Q. What is the role of HCL in the stomach?

Ans: The hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice breaks down the
food and the digestive enzymes split up the proteins. The acidic
gastric juice also kills bacteria.

Q. What is emulsification of fats?

Ans: It is the process of breaking down the complex fat molecules
converted into smaller fat molecules by the bile salts secreted by
the liver that will be easier to digest with the help of enzymes.

Q. Which protein digestion enzyme is present in pancreatic

juice?
Ans: The enzymes, trypsin, lipase, and amylase are essential for
digestion of most of the protein, fat, and carbohydrate in the meal.

Q. In the human alimentary canal, name the site of complete

digestion of various components of food.
Ans: Small intestine is the site of complete digestion of various
components of a food.

Q. When a few drops of iodine solution are added to rice water,

the solution turns blue-black in colour. This indicates that rice
water contains:
a) fats
b) complex proteins
c) starch
d) simple proteins
Ans: Starch

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Short Answer Type Questions:
Q. How are fats digested in our body?Where does this process
take place?
Ans: Fats are present in the form of large globules in the small
intestine. The small intestine receives the secretions from the liver
and the pancreas. The bile salts (from the liver) break down the
large fat globules into smaller globules so that the pancreatic
enzyme lipase can easily act on them. This is referred to as
emulsification of fats. This process takes place in the small
intestine.

Q. Why do herbivores have longer, small intestines than

carnivores?
Ans: The small intestine is longer in herbivores than in carnivores
because herbivores consume plant and grass-based food which is
high in cellulose and the digestion of cellulose takes a long time.
The length of the small intestine differs in various animals
depending on the food that they eat. Therefore, herbivores need a
longer small intestine to allow cellulose to be digested as taken
from green plants.

Q. State the role of the following in human digestive system:

a) Digestive enzymes
b) Hydrochloric acid
c)Villi
Ans: (i) Digestive enzymes – Foods need to be broken into their
small or simpler molecules so that they can be absorbed into the
bloodstream. However, the physical breakdown of food is not
enough. Enzymes are hence needed for the chemical breakdown of
food and speeding up the digestive process. The products of
digestion can hence be small enough to be absorbed.

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(ii) Hydrochloric acid – Hydro chloric acid helps to kill the germs
which might have entered in to the system through food. It creates
acidic medium for the pepsin to act on food to breakdown proteins.
(iii) Villi – Villi are finger like projections in the small intestine. They
help to increase the surface area for absorption of the digested
food. Villi are richly supplied with blood vessel which help to absorb
digested food into the blood stream.

Q. Explain the statement,“Bile does not contain any enzyme

but it is essential for digestion.”
Ans: Bile does not contain an enzyme, but it is essential for
digestion because bile is alkaline and contain bile salts which help
to emulsify the fats present in the food.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Q. a) Draw a diagram depicting human alimentary canal and
label on it gallbladder, liver and pancreas.

b) State the roles of liver and pancreas.

Ans: Liver is one of the most important organ present in the human
beings and is located in the upper right abdomen. Its most
important functions are as follows:

1) It excretes bile which helps in the digestion of fats and pass it on

to the small intestine.
2) It helps in the production if certain proteins required for the blood
plasma.
3) It converts excess of glucose into glycogen and stores it.

Pancreas is located in the abdomen. It performs two main kind of

function.

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1) Exocrine function: It helps in the digestion of food. It produces
various enzymes such as amylase, lipase and trypsin which helps
to digest carbohydrate, fats and proteins respectively.

2) Endocrine function: It produces hormonal insulin which helps to

control the amount of sugar present in the blood.

c) Name the organ which performs the following functions in

human:
i. Absorption of digested food.
ii. Absorption of water.
Ans: i) Absorption of digested food – small intestine.
ii) Absorption of water – big intestine.

NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS

Q. What is the role of the acid in our stomach?

Ans: Acid makes the stomach's habitat acidic. It activates
inactive pepsinogen into pepsin. Pepsin helps in protein digestion in
the stomach. It also kills bacteria that are brought into our bodies
through food.

Q. What is the function of digestive enzymes?

Ans: Digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin,
etc., help in the chemical digestion of food by breaking down
complex food particles into simpler ones. These simple molecules
can be easily absorbed by the blood and is thus transported to all
the cells in the body.

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Q. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested
food?
Ans: The small intestine has millions of tiny finger-like projections
called villi. These villi increase the surface area for efficient food
absorption. Within these villi, many blood vessels are present that
absorb the digested food and carry it to the bloodstream.

NCERTTEXTBOOK EXERCISE QUESTIONS

Q. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this

process take place?
Ans: The bile salts (from the liver) break down the large fat globules
into smaller globules so that the pancreatic enzyme lipase can
easily act on them. This is referred to as emulsification of fats. This
process takes place in the small intestine.

Q. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?

Ans: The role of saliva in the digestion of food are as follows:
a. It moistens the food for easy swallowing.
b. It changes the pH level of the food too alkaline so that the
breakdown of starch can be initiated.
c. It contains a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase, which
breaks down starch into maltose.