graph = line graph

chart = bar chart

diagram = figure

shows = illustrates (or ‘compares’ if the graph is comparing)

proportion = percentage

information = data

people in the USA = Americans

from 1999 to 2009 = between 1999 and 2009

from 1999 to 2009 = over a period of 10 years

how to produce = the process of producing

Paraphrase thời gian

Trong mở bài:

 from 1990 to 2000 → between 1990 and 2000// over a period of 10 years// over a
10-year period (lúc này year không có “s” nhé, vì cụm “10-year” đóng vai trò là
tính từ).
 every year → each year// per year// yearly// annually// on an annual basis
 every day → each day// per day// daily// on a daily basis
 every week → each week// per week// weekly// on a weekly basis
 during the period shown → during this time frame → during the given period

 Paraphrase các nhóm tuổipeople who fell into the 40 to 49 age group =
people falling into the 40 to 49 age group
 people who were between 40 and 49 years old = people between 40 and 49 years
old
 people who were aged 40 to 49 = people aged 40 to 49.
 40-to 49-year-old people
 40-to 49-year-olds
 the 40-49 age group
 the 40-49s
 people who were in their forties = people in their forties.
 People in the age range of 40 to 49

People aged 65 or more = elderly/older people aged 65 or over

Một số paraphrase khác:

 People aged 65 or more = people aged 65 and over = people aged 65 or older

People aged 2Paraphrase quốc gia

 Nếu trên đề bài có nêu tên các quốc gia cụ thể, ví dụ “…in the US, Japan and
China” → ta sẽ paraphrase thành “in three different countries/nations”.
 Ngược lại, nếu đề bài không đề cập tới các quốc gia cụ thể mà chỉ nói “in three
different countries” → ta sẽ nêu tên các quốc gia cụ thể đó ra.

Paraphrase chi tiêu

Khi muốn nói sự chi tiêu cho sản phẩm X nào đó, ta có rất nhiều cách viết:

 spending on X → expenditure on X// the amount of money spent on X

Nếu bài là phần trăm (%), ta có thể paraphrase:

 the percentage of spending on X → the proportion of spending on X → the

proportion of money spent on X

Paraphrase tỷ lệ thất nghiệp

unemployment rates → levels of unemployment// levels of joblessness// unemployment
levels// the proportion of people who were unemployed// the proportion of people who
were jobless// the proportion of people without work

Paraphrase sự nghèo khó

 poor people → people living under the poverty line → people living in extreme
poverty
 poverty rates → poverty levels

Paraphrase sự tiêu thụ và sản xuất

Khi muốn nói sự tiêu thụ X ta có các cụm từ:

 the consumption of X → the amount of X consumed// the number of X consumed//

X consumption

Khi muốn nói sự sản xuất X ta có các cụm từ:

  the production of X → the amount of X produced// the number of X produced// X
production

Lưu ý:

 the amount of + danh từ không đếm được

 the number of + danh từ đếm được số nhiều

Paraphrase phương tiện giao thông

 car, bus and train → three different forms of transport
 forms of transport → means of transport → modes of transport
 the number of people driving to work → the number of car users// the number of
people travelling by cars
 the number of people travelling by train → the number of train users// the number
of rail passengers
 travel = commute (v): đi lại

Một số paraphrase khác:

 show → compare// indicate/ illustrate// give information about…
 People in the UK → British people// the British
 People in the USA → American people
 the percentage of → the proportion of