. We can go to
the cinema to watch a nice film, and then go out for a light dinner.

1. How is the weather today?
2. Where do they want to go?
3. What do they want to have?
4. Where will they stay?
5. What will they do?
6. Who will they invite?
57
7. Where will they go in the afternoon?

8. Where will they go after the cinema?
9. What will they have?
Q3. Write the Present simple verbs in this passage?

Q5. Circle the correct verbs.

1. Tania does /makes her homework in the afternoons.
2. The students have/do some research in the library in the
mornings.
3. Dr. Miners makes/gives a seminar at 2.00.
4. Yen reads /gives articles on his computer.
5. Mario does /has dinner at 7:00.
6. Lara visits /goes friends at weekends.
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26
Passage 10: My Parents
My parents like to travel every year. When I was a young boy I

like to travel with them, every time they wanted to visit a new country.
Now that I am very busy, and I can't go out a lot, I only travel
with them if I don‘t have too many things to take care of.
Sometimes they go by plane, sometimes by boat. Travelling by
boat is really fun but it takes a long time to arrive where we want to go.
When we go by plane, it is faster and we have the chance to
spend more time in the country we are visiting. We have seen many
places, but we find home the most beautiful one.
59

1. What do they like to do every year?
2. Where did he like to go when he was a young boy?
3. Why can't he go a lot now?
4. When can he travel with them?
5. How do they travel?

Q4. How many simple and compound sentences in this text on

page, list and Underline them?
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27
Passage 11: My Best Friend
Your best friend is your very special friend. Your best friend
knows you well and understands you. You help each other, and you
listen to each other. You tell each other the truth you laugh and cry
together. You remember the good times and forget the bad times.
Sometimes you have fights but you always end loving each other, so do
not leave your friends because you will need them.
It is the end of our first day at summer Camp Iraq. I 'v made new
friend already. Suha
We are in the same group and we started working together to
make a vegetable garden. Suha knows a lot about growing plants. We
also learnt how to catch fish. I was lucky and caught two so tomorrow I
can cook them on the campfire. We are going on a picnic and I want to
cook masogof.
61

1. What is the name of your friend?
2. Why did you start working?
3. Does Suha know a lot about growing plants.
4. Did you learn how to catch fish?
5. What do you want to cook?
Q2. Jion each of the following groups of sentences into one by

using (and, but, or, so, for.)
1. He was in Cairo last year -----now he has returned to
Baghdad.
2. Harry up ----- you will late.
3. I opened the door. ------I looked out.
4. The door was open ---- I went in.
5. I went to bed early -------the long journey had tired me.

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28
Passage 12: Cam, Photographer
Today we met the camp photographer. He's called Nader. He did

a presentation and showed us some of his photographs. His subjects are
nature and wild animals and his photographs are beautiful. This
afternoon, he took some of us on a photography expedition. We walked
to an amazing waterfall and I took several photographs Nader helped me,
and I am a quite proud of the result! When I am older, I think I‘ll be a
photographer.
Q1. Answer the following questions:

1. What did Nader do?
2. What are naders' subjects?
3. Are Naders' photographs beautiful?
63

Q4. How many simple, compound and complex sentences in this

text on page, list and Underline them?
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29
Passage 13: Send an Email to Your Friend
65
Q1. Write an email to Dr. Brown

1. Start the email correctly.
2. Say that you are attaching your essay.
3. Say it is late and you are sorry.
4. Say you want a copy of the reading list.
5. End the email correctly


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Passage 14: Muna’s Day
Yesterday Muna went to school on the bus. Her first lesson was
math. Her next lesson were English and Science. For lunch, she had a
sandwich and juice.
At 2 o'clock it was time to go home, After PE. It was break time.
Muna played with her friends. They climbed up the ladder and went
down the slide. At home. Muna played with her friend and did her
homework. She went to bed at 8 o'clock

1. How did Muna go to school?
2. What was her first lesson?
3. With whom Muna played?
4. What time did she go to bed?
67
5. When did Muna go to school?


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31
Passage 15: Signs Around the World
A Signs gives us information. They have written or pictures on

them. Today, many countries around the world use the same signs.
It is important that these signs are easy and clear for everyone to
understand. There are rules about the shape and colour. A Circle is an
instruction or order, for example "no entry " A triangle tells you about
danger for example "large animals crossing the road" A rectangle gives
you information, for example, "exit, or ―leave here " the colour of a sign
is also important. For example, red is for danger and green is for safety.
Signs are a kind of international language, and every can understand
them because they are the same in many countries.
69

1. What does a circle mean?
2. What does a triangle mean?
3. What does a rectangle mean?
4. What do the colours red and green mean?
Q3. Skim the text signs around the world. Which topics does the
text discuss?
a) The size of signs b) The colour of signs
b) c) The shape of signs


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32
Passage 16: Tarzan
First I will introduce myself. I am called Tarzan, the jungle boy.

I lived in a jungle in India. I will tell you my story. When I was a baby
my mother worked in a rice field and she took me with her. She left me
under a tree during her work. While she was working, a big leopard came
and carried me from my clothes by her sharp teeth but she did not hurt
me, and prevented other animals from hurting me. After 4 years later, I
grew up and I learned many things but I did not act like human behavior,
for example I walk with my arms and legs like animals. In addition I ate
uncooked meat and food. The animals taught me to do that.

1. Who is Tarzan?
2. Where did he live?
3. Where did his mother work?
4. Where did she leave him?
5. Who took him from his mother?
71
6. How did Tarzan behave?

7. How did he walk?
8. What did he eat?
Q3. Write the number in these sentences according to sequences

of time.
---------- Then he goes to her first class. This is at 9 o'clock.
-------- First, she out 8:30has a cup of tea in the snack bar --------- After
that, she goes to the library and studies for an hour before lunch. ------
Maria usually gets to the university at 8:30. ----------- At 11 o'clock she
has another class. This is poetry.


72
33
Passage 17: My Dream House
Everyone hopes to live in the best house in the world. I hope to

have a comfortable, clean, and beautiful house which is full of love and
peace. I hope my dream house to be in a cold country covered with a lot
of white snow and near the sea.
What is more, I will describe the fantastic exterior view of my
dream house, I hope it will be a magnificent golden house, and there will
be a charming park full of different flowers and a huge swimming pool
where I can rest and see colorful flowers.
In addition, I want my dream house to have splendid interior
which has comfortable white furniture. A house with a large living room
with a bamboo table and chairs, suitable fire place and golden stair case
makes me relaxed. The house will be more comfortable when it has a big
73
bedroom with a comfortable large bed. As a result, although I want my

dream to become true; I want to live with my family in peace and love
even if that will involve me living in a hut.

1. How does everyone want his house to be?
2. What are the characteristics of your dream house?
3. How would you like your country to be?
4. What does the park contain?
5. How can a living room make you relaxed?
6. Which house do you dream to live in: a big house without
family or a hut with family?
Q3. Write two sentences to each word according to the parts of

speech:
Kind, Book, Table


74
34
Passage 18: How Can You Clean Your Room?
When you notice that your room is dirty, you should plan to
clean it. First you should open the door and windows to let the dust out
during the cleaning of the room. Then begin to take all things from the
room outside, to make the cleaning easier. Next clean the floor and walls.
Also clean the glass of the windows and the door.
In addition clean the things that are taken outside, after that take
them back to the room. Finally put a nice smelling it, perfume or
something like that. Now we got a cleanroom.

1. When do you plan to clean your room?
2. Why do you open the door and windows during cleaning the
room?
3. How can you make the cleaning easier?
75
4. Does the cleaning include the glass of the windows and the
door?
5. What is the final step of cleaning of the room?


Q5. Read the sentences about Maria's daily routine at university.

Circle the sequencing words.
1. Then she goes to her first class. This is at 9 O'clock.
2. First, she has a cup of tea in the coffee shop.
3. After that, she goes to the library and studies for an hour
before lunch.
4. Maria usually gets to the university at about 8:30
5. At 11 O‘clock she has another class. This is poetry.
76
35
Passage 19: Birthday
The Birthday is the day we were born. In my country, people

usually celebrate birthdays at home with their families and friends.
Before the day of the party people prepare for the birthday, they
buy new clothes, cake, candles and so on.
Moreover, they decorate their houses with balloons and banners
and they send invitations for all their relatives and friends.
First they dress in their best clothes. Then, they stand around the
cake they begin to sing the birthday song then all offer gifts to the
person. After that they set together and joke, laugh, eat cake delicious
food, drink juices, enjoy and sing traditional songs. Well, all are happy,
everyone forgets sadness and problems, and they all love each other.
77
First they dress in their best clothes. Then, they stand around the
cake they begin to sing the birthday song then all offer gifts to the
person. After that they set together and joke, laugh, eat cake delicious
food, drink juices, enjoy and sing traditional songs. Well, all are happy,
everyone forgets sadness and problems, and they all love each other.
Answer the following questions

1. What is meant by Birthday?
2. Where do people usually celebrate their birthdays?
3. What do they do in preparation for the party?
4. How do they decorate their houses?
5. What do they do during the party?
6. How do people feel at the end of the party?


Q5. Read the students 'paragraph. Find and correct:

1. Two punctuation mistakes
2. Two spelling mistakes
3. One linking word mistake
Segey brin and Larry page co-founded Google in 1998.They met

at Stanford University, but decided to look at search technologies, that is,
78
how to find information on the internet. This gave them an idea for a new
company on 7th September 1998, they started their business in a garage,
like Jeff Bezos. At first, it got about 10,000 searches a day, but now it
gets over two billion.
79
36
Passage 20: Be Careful From the TV
First of all, nowadays there is no house without a television.

Even though TV is useful and it has many benefits, it also has
many dangers, so we should be aware of them.
Here is some advice which should help you to save your health
from TV and to save TV itself, so follow them.
Firstly, don‘t sit close to the TV, because your eyes will be not
able to see clearly. Secondly, watch TV in a bright room.
Third, keep your children away from wires and sockets, because
they don‘t know that electricity is very dangerous.
Fourth, switch off the sockets when you fix your TV.
80
Fifth, don‘t put a glass of water on the TV, the reason is maybe it
will fall on TV and then it may explode. Sixth, don‘t put the TV opposite
the sun, near windows or put curtains near them. Seventh, don‘t put
many plugs in one socket.

1. Why is there no house without a television nowadays?
2. Why should be aware of TV?
3. What will happen to your eyes when you sit close to the TV?
4. Where is the proper place for the TV?
5. How can you save your children from the dangers of the
TV?
6. What could lead to the TV explosion?

1. Learning English is important a) It is quiet.

2. The library is a good place to
b) They want good jobs.
work
3. Internet shopping is good c) It is good for your health.
4. Many people go to university d) It is a world language.
5. Taking exercise is important e) You can shop from home.

81
Q5. Underlined the subject pronouns and circle the object

pronouns in the sentences.
1. She wrote many books, she wrote them in English
2. I read about Romans. They built many cities.
3. Jamil sent me an email. He wrote it on his phone.
4. Please give us your address.
5. They told her about the lecture.
82
37
Passage 21: The Truth
The boys decided to say the truth. One by one they went to the
witness stand. People looked at them with surprise. They swore to tell the
truth. The lawyer began to ask them some questions. The boy were afraid
because the real guilty man was in the court. He was very angry to see
them.
The lawyer started asking questions as:
"Where were you on that night"
"What did you see?"
The boys were sweating with fear. Everyone was waiting for
their answers, then the boys told him that they were in the yard, playing
behind some trees. The courtroom was completely quiet and everybody
listened to the boys who were about to say the name of the real guilty
man. As soon as they pronounced his name, the man jumped through the
window as quick as lighting and run off.
83

1. What did the boys do decide to do ?
2. Where did they go?
3. How did people look at them?
4. What did the lawyer do?
5. Why were the boys afraid ?
6. What were the people in the court waiting for?
7. Where were the boys on the night of the crime ?
8. What were they doing?
9. How was the courtroom?
10. What did the guilty man do?


Q5 Write the words in the correct order to make sentences.
Remember to start with a capital letter and end with a fullstop.

1. studies/she/physics
2. football/plays/he
3. do/their homework/they
4. his computer /he /uses
5. she /coffee/drinks
84
38
Passage 22: The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games will be held in our country in four years'

time. As a great many people will be visiting the country, the
government will be building new hotels, an immense stadium, and a big
new swimming pool. They will also be building new roads and bridges.
Workers will complete the new roads by the end of this year. Then they
will start building the stadium and other new buildings. We are all very
excited about the Olympic Games because they have never been held in
our country before.

1. When will the Olympic game be held?
2. What will the government be doing ?
3. Other than hotels and the stadium, what will be built?
85
4. When will the workers complete the roads?

5. What will they start building then?
6. How do the people feel?
7. Why would they feel this way?
8. Have the Olympic Games been held in their country before?
9. Have you ever watched the Olympic Games?
10. What did you like best?


Q5. Complete the sentences with a subject pronouns from the

rules box
1. Health was important for the Egyptians. --------used surgery
to treat diseases.
2. John is a scientist. ---------- does research at a hospital.
3. We read an article on the internet. --------- was very
interesting.
4. My sister is a dentist. ------------works in the city.
5. My brother and I are medical students. ------study at the
same university.
Q6. Re -writer the students paragraph. Use pronouns to avoid

repetition.
A British woman, Mary Montagu, lived in Turkey in the
eighteenth century. Mary Montagu had two children. Her children got ill.
Mary took her children to see a Turkish doctor. The doctor helped the
86
children. Mary went back to Britain. Mary told people about the Turkish
doctor. Years later, a Britain doctor used the Turkish doctor's ideas to
make a medicine. The medicine was the first vaccine. Vaccines stop
people getting ill.
87
39
Passage 23: A New Girl
After a hard working day, Hani went out to play. He played with
his friends a lot of games. Then, around six, he made his way home. As
he was passing by Lina‘s house, he saw a new girl in the garden. From
the moment he set eyes on her, he wasn't himself at all. She looked like
an angel with her blue eyes and blond hair. He tried to attract her
attention in many ways. She noticed him, but chose to go back inside.
Later, she threw a home with a new love in this young heart.

1. With whom did Hani play?
2. When did he go back home?
88
3. Where did he see the new girl?

4. How did he feel when he saw her?
5. How did she look like?
6. What did Hani try to do?
7. Did she notice him?
8. What did she do?
9. To whom did she throw the flower?
10. How did Hani feel?


Q5. Complete the sentences with an object pronouns from the

rules box.
1. Paul finished his homework yesterday and gave ---------to
the teacher his morning.
2. The students read about the Greeks and he wrote an essay
about ----------.
3. Anna is a medical researcher. I met --------- at a conference.
4. We saw Adam yesterday. We spoke to --------- after the
lecture.
5. I didn‘t go to the lecture. Could you give -------- your notes.
89
40
Passage 24: Nabils’ Job
Nabil is the assistant manager of the sales department. He went

to university for three years and then had to take a couple of other
courses at a night school. His dad wanted him to become a doctor, but he
couldn‘t get enough money to study for five years. Now he works at a
company, he has been working for this company since he finished
university. He gets a good salary and has good position, he is a hard
working young man and very ambitions.

1. What is the job of Nabil?
2. Where does he work?
3. For how many years did he go to university?
90
4. What did his dad want him to become?

5. What did Nabil want to become?
6. Why couldn‘t he accomplish his wish?
7. Since when has he been working at the company?
8. Do you think he's' happy there? Why?
9. What kind of people is Nabil?
10. What would you like, or have liked to be?


91
41
Passage 35: Holiday
Last day was a holiday. It was workers day, so I didn‘t have to

go to school. I slept a little later than usual. Around ten, my friend Salah
came over to my apartment, we packed a picnic basket and then took the
bus to forest park. We spent most of the day there, next to a pond. There
were some ducks on the pond, so we fed them. After we ate our lunch,
we took a short nap under a tree. Then we took a long walk. Later I read
a book, while my friend painted some pictures. Then, in the evening, we
packed and went back home.

1. Why didn‘t they go to school?
2. What did they decide to do?
3. How did they go?
92
4. Where did they go?

5. What was on the pond?
6. What did he and his friend do to them?
7. What did they do after lunch?
8. Where did they take their nap?
9. What did they do before evening?
10. Where did they go back home?


93
42
Passage 26: Yaseen Family
Yesterday afternoon I went to visit the Yaseen family. When I

got there around three o'clock Mrs. Yaseen was in the yard. She was
planting flowers in her garden. Mr. Yaseen was in the garage. He was
changing the Oil. The children were playing in the front yard with their
dog. The dog was trying to catch a ball, they were throwing to it.
Suddenly we heard a noise. One of the children threw the ball so high
that it went into a window glass and broke it. Mrs. Yaseen got crazy
because this wasn‘t the first time, as she said. Each month, they have to
fix the window glass at last twice.

1. Where did he go?
94
2. When did he go?

3. Who did he visit?
4. Where was Ms. Yaseen.
5. What was she doing?
6. Who was in the garage?
7. Where were the children?
8. With whom were they playing?
9. What happened suddenly?
10. Why was Mrs. Yaseen angry?


95
43
Passage 27: Letter to My Dad and Mam
Dear mom and dad

This is my second week in Lebanon. As I wrote to you before. It
is a lovely country with many interesting place.
On the first week, I was very busy because I was trying to find a
place to stay in.
I was lucky to find an apartment not for from the university. The
teachers are teaching us a lot about the history of this country.
We are really lucky because the weather is nice.
We are all enjoying the beautiful scenes. We hope the weather
doesn‘t change. If the weather is good this week also, we are
going to visit the Wax museum and see some famous Wax
96
statues. Then we will take the boat, into the sea and visit a small
island, where we are going to have lunch.
I am very happy I have chosen to study tourism in Lebanon,
because, there are many marvelous things to see, and a great
culture to learn about.
I‘ll write to you next week to tell you about my projects.

1. To whom is the writer writing his letter?
2. What's the name of the writer?
3. Where is he? 4. For how long has been there?
4. What is he doing in Lebanon?
5. Where did he find an apartment?
6. What is he studying?
7. How is the weather?
8. To which museum are they going?
9. Where are they going to have lunch?


97
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Reading and Writing Skills (Practice Book)

Book · November 2019

Bushra Saadoon Mohammed Alnoori

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Publishing Year: January, 2018

Dr. Bushra Saadoon Mohammed Alnoori

Dedicated to our lovely students.

The students need to be to

2. Parts of Speech 2-4

3. Rules Simple Past 5-5

4. Verb Tenses 6-6

5. Types of Pronouns 7-10

6. Rules of Pronouns 11-11

7. Rules of Preposition 12-12

8. Reading Vocabulary 13-13

9. How to Use Wh-Questions 14-18

10. Using Correct Capitalization 19-19

11. Checking Your Writing 20-20

12. Word, Phrase, Clause, Sentence , 21-24

13. Kinds of Sentences 25-27

14. Transitional Words or Phrases 28-30

15 Paragraphs and Topic Sentences 31-35

16. Paragraph structure 36-36

18. Passage 2. School Trip 39-40

19. Passage 3. Free Time 41-42

20. Passage 4. Age of Pupils 43-45

21. Passage 5. Meet Our Students 46-48

22. Passage 6. Iraq 49-51

23. Passage 7. Walid’s Mother 53-54

24. Passage 8. The Theatre 55-56

25. Passage 9. Beautiful Day 57-58

26. Passage 10. My Parents 59-60

27. Passage 11. My Best Friend 61-62

28. Passage 12. Cam, Photographer 63-64

29. Passage 13. Send an Email to Your Friend 65-66

30. Passage 14. Muna’s Day 67-68

31. Passage 15. Signs Around the World 69-70

32. Passage 16. Tarzan 71-72

33. Passage 17. My Dream House 73-74

34. Passage 18. How Can You Clean Your 75-76

35. Passage 19. Birthday 77-79

36. Passage 20. Be Careful From the TV 80-82

37. Passage 21: The Truth 83-84

39. Passage 23: A New Girl 88-89

40. Passage 24: Nabils’ Job 90-91

41. Passage 35: Holiday 92-93

42 Passage 26: Yaseen Family 94-95

43. Passage 27: Letter To My Dad And Mam 96-98

English holds a place of supreme importance as an international

Words are classed into eight categories according to their uses in

he, I, its, me,

run, go, have,

other adverbs quickly,

connect And, or, but,

I like learning English

replaces a I, you, he, she, Jumnear is Thai. She is

1. I like burgers and fries

To Talk about events in the past, use the past simple

 When regular verbs, add –ed or –d

Want-------wanted they wanted people to eat good

Use---------used they used surgery to treat people

 With verbs ending –y, replace they –y with –ied

Study-------studied people studied medicine.

Reading&Writing Practice Book

Reading&Writing Practice Book