Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Grade 11 STEM
Quarter 4 - Week 3
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
HAZARDS
Learning Competency:
1. Recognize signs of impending
hydrometeorological hazards
(DRR11/12-IIc-d-33)
2. Interpret different hydrometeorological
hazard Maps
(DRR11/12-IIc-d-35)
3. Use available tools for monitoring
hydrometeorological hazards
(DRR11/12-IIc-d-36)
TYPES of HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
HAZARDS
➢ Typhoons
➢ Storm Surges
➢ Thunderstorms
➢ Flooding
➢ El Niño and La Niña
Hydrometeorological Hazard Definition
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
HAZARD is a phenomenon of
atmospheric, hydrological or
oceanographic nature that may
cause loss of life, injury, or other
health impacts, property
damage, loss of livelihoods and
services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental
damage. (UNISDR)
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/EGnJ73SCESI/maxresdefault.jpg
What do you know about
typhoons in our country?
 A. Location of Philippines:
PACIFIC TYPHOON BELT

Located along the

typhoon belt
(Western North
Pacific Basin)
where 66% of
tropical cyclones
enter or originate
https://philnews.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/typhoon-belt.jpg
 B. The Philippines:
EXPORTER OF TYPHOONS

http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/dam/assets/131108012310-haiyan-track-map-2-story-top.jpg
TYPES OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
1. TYPHOONS: Intense Tropical Cyclones
A typhoon is a severe
weather disturbance
characterized by
strong winds and
heavy rains which
revolve around a
central low pressure
area.
https://scitechdaily.com/images/Typhoon-Vamco-Philippines-Annotated.jpg
1. TYPHOONS: Intense Tropical Cyclones

THREE TYPES of Tropical Cyclones:

1. Tropical depression – wind speed up to
62kph
2. Tropical storm – wind speed ranging from
63-118kph
3. Typhoon – wind speed greater than
118kph
1. TYPHOONS: Intense Tropical Cyclones

EFFECTS OF Tropical Cyclones:

1. STRONG WINDS
Strong winds which
cover a much larger
area during tropical
cyclones, cause the
most obvious damage.
https://tse2.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP._MEMitQ2KhnhMQIbCOGjowHaEL&pid=Api&P=0&w=2
88&h=162
1. TYPHOONS: Intense Tropical Cyclones

EFFECTS OF Tropical Cyclones:

2. STORM SURGE
Storm surges, localized
unusual increase of sea
water level way above the
predicted astronomical tide
level, due to intense winds
and low atmospheric
pressure that accompany
intense tropical cyclones. https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vfhnZo20jik/ToU-xJ-
k7KI/AAAAAAAAAjU/hT3I2SctNJk/s1600/Storm+surge.jpg
1. TYPHOONS: Intense Tropical Cyclones

EFFECTS OF Tropical Cyclones:

3. HEAVY RAINS
Heavy rains, unlike
strong winds and storm
surges, actually occur in
tropical cyclones of
lower intensity. Flooding
is worse during tropical
depressions and tropical
storms.
 Public Typhoon Warning System
PAGASA – Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration
Public Storm Warning Signals (PSWS)

PSWS #1 Winds of 30kph to 60kph are expected within the next Winds not expected to bring
36 hours damage but may bring very
light damage

PSWS #2 Winds of 61kph to 120kph are expected within the Light to moderate damage
next 24 hours

PSWS #3 Winds of 121kph to 170kph are expected within the Moderate to heavy damage
next 18 hours
PSWS #4 Winds of 171kph to 220kph are expected within the Heavy to very heavy damage
next 12 hours
PSWS #5 Winds of more than 220kph are expected within the Very heavy to widespread
next 12 hours damage
 What do you know about
Weather Forecast and how
is it made?
Weather Forecast
➢ It is a scientific estimate of future weather condition,
wherein a weather condition is a state of the
atmosphere at a given time expressed in terms of the
most significant variables. In the Philippines,
cloudiness, rainfall and wind are the weather
parameters with significant variation, and therefore of
interest to the forecast users.
➢ It is done by a Meteorologist; he/she must know about
the existing weather condition over a large area. The
accuracy of forecast decision is based on forecasting
tools known as the Weather Map.
Weather forecasting comprises of 5 steps
1st Step: Observation
➢ A meteorologist forecasts weather decision through surface
observations at least every three hours over land and sea, and
upper air stations at least every twelve hours.
➢ Meteorological satellites, geostationary and polar orbiting, take
pictures of the cloud imagery of the atmosphere. These satellites
take pictures of the cloud formations of the earth every hour, and
continually, respectively.
➢ Weather radars are also used to track the position of the
atmosphere within radar range. A numerical weather prediction
is fed to the computer which analyzes data as programmed and
makes a time integration of physical equations.
Weather forecasting comprises of 5 steps
2nd Step: Collection and Transmission of Weather Data
➢ Collection and Transmission of Weather Data are
condensed into coded figures, symbols and numerals
are transmitted via radiophone, teletype, facsimile
machine or telephone to designated collection
centers for further transmission to the central
forecasting station. Weather satellite images are
transmitted to receiving stations on the ground while
radar measurements are transmitted through a local
communication network to forecast centers.
Weather forecasting comprises of 5 steps
3rd Step: Plotting of Weather Data
➢ Observations on land and sea are plotted on charts of
surface or mean sea level, which are prepared four
times a day. Once the coded messages have been
received, they are decoded, and each set of
observations is plotted over the respective areas or
regions in symbols or numbers on weather charts.
Observations of radiosonde, theodolite, aircraft, and
satellite wind are plotted on top-level charts that are
prepared twice daily.
 Weather forecasting comprises of 5 steps
4th Step: Analysis of Weather Maps, Satellite and Radar Imageries
and Other Data
Current weather maps are analyzed through different weather charts namely
SURFACE (MSL) CHART, where data plotted on this weather map are analyzed
isobarically. This means the same atmospheric pressure at different places are
interconnected with a line taking into consideration the direction of the wind;
UPPER AIR CHARTS, data plotted on this weather map are analyzed using
streamline analysis;
NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION MODEL OUTPUT, the computer-plotted
weather maps are analyzed manually so that weather systems like cyclones and
anticyclones are located; and
MONITOR WEATHER CHARTS, plotted cross-section data, rainfall charts and 24
hour pressure change charts are analyzed to determine wind wave movement,
rainfall distribution and atmospheric pressure behavior.
Weather forecasting comprises of 5 steps
5th Step: Formulation of the Forecast
➢ Upon completion of review of all available
meteorological information / data, the
preparation of forecasts follows. The first and
one of the preliminary steps is to determine the
position of the various weather systems and the
actual weather over a given area as accurately as
the data permits.
TYPES OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
2. STORM SURGE
A storm surge is a localized
unusual increase of sea water
level beyond the predicted
astronomical tide level
primarily due to intense winds
and lowered atmospheric
pressure during the passage of
an intense tropical cyclone
from the sea to the land.
https://s.france24.com/media/display/87db1956-0b1e-11e9-b283-
005056bff430/w:1240/p:16x9/typhon-new.jpg
https://media.philstar.com/photos/2019/06/17/gen11-storm-surge-warning-system_2019-06-17_23-15-34.jpg
 TYPES OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
3. THUNDERSTORM
This is a powerful, short-lived
weather disturbance, almost
always associated with lightning,
thunder, dense clouds, heavy
rain or hail, and fast, roaring
winds.
Thunderstorms occur when
layers of dry, moist air rise to
cooler regions of the atmosphere
in a broad, rapid updraft. https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jCRJQqylQ4A/maxresdefault.jpg
3 stages of Thunderstorm
➢ CUMULUS STAGE - where the sun heats the Earth's
surface during the day and warms the air around it.
➢ MATURE STAGE - A cumulus cloud becomes very
large, where the water therein becomes large and
heavy, and raindrops begin to fall through the cloud
when the rising air can no longer hold them up.
➢ DISSIPATING STAGE - After 30 minutes,
thunderstorm begins to dissipate, this occurs when the
downdrafts in the cloud begins to dominate over the
updraft. Since warm moist air can no longer rise, cloud
droplets can no longer form.
TYPES OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
4. FLOODING
Flooding is the abnormal
rise of water level in
rivers, coastal areas,
plains, and in highly
urbanized centers which
may be a result of
natural phenomena,
human activities, or
both.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x7hTR7aOTug/V-
TfxEBjQVI/AAAAAAAAAD4/qXFOd4KuvysEtGDx-TFgEjZeuh49N1u8gCLcB/s1600/flood.jpg
TYPES OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
5. FLASH FLOODS
A flash flood is a rapid,
short-lived, and violent
arrival of a large volume
of water which can be
caused by intense
localized rainfall on land
that is saturated or
unable to absorb water
https://tse2.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.rOnGsmyOoTNbdTAhw44v8wHaFj&pid=Api&P=0&w=219
&h=164
Main types of floods
1. INLAND FLOODING is the technical name for ordinary flooding that
occurs in inland areas, hundreds of miles from the coast.
2. FLASH FLOODS are caused by heavy rain or the sudden release of
water overa short period of time. The name "flash" refers to their fast
occurrence and also to their raging torrents of water that move with great
speed. Flash floods are also caused by heavy precipitation in a short
period of time, usually less than 6 hours.
3. RIVER FLOODING occurs when water levels in rivers, lakes, and
streams rise and overflow onto the surrounding banks, shores, and
neighboring land.
4. COASTAL FLOODING is the inundation of land areas along the coast
by seawater.
5. URBAN FLOODING occurs when there is a lack of drainage in an urban
(city) area.
https://live.staticflickr.com/5527/14476563533_465e3287a1_b.jpg
TYPES OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
6. EL NIÑO
In the Philippines, an El
Niño can bring about dry
spells or droughts,
weaker monsoon activity,
delayed beginning and
premature end of the
rainy season, and weaker
and fewer tropical
cyclones.
TYPES OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
7. LA NIÑA
La Niña involves prolonged unusual
cooling of sea surface temperatures
in central and eastern equatorial
Pacific that may last for 1-3 years
LA NIÑA
In the Philippines,
La Niña causes
near normal to
above normal
rainfall conditions,
particularly over the
eastern sector of
the country.
https://tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.86l_9qSXRqh-Coenkc0HwwHaE7&pid=Api&P=0&w=263&h=175
LA NIÑA
There is also an observed
increase in the number of
tropical cyclones that
enter the Philippine Area
of Responsibility as
tropical cyclone
formation shift toward the
western Pacific Ocean

http://philnews.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/La-Ni%C3%B1a.jpg
SIGNS OF IMPENDING
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS

1. Typhoon Signs
➢Increased ocean swell
➢Barometric pressure drop
➢Wind speed
➢Heavier rainfall
2. Thunderstorm Signs
➢ Cloud formations
➢ Darkening sky
➢ Lightning wind
➢ Wind
3. Flashflood / Flood Signs
➢ Continuous storms, typhoons,
and rain
➢ Distant thunder
➢ Rapidly rising water
➢ Muddy water
➢ Water carries debris
4. Storm-surge Signs
➢ Cumulu-nimbus clouds
➢ Darker sky
➢ Low pressure
➢ Strong winds
➢ Rising of water
5. El Niño Signs
➢ Hot weather
➢ High pressure
➢ Change in temperature
➢ Gradually drying of land
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD MAPS:
PAGASA Flood monitoring system
 TOOLS IN MONITORING
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD
For measuring temperature
1. Thermometer - measures the extent of a given substance’s hotness or coldness.
2. Thermograph - uses digital infrared imaging to record slight changes in temperature.

For measuring atmospheric pressure

1. Mercurial Barometer - the atmospheric pressure balances the mercury column,
the height of which can be measured precisely.

2. Aneroid Barometer - A sealed box (blue, sometimes called an aneroid cell) is built
around an aneroid barometer, which expands or contracts with increasing pressure.

3. Barograph - records the barometric pressure over time in the form of a graph.
For measuring atmospheric relative
humidity
1. Sling Psychometer
2. Hygrometer

For measuring precipitation

1. 8-inch Rain Gauge
2. Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge
For monitoring clouds
1. Ceiling Light Projector
2. Ceiling Balloon

Special Instruments
1. Pilot Balloon/ Theodolite
2. Radiosonde
3. Rawindsonde
4. Wind Finding Radar
5. Wind Surveillance Radar
TOOLS IN MONITORING HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD

Location of Weather Radar operated by PAGASA Radar image over Bataan / NCR showing extensive rain
IMPACTS OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
HAZARDS TO OUR COUNTRY
➢ Effects on domestic water supply, irrigation,
and electricity generation
➢ Effects on agriculture
➢ Effects on marine ecosystem, capture fishery,
and aquaculture
➢ Other environmental effects
➢ Health problems
In GENERAL,
“Heavy rains had made the Philippines’ capital
paralyzed this week submerging about 70% of its total
land area.” This scenario has always become a
“normal” scene and an annual headline every rainy
season. Storms have become the country’s constant
visitor and they always, I mean always leave
something disastrous after. So with such “usual”
scenario that we often see even after storms have
passed and floods have subsided, are you prepared
for it?
ACTIVITY Jumbled Words
Directions: Given the definition of the jumbled words, write the correct term on the
blank provided.
____________________1. PHYNOTO - is a low-pressure area, or a wide and violent tropical
cyclone. It rotates in the counterclockwise direction, with warm air rising above Western Pacific
Ocean warm water. Many people on the other side of the planet name it storm or wily-wily.
____________________ 2. LFODO - is characterized as superfluous water that swamps normally dry
land and properties.
____________________ 3. AÑNIAL - represents periods of under-average sea surface temperatures
across the Equatorial Pacific in the east-central.
____________________ 4. MRSTO GRSUE- is an abnormal rise in sea level during tropical cyclones
or "bagyo".
_____________________ 5. MROTSREDNUHT – is local storm created by cumulonimbus clouds and
are often accompanied by lightning and thunder, usually with strong wind gusts, heavy rain and
occasionally hail and/or tornado.
____________________ 6. ÑNOELI - refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction
linked to a regular warming of sea surface temperatures around the Equatorial Pacific region
and east-center.
____________________ 7. AFLSOHFLOD - is often caused by heavy rainfall in a short time span,
typically less than 6 hours.
____________________ 8. PHRMRGTAOHE - uses digital infrared imaging to record slight changes in
temperature