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Directions: Fill in the K-W-H-L Chart below to assess your prior knowledge and
understanding of the topics, motion of an object in terms of distance or
displacement, speed or velocity, and acceleration
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Matter in the universe is either at rest or in motion. One of the characteristics

of living things is movement, so they have the inherent capacity to move. How about
non-living things? Non-living things do not move but they can be made to move by
applying force. Motion is a change in position with respect to a reference point. You
don't always need to see something move to know that motion has taken place. A
reference point is needed to determine the position of an object. Motion occurs when
an object changes its position relative to a reference point. The motion of an object
depends on the reference point that is chosen. Reference point is taken into
consideration to determine if there is motion and the Earth’s surface is used as a
common reference point. A moving object can be used as a reference point as well.
An important part of describing the motion of an object is to describe how far
it has moved, which is distance. It also refers to how much ground an object has
covered during its motion. Displacement on the other hand, refers to “how far” an
object is from its starting point. Displacement is how far you are from the starting
point, as if you moved in a straight line. The displacement and distance traveled do
not have to be the same.
Speed is the rate at which the distance of an object changes in relation to
time. It tells how quickly or slowly an object changes distance without being
particular about the direction of motion. The faster the object moves, the shorter the
time it takes to cover a distance. The speed of an object can be expressed in the
standard metric unit of meter per second (m/s). To compute the speed of a moving
object, divide the distance covered by the object by the amount of time it takes to
travel that distance.

This relationship is also expressed as follows: Speed (s) = distance (d)

time (t)

To describe the motion of the object during the entire time of travel, the
average of several speeds is used. This is referred to as the average speed. The
average speed of an object is also computed by dividing the total distance traveled
by the total time of travel.

Average Speed (s) = total distance (d) traveled

total time (t) of travel

2
Speed and direction are two important quantities in describing the velocity of a moving
object. 9HORFLW\ is speed in a specific direction. A change in velocity may result from
either a change in speed or its direction or even both. Velocity is considered as a vector
quantity since it is a quantity described by its size and direction. Speed, on the other
hand, is a scalar quantity since it is a quantity described by its size alone and not with
the direction it moves.

4XDQWLW\ 6\PERO 8QLW 6\PERO (TXDWLRQ

Distance d meter m d = vt
Time t second s t = d/v
Speed v meter per second m/s v = d/t
kilometer per hour km/hr
Velocity v meter per second, m/s , dir. v = d/t (+)
direction direction
kilometer per km/hr , dir.
hour,
direction

When a moving object changes speed or direction, it is said to accelerate.

$FFHOHUDWLRQis the rate at which velocity changes. It may refer to an object speeding
up, slowing down, or changing direction as it moves. Acceleration is a measure of
how quickly the velocity of an object is changing. If the object increases velocity,
acceleration is positive; it the velocity decreases, acceleration is negative; and if the
velocity does not change, it is called uniform velocity, and the acceleration is zero.
The equation for
acceleration is: acceleration (a) = vf – vi Where: vf = final velocity
vi = intial velocity
t
t =time
If the velocity is measured in meter/second (m/s) and time is measured
in second (s), the unit of acceleration is meter/second/second or m/s 2 or
km/hr2.
:HHN

:+$772'2 352&('85( 
A. Compare and contrast distance and displacement.
This is distance. This is displacement.
15 m 5 m, East
0.5 km 20 m, to the left
B. Study the illustration
The running wolf went this way and that…. But did not always end up
that far from where it started! If 1 side of the box represents 1 meter.
Determine the distance and displacement covered by the wolf. Write your
answer on space provided.

Distance: Distance:
Displacement: Displacement:

3
 B. Play the snake and ladder game and find the distance and
displacement in each turn.

:+$7,1((' 0$7(5,$/6 
Meterstick/ tape measure stopwatch
:+$772'2 352&('85( 
$
1. Proceed to a spacious area in your house.
2. Measure the perimeter of the chosen area in your house.
3. At one corner of your house, start the stopwatch as you begin walking along
the line until you reach the starting point. Record the total time of motion.
4. Repeat step 3 but this time, jog along the line.
5. Repeat step 3 but this time, run along the line.
6. Organize your data on a table similar to the one shown below:
7DEOHRI9HORFLW\RI9DULRXV7\SHVRI0RWLRQ
Motion Distance Covered Time (Second) Speed
(meters (Meter/Second)

7DEOHRI9HORFLW\RI9DULRXV7\SHVRI0RWLRQ
Motion Distance Covered Time (Second) Speed
(meters (Meter/Second)

*XLGH4XHVWLRQV
1. How are sped and velocity similar?
2. How are speed and velocity different?
3. Is velocity more like distance or displacement? Why?
% Determine whether the following suggests speed or velocity. Write S for speed
and V for velocity.
1. An elevator moving for 30m from the first floor to the third floor for 5 minutes.
2. A man walked for half an hour and covered 600 meters.
3. A ball dropped 30m above a building is found on the ground 3 seconds after.
4. The news reported that the speed of Hanging Habagat is 20 km/hr.

4
 5. A sprinter finishes a 400-meter race after 2 minutes and 16 seconds.

Speed is a measure of how fast an object is moving or traveling. Velocity is a

measure of how fast an object is traveling in a certain direction. Both speed and
velocity include the distance traveled compared to the amount of time taken to
cover this distance.
:+$772'2 352&('85( 
Study the given example then solve the word problems that follows:
6DPSOH3UREOHP
A shih tzu runs across a 30-meter long street in 15 seconds. What is the
speed of the shih tzu in m/s?

What data are known? distance = 30 meter

time = 15 seconds
What quantity is asked? speed
What equation is to be used? v = d/t
Solution: v = 30 meters
15 seconds
Answer: The speed of the shih tzu is 2 m/s.
$QVZHU7KHVH
1. A flag is raised up a 4-m high flag pole in 15 seonds. How fast was the flag
raised?
2. A cat crosses an 8-m fence in 60 seconds. What is the speed of the cat?
3. Champ drives his car to the nearest convenience store. During the first
10minutes, the car reached an intersection 300 meter from his starting
position. After passing the intersection, he drove his way to the convenience
store for another 300 meters in 5 minutes. What was Champ’s average speed?
4. What is the velocity of a car that traveled a total of 75 kilometers, North in 1.5
hours?
5. The water in the Bakas River flows at an average speed of 5 km/hr. If you and a
friend decide to canoe down the river a distance of 16 kilometers, how many
hours will it take?
6. What is the velocity of a plane that traveled 300,000 km, Southwest from
Mainla to Caticlan in 5.0 hours?
7. Butch took 0.5 hour to bicycle to his grandmother’s house, a total of four
kilometers, Southwest. What was his velocity in km/hr?
8. How long would it take for a car to travel a distance of 200 kilometers if it is
traveling at a velocity of 55 km/hr, East?
9. A plane traveled for about 2.5 hours at a velocity of 1200 km/hr, Southwest.
What distance did it travel?
10. Alexa is pedalling her bicycle at a velocity of 40 km/hr, North. How far will she
travel in two hours?

Acceleration is the rate of change in the speed of an object. The units for
acceleration are meters per second per second or PV or kilometer per
hour per hour or NPKUA positive value for acceleration shows speeding
up, and negative value for acceleration shows slowing down. Slowing down is
also called deceleration.
:+$772'2 352&('85( 
Study the given example then solve the word problems that follows:
6DPSOH3UREOHP
A runner accelerates from 2 m/s to 12 m/s in 5 seconds. What is the
runner’s average acceleration?

5
 Given: vi = 2 m/s
vf = 12 m/s
t=5s
Solution: a = vf – vi
t
= 12 m/s – 2
m/s
5s
= 10 m/s
5s
D PV

$QVZHU7KHVH
1. A car advertisement states that a certain car can accelerate from rest
to 120 km/hr in 0.5 hour. What is the acceleration of the car?
2. A cyclist accelerates from rest to 8 m/s in 3 seconds. What is his
acceleration?
3. A skater increases her velocity from 2.0 m/s to 10.0 m/s in 3.0
seconds. What is the skater’s acceleration?
4. While traveling along a highway a driver slows from 24 m/s to 15 m/s
in 12 seconds. What is the automobile’s acceleration? (Remember that
a negative value indicates a slowing down or deceleration.)
5. A parachute on a racing dragster opens and changes the speed of the
car from 85 m/s to 45 m/s in a period of 4.5 seconds. What is the
acceleration of the dragster?

*(1(5$/,=$7,21
6SHHG9HORFLW\DQG$FFHOHUDWLRQ
Using what you’ve learned about speed, velocity and acceleration, label the
following examples with the correct letter 6for speed, 9for velocity and $for
acceleration in the blank before the number.
1. A goose fly 23mph to the south when they migrate for the winter.
2. The motorcycle slowed down as it approached the pedestrian lane.
3. A snail can crawl 2 meters in 2 hours.
4. The typhoon is traveling Northwest at 20 mph.
5. The jogger runs 3 miles in 28 minutes.
6. The soccer player ran 50 yards in 5 minutes.
7. The SUV slowed down and turned into a gas station to get gas.
8. The horse ran 44 mph to win the race.
9. The runner speeds up to cross the finish line.
10. The train traveled west by northwest at 20 km/hr.
$33/,&$7,21
A. Analyze the situation:
You walked from home to the shop in woo seconds, what is
your speed and what is your velocity?
You forgot your money so you turn around and go
back home in 120 more seconds: what isyour round-trip
speed and velocity? Justify that the velocity is zero.
B. Consider the following suggested activities that will reflect understanding
of the implications and applications of the concepts of motion:
a. Propose ways on how the concepts of motion can be useful in life (in
school, at home, in the street, in the workplace, etc.)
b. Analyze how concepts of motion are significant in designing safety gadgets
or protective devices for cycling, running, playing rough games, driving
etc.

6
32677(67
'LUHFWLRQV Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the
space provided before the number.
1. What is a change in velocity called?
a. Speed b. acceleration c. displacement d. distance
2. Which change represents the greatest acceleration?
a. from 2 m/s to 5 m/s in 0.5 s
b. from 50 m/s to 15 m/s in 1 s
c. from 100 to 200 m/s in 15 s
d. from stationary to 20 m/s in 2s
3. What information is required in order to measure speed?
a. time and distance c. distance and velocity
b. velocity and time d. momentum and time
4. This describes how far an object moves during a certain amount of time.
a. velocity b. magnitude c. average speed
5. Acceleration refers to .
a. increasing speed c. decreasing speed
b. changing direction d. all of the above

7
 Unit 3 DESCRIBING MOTION
Week 2-3
Overview
Everything around us may be described as at rest or in motion. Most
living things have the capacity to move. Nonliving things do not
move but, they can be made to move through the application of
force. Movements made varies. Some can be fast and others may
be slow.
Photo credits to:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/arious-
moving-objects_fig9_255717028

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

At the end of this unit, you are expected to:
1. efine acceleration.
2. Describe the motion made by an object.
3. Calculate the acceleration of a moving object.
4. Create and interpret visual representation of the motion of objects such as motion
graphs
WHAT I KNOW (Pre-Test)
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before each number.
1. Eliana Marie is standing beside a school building. She walks 10 steps away from it.
Did she move?
a. Yes, because she changed position with respect to the school building.
b. Yes, because she walked.
c. No, because she is still close to the school building.
d. No, because she stopped after walking ten steps.
2. If a rolling toy car covers 4 m in 8 s, what is its average speed in m/s?
a. 0.5 b. 1 c. 2 d.4
3. If we add direction to speed, what quantity will be formed?
a. Distance b. velocity c. displacement d.time
4. What distance would be covered by a toy car in 1 min if its speed is 3
m/s? a. 3 m b.2 m c.60 m d. 180 m
5. Rizza is initially at rest. She walks 4 m forward then 2 m backward. What is the
total distance she traveled?
a. 0 m b. 2 m c. 4 m d.6 m
6.What is the magnitude of Rizza’s displacement in question 5?
a. 0 m b.2 m c.4 m d. 6 m
7.What is the instrument in the dashboard of a vehicle that indicates
its instantaneous speed?
a. Odometer b. pressure gauge c. clutch pedal d.speedometer
8.What will happen if an object is moving with a constant speed in a straight line?
a. It will cover the same distance in equal time interval.
b. It increases its speed at a constant rate.
c. It decreases its speed continuously.
d. It will stop after 1 min.
9.Which of the following units does not express acceleration correctly?
a. km/m/s b. m/s/s c.km/h/s d. m/s²
10.A tricycle is initially moving at 4 m/s in a flat straight road. It is constantly increasing
its speed by 2 m/s².What is its speed after 5 s?
a. 6 m/s b. 10 m/s c. 11 m/s d.14 m/s
8
 ACTIVITY 1
Have you gone to amusement parks and rode on a roller coaster? If a roller coaster is moving,
can we say that its velocity is changing all the time? All moving objects change their velocity.
Velocity refers to speed with direction. It is also defined as a vector measurement of the rate and
direction of motion.(www.thoughtco.com). We can relate acceleration here and it is another vector
quantity. Acceleration is called the rate of change of velocity of an object.
There are ways to determine if an object undergoes
accelerated motion:
1. the speed of the object changes while maintaining its
direction;
2. the speed of the object remains constant while
changing its direction; or
3. both the speed and direction of the object change.
Examples of acceleration are a volleyball hit by player
and a bicycle that starts to move.
There are three types of motion: stationary
object or object at rest, constant velocity or uniform velocity and constant acceleration or uniformly
accelerated motion. There are 2 kinds of motion based on the path travelled by the objects: rectilinear or
straight motion in which the direction of the velocity remains constant and the path is a straight line
(Merriam Webster), while circular motion is described as a movement of an object while rotating along a
circular path. Circular motion can be either uniform or non-uniform. During uniform circular motion the
angular rate of rotation and speed will be constant while during non-uniform motion the rate of rotation
keeps changing (byju’s.com)
WHAT’S MORE
Directions: Observe the picture below and answer the guide questions.

Guide Questions:
1When do we say there is acceleration?

2. What is the formula of acceleration?

3. Cite 2 examples of application of acceleration.

4. Why other vehicles run faster than others?

WHAT I LEARNED
Directions: Complete the sentence below.
The motion of object is said to be accelerating when: it speeds up, down
(usually called deceleration), or changes .Acceleration is the rate of change of
at a certain period of time. The formula for determining the acceleration is
.The unit for acceleration is .Negative acceleration is known as .

9
 WHAT I CAN DO ABOUT IT
When you are travelling either riding or driving, is there a need to change velocity? Why or why not?

CHALLENGE (EVALUATION)
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on the space before the
number.
1. Acceleration of an object happens when things
a. slow down b. change direction (turn) c. go faster d. All of the above
2. A truck slowing down to stop at a red light is an example of .
a. direction b. speed c. velocity d. acceleration
3. Turning a corner on a motorcycle is an example of .
a. direction b. speed c. velocity d. acceleration
4. A baseball thrown 90 miles per hour toward home plate is an example of .
a. direction b. speed c. velocity d. acceleration
_5. A truck moving 20 m/s is an example of .
a. direction b. speed c. velocity d. acceleration

Week 2
Activity
Acceleration can be calculated by determining the rate of change of velocity over a period of
time.
Mathematically, ▲v vf - vi
a= t = t
From the equation above, the SI unit of acceleration is a= m/s = m/s²
s
Other units of acceleration are ft/s²,km/h², and mi/h² .
Regarding the formula of determining the acceleration:
wherein:
a = acceleration
v= velocity
t= time
vf= final velocity
vi= initial velocity
Sample problems:
1. Gerald is driving his favorite car at 35 m/s when he sees a kitten along the road of the
subdivision. He applied break immediately in 3.0 s. What was the acceleration of Gerald’s car?

Given: vi= 35 m/s

vf= 0
▲t= 3.0 s
Asked: acceleration, a

Solution: a = vf- vi
t
a= 0 - 35 m/s
a. S
The car slows down at the rate of 12 m/s every second. This is
a = -12 m/s² negative acceleration which is known as deceleration.

2. An electric bicycle starts from rest and attains the speed of 20 m/s in 10 seconds. How far has
the electric bicycle traveled in 10 seconds?

10
 Given: vi = 0
vf = 20 m/s
t = 10 s
Asked: distance, d
Solution: d = v * t
Wherein: d= distance
v= velocity
t= time
Formula will be derived,
d= vi + vf t = 0 + 20 m/s (15 s)
2 2
= (10 m/s) (10 s)

d = 100 m

WHAT TO DO (PROCEDURE)
Directions: Read and solve the word problem. Apply the steps in solving problems.
1. Lee is riding a mountain bike at a velocity of 6 m/s, East.Six seconds later, he is already
traveling at a velocity of 18 m/s in the same direction. What is his acceleration?

2. A roller coaster’s velocity at the top of a hill is 10 m/s. Two seconds later it reaches the bottom of
the hill with a velocity of 26 m/s. What was the acceleration of the coaster?
3. A car traveling at 15 m/s starts to decelerate steadily. It comes to a complete stop in 10 seconds.
What is its acceleration?
4. A train moves from rest to a speed of 25 m/s in 30.0 seconds. What is its acceleration?
5. A car goes from 4.47 m/s to 17.9 m/s in 3 seconds. a. Did this car speed up or slow down? b.
Should
Photo your
credits to: answer be positive or negative? Explain your reasoning. c. Calculate the
ciencewithmrsb.weebly.com/mechanics.html
acceleration of the car.

OBJECTIVES :
1. Determine the x and y axes of a motion graph
2. Plot points that show motion of an object moving in a constant speed on an xy graph .
3.Interpret an xy graph that shows the motion of an object moving in constant speed

WHAT TO DO (PROCEDURE)
Directions: In this diagram, the positions of the
travelling bus is shown at different
intervals of time. Answer the guide
questions below.

Timer: 0 s 10 s 20 s 30 s

0m 5m 10 m 15 m
Fig. 1.Position of a travelling bus at different time intervals
11
Tabulate the data and plot into graph the x and y. The data in time will be placed on x- axis and the
data in position will be placed on y- axis.

y- axis Position
x-axis Time (s) (m)

0s 0m

Graph:
y

WHAT I LEARNED (GENERALIZATION)

Directions: Complete the paragraph below.
There are graphs that show an object moving with constant There are graphs that
show an object which is accelerating . There are graphs that show an object There are
graphs that show an object moving with a velocity .

12
 6FLHQFH
4XDUWHU²0RGXOH1DWXUHRI:DYHV
/HVVRQ :DYHV$Q(QHUJ\&DUULHU
Waves are present in our daily lives. Try to observe a water drop in a basin of water,
what did you observe? Yes, there are ripples formed in the stagnant water in the
basin. There are other materials where waves also occur: When you play a guitar and
strum it, vibration of the strings produces sound waves. When you switch on the
light in a dark room with light, light waves cover the room. Water, sound, and light
differ in importance in the physical world, but each of them takes part in forming the
basic properties of wave motion.
:KDW,.QRZ
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on your notebook.
1. What do you call the periodic disturbance that moves away from a source and
carries energy with it?
A. air C. wave
B. vibration D. electricity
2. Mechanical waves transport energy from one place to another through
A. Alternately vibrating particles of the medium
B. Particles traveling with the wave
C. Vibrating particles and traveling particles
D. None of the above
3. In a transverse wave, the individual particles of the medium
A. move in circles
B. move in ellipses
C. move parallel to the direction of travel
D. move perpendicular to the direction of travel
4. Energy from the sun reaches the earth through?
A. ultraviolet waves C. mechanical waves
B. infrared waves D. electromagnetic waves
5. How do we know that waves carry energy?
A. Waves can produce another substance.
B. Waves can transform an object to another.
C. Waves can set other objects at rest.
D. Waves can set other objects into motion.
6. What happens when waves pass by?
A. Particles do not move.
B. Particles are in vertical position.
C. Particles are in horizontal position.
D. Particles vibrate alternately to transport the energy of the wave.

13
For items 7-9, refer to the diagram of the wave below

7. Which point is the crest?

A. Point A
C. Point C
B. Point B
D. Point D
8. Which point is the through?
A. Point A
B. Point B C. Point C
D. Point D
9. Indicate the interval that represents a half wavelength.
A. A to E C. A to B
B. B to F D. C to E
Consider the diagram below to answer questions 10-13

10.The wavelength of the wave is identified by letter .

11.The amplitude of the wave in the diagram above is given by letter .
12.What is the frequency of the wave if it travels for 12 seconds?
A. 0.25 Hz C. 1 Hz
B. 0.50 Hz D. 2 Hz
13.What is the period of the given wave?
A. 1 second C. 3 seconds
B. 2 seconds D. 4 seconds
14.The higher the frequency of a wave,
A. the lower its speed C. the greater its amplitude
B. the shorter its wavelength D. the longer its period
15.Waves in a lake are 5.00 m in length and pass an anchored boat 1.25 s
apart. The speed of the waves is
A. 0.25 m/s
B. 4.00 m/s
C. 6.25 m/s
D. impossible to find from the information given
What’s In
In your Grade 6 Science you have learned that sound and light can be transformed
from one form of energy to another. You can able to identify now what energy do
materials have before they undergo a series of process to transform the energy they
possess.

14
$FWLYLW\6RUW0H
Identify the items below whether they produce Sound Energy or Light Energy by
writing them on the correct column.
Guitar Sun Cellular Phone Microphone
Bulb Radio Speakers Torch
Whistle Television Lampshade Cymbals
Drums Headset Candle Alarm Clock

6RXQG(QHUJ\ /LJKW(QHUJ\

What’s New
What are waves? How can we know that waves carry energy?
Try to wave at your seatmate and observe the motion of your
hand. Do you make a side-to-side motion with the palm of your
hand? Do you do an up-and-down motion with your hand?
Describe your personal hand wave.
The repetitive motion that you do with your hand while waving is
called a YLEUDWLRQ. A vibration causes wave motion. When you
observe a wave, the source is always a vibration.
$FWLYLW\/HW·V0DNH:DYHV
:KDWKDSSHQVZKHQZDYHVSDVVE\"
2EMHFWLYH
In this activity, you will observe and draw
different types of waves and describe how they
are produced.
0DWHULDOV
a. A rope (at least five meters long)
b. A coil spring (Slinky™)
x A basin filled with waterA paper boat 3URFHGXUH0HFKDQLFDO:DYHV
$ 7UDQVYHUVH:DYHV
Straighten the rope and place it above a long table. Hold one end of the
rope and vibrate it up and down. You would be able to observe a pulse.
Draw three sketches of the rope showing the motion of the pulse at three
subsequent instances (snapshots at three different times). Draw an arrow
to represent the direction of the pulse’s motion.
Time 1

Time 2

15
 Time 3

Q1. What is the source of the wave pulse?

Q2. Describe the motion of your hand as you create the pulse.

Q3. Describe the motion of the pulse with respect to the source.
__________________________________________________________________
% /RQJLWXGLQDO:DYHV
Connect one end of a long table to a wall. Place coil spring
on top of table. Attach one end of the coil spring to the
wall while you hold the other end.

Do not lift the coil spring. Ask a friend to vibrate the end of
the coil spring by doing a back-and- forth motion parallel
to the length of the spring. Observe the waves along the
coil spring. Draw how the coil spring looks like as you move it back-and- forth.

Q4. Describe the direction of your hand as you move the coil back-and-
forth.

Q5. Describe motion of the vibration produced in the coil as you move your
hand back-and-forth.

& 6XUIDFH:DYHV
1. Place a basin filled with water on top of a level table. Wait until the
water becomes still or motionless. Place your paper boat on the
surface. Create periodic waves by tapping the surface of the water at
regular intervals. Observe what happens to your paper boat.
Q6. Do the waves set the paper boat into motion? What is required to
set an object into motion?

Q7. If you exert more energy in creating periodic waves by tapping

the surface with greater strength, how does this affect the
movement of the paper boat?

2. Observe the figure below:

Q8. As shown in the figure, the passage of a wave across a surface

of a body of water involves the motion of particles following a

16
 pattern about their original positions.
Q9. Does the wave transport water molecules from the source of the
vibration? Support your answer using the shown figure.

When you created waves using a rope in Part A, you were able to observe a
moving pattern. In this case, the PHGLXPof wave propagation is the URSH.
Q10. In Part B, what is the medium of wave propagation?

Q11. In Part C, what is the medium of wave propagation?

(OHFWURPDJQHWLF:DYHV
Examine the figure of electromagnetic spectrum below:

Q12. List the common name of each wave shown in the chart.

What is It
A ZDYHis a periodic disturbance that moves away from a source and carries energy
with it. For example, earthquake waves show us that the amount of energy carried
by a wave can do work on objects by exerting forces that move objects from their
original positions.
Waves can be classified into two manner:
1. According to the direction of motion of the vibrating particles with
respect to the direction in which the waves travel:
a. 7UDQVYHUVH:DYHis a wave that moves perpendicular to the direction
of the wave motion. An example is a wave produced when a rope is
moved up-and-down.
b. /RQJLWXGLQDO:DYHis a wave that moves parallel to the direction of
the wave motion. The most common example of this is the alternate
push and pull movement of a slinky.

Figure 1. Longitudinal Wave on a Slinky

The area at which the particles are compressed is known as
FRPSUHVVLRQ, and the area at which the particles move apart is called
UDUHIDFWLRQ

17
 ______2. According to the medium where the waves propagate:
a. 0HFKDQLFDO:DYHVare waves that require a material medium to
propagate. Examples are sound, water waves, earthquake waves, and
waves in a stretched string.
b. (OHFWURPDJQHWLF:DYHVare waves that do not require a material
medium to propagate. The well-known example of this the
Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum.

Figure 2. Electromagnetic Spectrum

In Activity 3.2 you experienced creating periodic waves. In a periodic wave, one
pulse follows another in regular succession; a certain waveform – the shape of
individual waves – is repeated at regular intervals.
Most periodic waves have sinusoidal waveforms as shown below. The highest point
and lowest point of a wave are called the FUHVWand the WURXJKrespectively. The
DPSOLWXGHis the maximum displacement of a vibrating particle on either side of its
normal position when the wave passes.

Figure 3. Sinusoidal wave

Do the following activity to know more about the characteristics of wave.
$FWLYLW\:DYH·V$QDWRP\
+RZGR\RXGHVFULEHZDYHV"
2EMHFWLYH
In this activity, you will identify the quantities used in describing periodic
waves.
0DWHULDOV
x Figure 4: Periodic Wave
x Figure 5: Frequency of a Sinusoidal Wave
3URFHGXUH
$ 0HDVXULQJWKHZDYHOHQJWKRIDZDYH
The ZDYHOHQJWK nj of a wave refers to the distance between any
successive identical parts of the wave. For instance, the distance from
one crest to the next is equal to one full wavelength. In the following
illustration, this is given by the interval B to F.

Figure 4: Periodic Wave

Q1. Identify the other intervals that represent one full wavelength.
18
% 0HDVXULQJWKHIUHTXHQF\RIDZDYH
The IUHTXHQF\ I of a series of periodic waves is the number of waves
(N) that pass a particular point every one second (s) or ܰ. The unit of
‫ݐ‬
frequency is the hertz (Hz); 1 Hz = 1 cycle/second ሺͳ. In the figure
‫ݏ‬
below, the number of cycles of the wave ݉
ሺ ሻ.
is indicated with red, blue, and green ‫ݏ‬
lines.

Figure 5: Frequency of a Sinusoidal Wave

Q2. How many cycles do the wave have based
from the figure?

Q3. What is the frequency of the wave if it

travels for 12 seconds?

It is also useful to consider the SHULRG 7 

of a wave, which is the time required for
one complete wave to pass a given point.
The period of each wave is
ͳ
ܶൌ
݂
Q4. What is the period of the wave in Figure 5?

& 0HDVXULQJWKHVSHHGRIDZDYH
The ZDYHVSHHG Y is the distance traveled given
by the wavelength
nj of the wave per second. In symbols, it is ‫ݒ‬ൌࣅࢌ
represented as:
The basic unit of speed of wave is meter per second
Q5. What is the speed of the wave in Figure 5 if the distance of each
successive wave is 3 meters?
Q6. Based from the equation of wave speed, what can you infer about
the relationship of wavelength and frequency?

19
 The basic unit of speed of wave is meter per second
Q5. What is the speed of the wave in Figure 5 if the distance of each
successive wave is 3 meters?
Q6. Based from the equation of wave speed, what can you infer about
the relationship of wavelength and frequency?

What’s More
758(RU)$/6(Write )$&7if the statement is True and %/8))if false. Write
your answers on the space before each number.
1. A wave whose propagation is parallel to the direction of motion is a
transverse wave.
2. Sound waves do not need material medium to be able to transmit
sound.
3. Microwaves requires a material medium to propagate.
4. Earthquake waves is an example of mechanical wave.
5. Waves can set other objects into motion.
6. When waves pass by, particles in fixed position.
7. The highest point of a wave is called the amplitude.
8. The maximum displacement of the wave from the equilibrium position
is called the crest.
9. The number of waves that pass a given point at a given time is called
frequency.
10. The time it takes for a wave to complete one cycle is called period.
What I Have Learned
Complete the following statements to summarize the ideas you have learned from
this lesson. Choose the correct word from the box below:
longitudinal directly perpendicular vibrate medium

motion transverse circular inversely electromagnetic

1. Waves can be typified according to the direction of motion of the vibrating
particles with respect to the direction in which the waves travel.
a. Waves in a rope are called waves because the individual
segments of the rope vibrate to the direction in which the
waves travel.
b. When each portion of a coil spring is alternatively compressed and
extended, waves are produced.
c. Waves on the surface of a body of water are a combination of transverse
and longitudinal waves. Each water molecule moves in a
pattern as the waves pass by
2. Mechanical waves like sound, water waves, earthquake waves, and waves in
a stretched string propagate through a while
waves such as radio waves, visible light, and gamma rays,
do not require a material medium for their passage.
3. Waves carry energy when it can set other objects into .
4. When waves pass by, particles alternately to transport the
energy of the wave.
5. Wave speed, wavelength, and frequency are related by the equation:
‫݀݁݁݌ݏ݁ݒܽݓ‬ൌ݂‫݄ݐ݈݃݊݁݁ݒܽݓݔݕܿ݊݁ݑݍ݁ݎ‬. The frequency of a wave is
proportional to the wavelength.

20
What I Can Do
$ (DUWKTXDNHV
All three kinds of waves – transverse, longitudinal, and surface – are sent
out by an earthquake and can be detected many thousands of kilometers
away if the quake is a major one.
Q1. What do you think is the source of earthquake waves?

Q2. What is the medium of propagation of earthquake waves?

% 6XQ
The Sun is an important source of ultraviolet (UV) waves, which is the main
cause of sunburn. Sunscreen lotions are transparent to visible light but
absorb most UV light. The higher a sunscreen’s solar protection factor (SPF),
the greater the percentage of UV light absorbed.
Q3. Why are UV rays harmful to the skin compared to visible light? Answer
this by comparing the frequency and energy carried by UV waves to
that of visible light.

Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on your notebook.
1. What do you call the periodic disturbance that moves away from a source and
carries energy with it?
A. Air B. Vibration C. wave D. electricity
2. Mechanical waves transport energy from one place to another through
A. Alternately vibrating particles of the medium
B. Particles traveling with the wave
C. Vibrating particles and traveling particles
D. None of the above
3. In a transverse wave, the individual particles of the medium
A. move in circles
B. move in ellipses
C. move parallel to the direction of travel
D. move perpendicular to the direction of travel
4. Energy from the sun reaches the earth through?
A. ultraviolet waves C. mechanical waves
B. infrared waves D. electromagnetic waves
5. How do we know that waves carry energy?
A. Waves can produce another substance.
B. Waves can transform an object to another.
C. Waves can set other objects at rest.
D. Waves can set other objects into motion.
6. What happens when waves pass by?
A. Particles do not move.
B. Particles are in vertical position.
C. Particles are in horizontal position.
D. Particles vibrate alternately to transport the energy of the wave.
For items 7-9, refer to the diagram of the
wave below
7. Which point is the crest?
A. Point A
B. Point B
8. Which point is the through?
A. Point A C. Point C
B. Point B D. Point D

21
9. Indicate the interval that represents a half wavelength.
A. A to E
B. B to F
C. A to B
D. C to E
Consider the diagram below to answer questions 10-13

10.The wavelength of the wave is identified by letter .

11.The amplitude of the wave in the diagram above is given by letter .
12.What is the frequency of the wave if it travels for 15 seconds?
A. 0.2 Hz C. 0.8 Hz
B. 0.4 Hz
13.What is the period of the given wave?
A. 3 second C. 5 seconds
B. 4 seconds D. 6 seconds
14.The higher the frequency of a wave,
A. the lower its speed
B. the shorter its wavelength 0.6 Hz
C. the greater its amplitude
D. the longer its period
15.Suppose you observed an anchored boat to rise and fall once every 4.0
seconds as waves whose crests are 25 meters apart pass by it. What is the
speed of the waves?
A. 0.25 m/s
B. 4.00 m/s
C. 6.3 m/s
D. impossible to find from the information given

22
 /HVVRQ
&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI6RXQG:DYHV
The wave nature of sound is not clearly visible as that of a wiggling rope or
slinky or that of water waves. Even so, sound can be analyzed in terms of wave
characteristics and properties. In this lesson, we will explore how sound is
produced and propagated as well as its wave characteristics such as speed,
wavelength, and frequency.
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on your notebook.
1. Which of the following objects will produce sound?
A. soft objects C. vibrating objects
B. radio stations D. objects under pressure
2. Which of the following best describes a high frequency sound? It has
.
A. low pitch C. low energy
B. high pitch D. A and C
3. Compared to a thin string of the same length and tightness a thick string
produces sounds of .
A. the same pitch C. higher pitch
B. lower pitch D. lower then higher pitch
4. A sound wave is a .
A. longitudinal wave C. standing wave
B. transverse wave D. shock wave
5. Which of the following is NOT capable of transmitting sound?
A. air C. steel
B. water D. a vacuum
6. Which of the following would most likely transmit sound best?
A. Steel in cabinet
B. Water in the ocean
C. Air in your house
D. Water in a swimming pool
7. Suppose an alarm clock is inside a glass jar. The air inside the glass jar is
pumped out and the jar is sealed. Which of the following statements is
correct?
A. The sound of the alarm clock can be heard very faintly.
B. The sound of the alarm clock can be heard loud and clear.
C. Sound is produced though it cannot be heard as the jar is sealed.
D. No sound at all is produced as sound cannot propagate without
medium.
8. What statement about the sound produced by vibrating string is TRUE?
A. The speed of sound depends on all properties of string.
B. The speed of sound depends only on the mass of the string.
C. The speed of sound depends on both the mass and the tightness of
the string.
D. The properties of the string affect the frequency of the sound
produced but not its speed.
9. A tighter string of guitar would give rise to sound waves .
A. that can propagate faster
B. whose rarefactions are farther apart
C. with higher pressure in regions of compression
D. with shorter periods of cycles of compressions and rarefactions
10.Which of the following statements regarding pitch is TRUE?
A. Pitch is inversely proportional to frequency.
B. The higher the frequency of sound, the higher the pitch is.
23
 C. Pitch is directly determined by the speed of propagation of sound.
D. The A key on the piano, tuned at 440 Hz, does not necessarily have
the same pitch as a tuning fork vibrating at 440 Hz.
11.The loudness of sound is directly related to the sound waves’ .
A. speed C. frequency
B. amplitude D. wavelength
12.Sound quality is related to .
A. the frequencies that make up the given sound wave
B. the loudness of each frequency component
C. the source of sound
D. all of the above
13.Assuming the speed of sound in air is 340 m/s, around how many meters
would the sound from a thunder travel in 5 seconds?
A. 1 700 m C. 170 m
B. 6 800 m D. 680 m
14.What is the speed of a sound wave with a distance of 0.78 meter between
successive compressions and a frequency of 440 Hz?
A. 43 m/s C. 343 m/s
B. 143 m/s D. 543 m/s
15.A sound wave with a compression distance of 1.31 meters moves with a
velocity of 340 m/s. What is the frequency of the sound wave?
A. 60 Hz C. 360 Hz
B. 260 Hz D. 660 Hz
What’s In
In the previous lesson you have learned that waves carry and transfer energy. You
are very familiar now to the direction as well as its ability to transfer energy with or
without a material medium.

$FWLYLW\*XHVV0\7\SH
Identify the type of wave of the following materials by putting a check (‫ )ض‬on the
correct column. Materials may be classified twice or thrice.
0DWHULDOV 'LUHFWLRQ 3URSDJDWLRQ
7UDQVYHUVH /RQJLWXGLQDO 0HFKDQLFDO (OHFWURPDJQHWLF
1. Slinky
2. Telephone
3. Microwave
4. Pail of Water
5. Rope

24
What’s New
How does sound produce and propagate?
Try to place your palm in your throat and say “ah”. How would you describe the
motion in your throat? Were there vibrations in the throat?
$FWLYLW\,W·VD0$77(5RI6RXQG
+RZVRXQGLVSURGXFHGLQGLIIHUHQWPHGLD"
2EMHFWLYHV
In this activity, you are expected to:
1. describe how sound is produced; and
2. compare the speed of sound waves in different media.
0DWHULDOV
x A half full bag of soil
x A half full bag of water
x A half full bag of air
Note: Use a 1-kilogram clear plastic bag for this experiment!
3URFHGXUH
1. Place the half full bag of soil on the table. Place one of your hand (either
left or right) on one of your ears to cover it and press your other ear
against the bag. Ask someone from your home to knock on the table.
Q1. Did you hear a sound?

Q2. What is the source of the sound you heard? How it is produced?

2. Repeat procedure 1 for half full bag of water and air.

Q3. Which among the two materials have a louder sound?

Q4. Compare the loudness of the three materials.

Q5. Which among the three materials do you think have the fastest
speed of sound?

Q6. How can you relate now the loudness to the speed of sound?

What is It
6RXQGis an example of wave which is a longitudinal wave.
They are also known as mechanical waves since sound waves
need medium in order to propagate. It vibrates and travel in
solid, liquid, and gas. But sound wave travels much faster in
solid than liquid and gas. Refer to Figure 2.
As you can see in the figure, particles of solids are more closely
packed than particles of liquid and gas. Figure 6: Molecules of different
media

This is why sound produced in solids is much more distinct

and louder than when it is propagated or produced in liquids
and gas. Between liquids and gases, on the other hand, liquid
particles appear more closely spaced than gases. This means
that louder sound will be produced in liquids than in gases.
Sound cannot travel in a vacuum. If no matter exists, there
will be no sound. In the outer space, sound would not be
transmitted.
25
Sound waves can be characterized in the same manner as waves in general. ‫ݒ‬ൌࣅࢌ Thus,
the relationship of each quantitative characteristic of sound wave can be
described using the equation:
Where ‫ ݒ‬is the wave speed, ࣅ is the wavelength, and ࢌ is the frequency. The basic unit of
speed of wave is meter per second (m/s).
For you to easily understand the relationship of each quantities to one another, you may
use the 6SHHG)UHTXHQF\DQG:DYHOHQJWK7ULDQJOHRID:DYHin the figure at the right.
Do the following activity to know more about the relationship of the qualitative
characteristics of sound waves.
$FWLYLW\:DYH7ULDQJOH
2EMHFWLYHV
In this activity, you will solve problems involving relations between speed,
wavelength, and frequency of sound and describe the relationship of each
quantities to one another.
0DWHULDOV
x Separate sheet of paper (for solution)
x Pen
3URFHGXUH
Consider the scenario below to solve for the unknown quantity and answer the
questions that follows. Put the computed value in the box provided.
ͳ
Note: ݂ൌ , where ݂is the frequency (1/s or Hz) and ܶis the time (seconds)
ܶ
A starting pistol is fired 640 m away from a spectator.

The spectator hears the sound of the starting pistol two seconds after seeing
the flash from the gun.
Q1. What is the speed of sound in air?
A substitute spectator was asked on the same spot for the second batch of
runners. He heard the sound from the starting pistol 3 seconds after seeing
the flash from the gun.
Q2. If the speed of sound perceived by the substitute spectator is the
same with the first one, what will be the new wavelength of the
sound?
The substitute spectator was asked to move a little bit closer to the starting
line as the women runners’ division is about to commence. It is about 520
m.
Q3. If the speed of sound perceived was held constant, what will be the
new frequency of the sound produced from the starting pistol?
Q4. Based from your answers, how will you describe the relationship of
wavelength and frequency with respect to the wave speed?

26
The ORXGQHVVof sound measures the energy of the sound. It is measured in
decibels (dB). Loudness depends on the DPSOLWXGHof the sound wave. The bigger
the amplitude, the louder the sound.
The highness or lowness of sound or a musical note is known as SLWFK. )UHTXHQF\
is directly related to the pitch of a sound, which means that the higher the
frequency of a sound, the higher its pitch. The pitch of the notes produced by
stringed instruments depend on the length and thickness of the string. The longer
and thicker the string, the lower the pitch.

Figure 9: Pitch in two different stringed

Figure 8: Loudness of Sound instruments with same loudness

What’s More
Study the figure of three sound waves below and answer the questions that follows.

Q1. If you will classify the three sound waves, which do you think is solid,
liquid, and gas?

Q2. Which of the three sound waves do you think is the loudest? Softest?

Q3. Among the three sound waves, which do you think has the highest pitch?
Lowest pitch?

Suppose each wave has the following data:

:DYH1R :DYHOHQJWKሺࣅሻ )UHTXHQF\ሺࢌሻ
1 5m 0.5 Hz
2 3m 1 Hz
3 3m 3 Hz
Q4. Which among the three sound waves is fastest? Slowest?

27
What I Have Learned
Complete the paragraph below by filling in the correct word to summarize the ideas
you have learned from this lesson. Choose from the box below:
amplitude pitch longitudinal decibels

solid thickness vacuum loudness

inversely vibrate length frequency
Sound is a (1) _ wave that requires a medium to propagate. It
cannot travel in a (2) . If no matter exists, there will be no sound. In the
outer space, sound would not be transmitted. Sound (3) and travel in
solid, liquid, and gas. Sound wave travels faster in (4) materials because
of their intact molecules. It can be characterized in the same manner as waves in
general. Thus, the frequency of a sound wave is (5) proportional to the
wavelength. The (6) of sound measures the energy of the sound. It is
measured in (7) . It depends on the (8) of the sound wave.
The highness or lowness of sound or a musical note is known as (9)
which is directly related to the (10) of the sound. The pitch of the notes
produced by stringed instruments depend on the (11) and (12)
of the string.
What I Can Do

28
 The range of sound frequency that organisms perceives vary from one organism to
another. For instance, humans can only perceive a sound that ranges from 20 to
20 000 Hz, while dogs can even perceive a sound from 40 Hz to 20 000 Hz.
Q1. How would you compare the frequency of sound perception (audible range)
of humans to dogs?

Q2. Given the frequency perception difference of humans to dogs, how will you
relate this to the sound sensitivity perception of dogs, especially during
New Year’s Day?
$VVHVVPHQW
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on your notebook.
1. Which of the following objects will produce sound?
A. soft objects C. vibrating objects
B. radio stations D. objects under pressure
2. Which of the following best describes a high frequency sound? It has
.
A. low pitch C. low energy
B. high pitch D. A and C
3. Compared to a thin string of the same length and tightness a thick string
produces sounds of .
A. the same pitch C. higher pitch
B. lower pitch D. lower then higher pitch
4. A sound wave is a .
A. longitudinal wave C. standing wave
B. transverse wave D. shock wave
5. Which of the following is NOT capable of transmitting sound?
A. air C. steel
B. water D. a vacuum
6. Which of the following would most likely transmit sound best?
A. Steel in cabinet
B. Water in the ocean
C. Air in your house
D. Water in a swimming pool
7. Suppose an alarm clock is inside a glass jar. The air inside the glass jar is
pumped out and the jar is sealed. Which of the following statements is
correct?
A. The sound of the alarm clock can be heard very faintly.
B. The sound of the alarm clock can be heard loud and clear.
C. Sound is produced though it cannot be heard as the jar is sealed.
D. No sound at all is produced as sound cannot propagate without
medium.
8. What statement about the sound produced by vibrating string is TRUE?
A. The speed of sound depends on all properties of string.
B. The speed of sound depends only on the mass of the string.
C. The speed of sound depends on both the mass and the tightness of
the string.
D. The properties of the string affect the frequency of the sound
produced but not its speed.
9. A tighter string of guitar would give rise to sound waves .
A. that can propagate faster
B. whose rarefactions are farther apart
C. with higher pressure in regions of compression

29
 D. with shorter periods of cycles of compressions and rarefactions
10.Which of the following statements regarding pitch is TRUE?
A. Pitch is inversely proportional to frequency.
B. The higher the frequency of sound, the higher the pitch is.
C. Pitch is directly determined by the speed of propagation of sound.
D. The A key on the piano, tuned at 440 Hz, does not necessarily have
the same pitch as a tuning fork vibrating at 440 Hz.
11.The loudness of sound is directly related to the sound waves’ .
A. speed C. frequency
B. amplitude D. wavelength
12.Sound quality is related to .
A. the frequencies that make up the given sound wave
B. the loudness of each frequency component
C. the source of sound
D. all of the above
13.Assuming the speed of sound in air is 340 m/s, around how many meters
would the sound from a thunder travel in 5 seconds?
A. 1 700 m C. 170 m
B. 6 800 m D. 680 m
14.What is the speed of a sound wave with a distance of 0.78 meter between
successive compressions and a frequency of 440 Hz?
A. 43 m/s C. 343 m/s
B. 143 m/s D. 543 m/s
15.A sound wave with a compression distance of 1.31 meters moves with a
velocity of 340 m/s. What is the frequency of the sound wave?

References
%RRNV
Allas, Ian Mark F., et. al,. Discover Science 7. Diwa Learning Systems Inc. 4/F SEDCCO 1 Bldg. 120 Thailand
corner Legazpi Streets Legaspi Village, 1229 Makati City, Philippines. 2013.
Alvie J. Asuncion, Maria Helen D.H Catalan, etc. Science Learner’s Material and Teacher’s Guide, FEP
Printing Corp. 1st Ed,DepEd - BLR, Ground Floor Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex, Meralco Avenue
Pasig City, Phil. 2013.
Catabona, Aurora R., et. al,. Science Blast 7. Trinitas Publishing, Inc. 2014. Cerna, Ranier I., et. al,.
Conceptual Science and Beyond 7. Brilliant Creations
Publishing, Inc. Bonanza Plaza 2, Block 1, Lot 6, Hilltop Subdivision Greater
Lagro, Novaliches, Quezon City, Philippines. 2013.
2QOLQH5HVRXUFHV
x https://www.fp7-restarts.eu/index.php/home/root/state-of-the- art/results/the-experiments/55-ii-
greening-air-transport/the-noise/104- session-2-sound-propagation-and-transmission.html
x https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2020/04/5g-radiation-doesnt-cause-or- spread-coronavirus-and-
saying-it-does-is-destructive/
x https://www.slideshare.net/cheesenuggett/determining-wave-frequency- from-a-graph
x http://geotwitter.org/worksheet/label-parts-of-a-wave-worksheet.html
x https://www.livescience.com/53304-gases.html
x https://pt.slideshare.net/hmsoh/phy-formulae
x https://voer.edu.vn/m/sound-intensity-and-sound-level/749ae2eb
x https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-pitch-and- frequency
x https://www.slideshare.net/shafie_sofian/sound-44291075
x https://www.solpass.org/science4-5/sound/sound-
standards.html?section=study-8
x https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-5/Guitar-Strings
x http://www.kcse-online.info/schools/science/page375.htm
x https://brainly.com/question/20033232

30
 6FLHQFH
4XDUWHU²0RGXOH
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master energy in motion. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.
The module contains:
x Lesson 1 - Ways of Transferring Heat
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. infer that conduction takes place between objects in direct contact.
2. explain how conduction, convection, and radiation occurs.
3. infer that convection takes place between fluids; and
4. infer the conditions necessary for heat transfer to occur
What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. The rubber or plastic on electrical cords is an example of
a. insulators c. conductors
b. radiators d. convectors
2. When a frying pan is touching a stove that is on, what heat transfer is
happening?
a. conduction c. radiation
b. convection d. insulation
3. Thermal energy can be transferred by
a. conduction only c. radiation only
b. convection only d. conduction, convection, and radiation
4. Any material that does QRWallow heat to pass through it easily is called
a. conductor c. contract
b. expand insulator
5. Which of the following is a transfer of energy from one object to another due
to a difference in temperature?
a. compound c. mass
b. heat d. mixture

/HVVRQ :D\VRI7UDQVIHUULQJ+HDW
In your earlier grades, you learned that heat moves from the source to other objects
or places. Example is the kettle with water placed on top of burning stove. The water gets
hot because heat from the burning stove is transferred to it.
Heat energy is the result of the movement of tiny particles called atoms, molecules or
ions in solids, liquids, and gases. Heat energy can be transferred from one object to
another. The transfer or flow due to the difference in temperature between the two objects is
called heat.
All matter is made up of molecules and atoms. These atoms are always in different
types of motion (translation, rotational, vibrational). The motion of atoms and molecules
creates heat or thermal energy. All matter has this thermal energy. The more motion the
atoms or molecules have the more heat or thermal energy they will have.
Solids are tightly compacted and have more energy holding them together. For
example, a rock has many more atoms/molecules holding it together. They have a definite
shape.
Liquids are less compacted than solids. They conform to their containers. For
example, water does not have a definite shape and fits to its container. They do not have a
definite shape.
Gases are all over the place. They have much more space in between each other and

31
 have no definite shape whatsoever. Gases are usually found in the air.
When particles are heated up, space is being created. The atoms started to get "overly excited"
and started to move faster than they usually do. When this happens, energy is released in
the form of heat, light or etc. Because of this, kinetic energy increases and atoms colliding
with each other happens more often.
Energy, once released as heat, results in a decrease in the overall internal energy of
the object. Since kinetic energy is one of the forms of internal energy, the release of heat
from an object causes a decrease in the average kinetic energy of its particles.
What’s In
The following activities will allow you to explore the different methods by which
heat can be transferred from one object or place to another.
What’s New
Have you ever wondered how a hot coffee makes the cup itself hot? Why the
hood of the car is hot too when the engine is turned on? Why the heat from the sand
is conducted to your feet when you walk barefoot during summer? These phenomena
have something to do with heat transfer. This module aims to reinforce your
understanding how heat is transferred in different ways.
What is It
How is heat transferred? Heat can travel from one place to another in three
ways: Conduction, Convection and Radiation. Both conduction and convection
require matter to transfer heat. If there is a temperature difference between two
systems heat will always find a way to transfer from the higher to lower system.
&RQGXFWLRQ is the transfer of heat between substances that are in direct
contact with each other. The better the conductor, the more rapidly heat will be
transferred. Metal is a good conduction of heat. Conduction occurs when a substance
is heated, particles will gain more energy, and vibrate more. These molecules then
bump into nearby particles and transfer
some of their energy to them. This then
continues and passes the energy from the
hot end down to the colder end of the
substance.
Thermal energy is transferred from
hot places to cold places by convection.
&RQYHFWLRQoccurs when warmer areas of
a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the
liquid or gas. Cooler liquid or gas then
takes the place of the warmer areas which
have risen higher. This results in a
continuous circulation pattern. Water
boiling in a pan is a good example of these Photo Credits:
https://www.simscale.com/docs/simwiki/heat-
convection currents. Another good transfer-thermal-analysis/what-is-heat-transfer/
example of convection is in the
atmosphere. The earth's surface is warmed by the sun, the warm air rises, and cool
air moves in.
5DGLDWLRQ is a method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact
between the heat source and the heated object as is the case with conduction and
convection. Heat can be transmitted through empty space by thermal radiation often
called infrared radiation. This is a type electromagnetic radiation. No mass is
exchanged, and no medium is required in the process of radiation. Examples of
radiation is the heat from the sun, or heat released from the filament of a light bulb.

32
What’s More
$FWLYLW\&RQGXFWLRQRI+HDW
Materials: stove, pot, potholder, water, cup, metal spoon, notebook, pen
Procedure:
1. Pour one cup of water in a pot. Boil the water using the stove for 2 minutes
in a medium flame.
2. Use potholder in holding the pot, pour the boiled water in a cup and place
the metal spoon on it.
Guide Questions:
1. What happened to the metal spoon when it was placed in hot water?

2. Can you explain why? Try to use words like particles, energy, and transfer
in your answer.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the paragraphs by filling in the blanks with the
correct/appropriate words. Choose your answer from the box below.
radiation conduction three
convection matter
Heat can travel from one place to another in ways: Conduction,
Convection and Radiation. Both conduction and convection require to
transfer heat.
is the transfer of heat between substances that are in direct contact
with each other. Thermal energy is transferred from hot places to cold places by
. Heat can also be transmitted through empty space by .
What I Can Do
'LUHFWLRQV Read the paragraphs then answer the question below.
Energy is all around us and comes from many sources. One of the most
important sources of energy is the sun. The energy of the sun is the original source
of most of the energy found on earth. Heat energy from the sun is transmitted to
Earth through radiation. Most of the electromagnetic radiation that comes to the
earth from the sun is invisible. Only a small portion comes as visible light.
We get solar heat energy from the sun, and sunlight can also be used to
produce electricity from solar cells. The sun heats the earth's surface, and the Earth
heats the air above it, causing wind. Water evaporated by the sun forms clouds and
rain to give us flowing streams and rivers. Both wind and flowing water are sources
of energy. The sun's energy can also be stored. Plants store energy from the sun as
they grow. Fruits, vegetables, and wood from trees, for example, all contain stored
solar energy.
So, you see, the sun is the source of many kinds of energy found in nature.
These kinds of energy are around us all the time. They are produced quickly and
replace themselves constantly as we use them.
Guide Question:
1. As a student, what can you do to make good use of heat energy coming
from the sun? Give at least two examples.

33
Assessment
True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct of FALSE otherwise. Write your
answer on the space provided before each number.
1. Heat can be transferred in three ways: conduction, convection, and
radiation.
2. Conduction and convection need a medium (matter) for the heat to
transfer from one place to another.
3. When heat moves through an object by conduction, it causes the atoms
in the object to move slower.
4. In convection, heat always move from colder region to hotter region.
5. The sun gives us heat energy. The process of transmitting heat from the
sun to the Earth is called convection.
6. Most of the cooking pans have wooden handles so that the flow of heat
will not reach the handles. It only means that woods are insulators.
7. When you place and object to the top a hotter object, heat transfer will
take place from hotter object to colder object.
8. If you left a metal spoon in a pot of soup being heated, the temperature of
the handle of the spoon will stay the same.
9. The sun heats the ground through radiation, then the ground heats the
air through conduction.
10. A cube of ice is placed into the hand of a man. Over time, heat conducted
from the man’s hand to the ice cube will cause the ice to melt. This
scenario is an example of convection.

5HIHUHQFHV

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