Example :

Estimate the required quantities of construction materials for lining the channel as shown bellow,
by sectional concrete layer thickness of 30cm, note that the length of the channel 3km and mixing
ratio of concrete is ( 1: 2: 4).

Solution:

 
A  3  1* 2  2 * 4.5 2  1.5 2 * 0.3  4.346 m2 Vol. = 4.346*3000 = 13038 m3
Construction material quantities of (1:2:4) as follow
Cement quantity = 300 x 13038 =3,911,400 kg = 3,911.4 ton
Sand = 0.42 x 13038 = 5476 m3
Gravel= 0.84 x 13038 = 10952 m3

Example :
the Figure (A) Represents a section of a concrete dam and a small figure (B) Drop the dam at the
construction site, Estimate necessary required constructing materials for the implementation of the
dam using concrete mixing ratio of 1: 2: 4.

1
 Solution:
 *102
A  16 * 2  132   122.46 m2
4
A x   ax
 *102
122.46  x  16 * 2 * 8  132 * 8.5  * 0.424 *10  2 
4
 x  9.819 m
60 * 
Vol.  S *  * A  20  9.819 * *12246  3823.983 m3
180
3823.983 * 300
cement   1147.194 ton
1000
sand  3823.983 * 0.42  1606 m3
gravel  3823.983 * 0.84  3212 m3

Example :

Estimate the quantity of construction materials to cast a

retaining wall shown in the figure bellow, if you know
that the length of the wall 22 m and the concrete
mixing ratio is (1: 1.5: 3).

Solution:

2.6  1.2
A  7 * 1.5  * 5.5  1.2 *1  22.15 m2
2
Vol.  22.15 * 22  487.3 m3
487.3  0.67C  1.5C  3C ,  C  132.239 m3
132.239 *1400
cement   185.134ton
1000
sand  1.5C  198.3 m3
gravel  3C  396.7 m3

Example 10: H.W.

2
Resolve example above but considering that the retaining wall curved central angle of 60 ° and its
head is 25 m away from the point a.
Example

Estimate the quantity of construction materials ( cement, sand and gravel) needed to pour ten
bases for four-column, note that the base pyramid-shaped four-minus the side length of the
upper base 60 cm and 120 cm, and the lower net height of 120 cm and the blending ratio of 1:
2: 4.

Solution:

Vol.  10 *
H
3
A  A 
1 2 
A1 * A2  10 *
1.2
3
 
0.62  1.2 2  0.6 2 * 1.22  10.08 m3

300
cement  10.08 *  3.024ton
1000
sand  0.5 * 10.08  5.04 m3
gravel  1 * 10.08 10.08 m3

3
Reinforced concrete: is a reinforced concrete materials that are indispensable in any structural
work, reinforcement is added to the concrete due to the lack of concrete in tension as well as to
increase compressive strength in compression zone under pressure, reinforcement is of enormous
importance because it is the most expensive construction paragraphs, and below details of the
reinforcement:

Rebar diameter(Φ, mm( Rebar mass)kg/m( Remarks

6 0.222
8 0.395 Stirrups
10 0.617
12 0.888 ----
14 1.21 ----
16 1.58 ----
18 2 For huge
20 2.47 constructions,
Dams for
25 3.86
example
Example 12)
How many tons of block 1000 rebar (Φ8) and 2000 rebar (Φ14) If you know that the length of the
one rebar is 12 m.
Solution:
mass of 1000 rebar (Φ8), 12 M length = 0.395 * 12*1000/1000 = 4.74 ton
mass of 2000 rebar (Φ14), 12 M length = 1.21 * 12*2000/1000 = 29.04 ton

Example 13)
How much the mass of reinforcement have length of 12 m & diameter of 30 mm if you know that
a 8 mm diameter rebar density is 0.395 kg / m.
Solution:

4
First rebar density = density of the second rebar
w2 w1 0.395 x
    x  66.66kg
v2 v1  2  2
* 8 *1 * 30 *12 Estimating of rebar
4 4
quantities of strip foundation:
rebar must be in general:
1) free of rust and suspended solids and materials that prevent bonding with concrete such as
oils and others.
2) heat may not be used when bending rebars, particularly in the large diameters.
When taking the cross-section in a strip foundation, it would be as follows:

So notes form the figure that reinforcement is usually in a range of rebar and stirrups, In the case
of insufficient length overlap (overlap) work must be done, including, if necessary, and be a
correlation length of (25-40db ) that at least a length of 300 mm, as the db is a (diameter of bar),
and with respect to the stirrups it is observed from the figure they contain extensions and bending
and the length of each extension (6db) and that at least this extension about 10 cm, and all
bending of ( 2db). And it is usually connected using rebar steel wires to be binding in all rebar
connecting location. It is worth mentioning, the number of stirrups is as follows:

The distance where the stirrups are divided

Stirrup no.= The distance between the stirrups +1

Regarding to the concrete cover the minimum thickness could be as follows:

Construction item Reinforced concrete cover (mm)

Reinforced concrete in contact with the soil 75

reinforced concrete walls, beams and slabs 20

5
 and reinforced concrete columns and joists
40
and lintels

If the rebar Φ18 or less 12

Thin slabs and
If the rebar more than
reinforced domes 20
Φ18

For the purpose of rebar mass estimation the following approximate equation can be adopted:
lD 2
w where: w: rebar mass (kg), l: length of rebar (m), D: rebar diameter(mm)
162
This equation can be derived as follows:
2
 D  lD 2
w  Vol. *  s    l * 7850  Where:  s : rebar density (7850 kg / m3)
4  100`0  162
Example 14) Estimate the amount of construction materials needed to pour 40 m3 of the strip
foundation its cross-section shown in the figure below: If you know that the mixing ratio of 1: 2:
4.
Solution:

40 * 300
Cement = = 12 ton
1000
Sand = 40*0.42 = 16.8 m3
Gravel = 40*0.84 = 33.6 m3
Vol . 40
Foundation length = = =100 m
Area 1 * 0.4
100
No .of overlaps   8.33  8 Nearly to the nearest and smaller integer
12

6
 1 l1  100  8 * 0.64  105.12m, L1  4l1  4 * 105.12  420.48m
L1D12 420.48 * 162
w1    664.46kg
162 162
2 l2  l1  104.48m, L2  3l2  3 *104.48  313.44m
L2 D22 313.44 *142
w2    379.22kg
162 162
3 l3  21  2 * 0.075  0.4  2 * 0.075  0.3  2.5m
100
No. of stirrups   1  501 L3  501* 2.5  1252.5m
0.2
L D 2 1252.5 *102
w3  3 3   773.15kg
162 162
Wt  w1  w2  w3  1816.83kg
Note that the 0.3 value added to the stirrups length to consider the extensions and bending in the
stirrups into consideration when the stirrups length calculated, the stirrups length will be calculated
according to the mentioned remarks this will be as follow:

Extension + Bending

(L-2*cover+D-2*cover)*2+ [6d*2 + 2d*5]

extension =6*0. 01=0.06m<0. 1m say =0.1 stirrups extension length=2*0.1=0.2m
right corner 5*2*0.01 = 0.10m so length of( ext.+ cor.)=0.2+0.1=0.3
Thus, 0.3 m will be added to the stirrups length, 10 cm for each extension and 10 cm for all right
angles regardless the used stirrups rebar diameter.
Example 15)
In Example 2 was considered that the base thickness is 0.4 m, and cover the concrete 5 cm,
guess the amount of rebar required to reinforced the foundation If you know that a cross-section
is as follows:

7
Solution:
27.8
No .of overlaps   2.3  2
12
1 l1  27.8  2 * 0.56  28.92m, L1  3l1  3 * 28.4  86.76m
L1D12 86.76 *142
w1    104.97kg
162 162
2 l2  l1  28.76m, L2  2l2  2 * 28.76  57.52m
L2 D22 56.8 *122
w2    51.13kg
162 162
3 l3  20.6  2 * 0.05  0.4  2 * 0.05  0.3  1.9m
27.8
No. of stirrups   1  112.2  113  L3  113*1.9  214.7m
0.25
L D 2 214.7 *102
w3  3 3   132.53kg
162 162
Wt  w1  w2  w3  288.62kg

Example 16) Estimate the quantity of construction materials required to pour the foundation
outlined plan in the figure below: if w/c =0.45

Foundation length= 20*2+10+2π*5.5 = 84.56 m

Vol. = 84.56*1*0.5 = 42.28 m3
42.28 = 0.67(C+4C+8C), C = 4.85 m3
Cement = 4.85*1.4 = 6.8 ton
Sand = 4C = 4*4.85 = 19.42 m3
Gravel = 8C = 8*4.85 = 38.83 m3

8
w/c=0.45 , w =0.45*6800=3060 kg or liter assume 1 liter weight 1 kg
Rebar calculations:
84.56
No .of overlaps   7.05  7
12
1 l1  84.56  7 * 0.8  90.16m, L1  3l1  3 * 90.16  270.48m
L1D12 270.48 * 202
w1    667.852kg
162 162
2 l2  89.6m, L2  2l2  2 * 89.6  179.2m
L2 D22 179.2 *182
w2    358.4kg
162 162
3 l3  21  2 * 0.075  0.5  2 * 0.075  0.3  2.7 m
84.56
No. of stirrups   1  339.2  340  L3  340 * 2.7  918
0.25

L3 D32 918 *102

w3    566.67kg
162 162
Wt  w1  w2  w3  1592.92kg

Example 17) Estimate the quantities of construction materials required for pouring the foundation
outlined his plan in the figure below:

Cement = 5.98 ton, sand = 12.82 m3, gravel = 25.65 m 3

Foundation length= 57.28m, No. of overlaps = 4

9
<1> L1 = 245.12m, = 945.68kg
<2> No. of stirrups = 231, L2 = 623.7 m, w2 = 554.4 kg
Wt = w1 + w2 = 1500 kg

Raft Foundation
Using the raft foundation when the weights on the columns are big and the soil bearing is weak,
the required foundations area to be over half the area of the original construction, and this
foundation is usually in the form of a mattress reinforced concrete of one thickness, preferred to
be reinforced with two layers of bars at the top and bottom, and linked to a set of columns
Concrete foundations for this through a series of reinforcing bars called dowels, and the mat
foundation section generally as follows:

l = overlap + H – cover + 4db + 12db = 40db + 4db + 12db + H – cover = 56db + H – cover

notes that the foundation rebar contain extension and right angle therefore an extension of (16db
for the both sides is added) this mean an adding of (32db) to the length of foundation rebar.

It also taking into consideration an addition of the dowel overlap to the foundation rebar.

Example 18) Estimate the volume of excavation and the quantity of necessary construction
materials to pour the foundation which is described in the following graph and water cement ratio
of 0.45:

10
Solution)
1st. Single footing rebar calculation
2.5-2*0.075=2.35m
2.35
No. of bars   1  8.83  9
0.3
l1  2.35  32db  2.35  32 * 0.016  2.862m, L1  2.862 * 9 * 2  51.516m
L1D12 51.516 *162
w1  2 *  2*  162.816kg
162 162
l2  56db  H  cov er  56 * 0.025  0.45  0.075  1.775m, L2  4 *1.775  7.1m
L2 D22 7.1* 252
w2  2 *  2*  27.39kg
162 162
2nd. Raft foundation rebar calculation
30-2*0.075=29.85m long direction
10-2*0.075=9.85m short direction
No. of bars (30 m length) = (29.85/0.3)+1=100.5=101
No. of bars (10 m length) = (9.85/0.3)+1=33.83=34
No. of overlaps (30 m length)=29.85/12=2.4=2
l3 =29.85+32db+2*0.64=29.85+32*0.025+1.28=31.93m, L3=31.93*34*2=2,171m

11
 L3 D32
2171* 252
w3    8375.77kg
162 162

l4 =9.85+32db=9.85+32*0.025=10.65m, L4=10.65*101*2=2151.3m

L4 D42 2151.3 * 252

w4    8299.77 kg
162 162

l5 =56db+H-cover=56*0.025+0.45-0.075=1.775m, L5=8*1.775=14.2m

L5 D52 14.2 * 252

w5    54.78kg
162 162

Vol.=(30*10+2.5*2.5*2)*0.45=140.625m3
140.625=0.67(C+4C+8C)
C=16.15m3
Cement=22.6 ton, Sand=64.58 m3, Gravel=129.16 m3
w/16.15=0.45 , w =16.15 * 0.45=7.27 m3=7270 liter

12