‫جمهورية العراق‬

‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

‫الجامعة التكنولوجية_قسم هندسة المواد‬

‫‪Fluid Properties—Density and Surface Tension‬‬

‫االسم ‪:‬‬
‫المرحلة ‪:‬‬
‫الشعبة ‪:‬‬
‫اسم المختبر ‪:‬‬
‫اسم التجربة‪:‬‬
‫اسم التدريسي‪:‬‬
‫موعد طلب التقرير‪:‬‬
‫موعد تسليم التقرير‪:‬‬
Different Properties Of Fluids
OBJECT:
The object of this experiment was to determine the density of a fluid by
performing three different methods and use that determined density to
calculate the surface tension of the fluid.
Whenever we deal with any fluid in a laboratory or in a industry
then that fluid has a definite characteristics which define its
physical behavior and these characteristics are known as the
properties of the fluids. Each property of the fluid has its
own characteristics which is used while analyzing the fluid flow
problems. Lets see the most important properties of the fluid
one by one.

Properties of Fluids

1. Density

Density is defined as the mass occupied by the fluid per unit

volume at a given state of fluid. Density is also known as Mass
density. It is expressed by rho(ρ). Mathematically we may
write it as;
ρ = Mass of fluid/Volume of fluid = m/V

Units of Density :- Density has a Kg/m3 unit in S.I system

and gm/cm3 unit in CGS System.

Density of water is 1000kg/m3 at 1 atm & 4.4℃ & Density of

mercury 13600kg/m3 at 1atm & 25℃.
The variation in the density of water with the change in
temperature and pressure is so small or negligible that's why
generally for the practical purpose it is considered as constant.

2. Specific Volume

It is defined as the ratio of Volume to mass of fluid or

reciprocal of mass density is known as specific volume. It is
useful for gaseous fluids that is compressible fluid. It is
denoted by v. Mathematically It can be represent as;
v = 1/ρ = V/m = Volume of fluid/mass of fluid
Unit of Specific volume:- It has a unit of m3/kg in SI
system.

3. Specific weight or weight density

Specific weight of a fluid is defined as the ratio of amount of

weight to volume of fluid in the gravitational field. It is denoted
by small w. mathematically It is expressed as;

w = Weight of fluid/Volume of fluid = mass of

fluid/volume of fluid
w = ρg
It may change from one location to another location because it
depends upon the acceleration due to gravity.

Unit of specific weight :- It has a unit N/m3 in SI system.

Let's consider there is a block in which water present. It has
density 1000kg/m3 then the specific weight of water will
be 1000×9.81 = 9810N/m3.

4. Specific Gravity

Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of density or specific

weight of fluid to density or specific weight of standard
fluid is known as specific gravity or relative density. It is
denoted by Letter S.

S = ρf/ρw
It is dimensionless quantity. for liquid, water is considered as
the standard fluid and for gases, air is considered as the
standard fluid. density of air is 1.23kg/m3 at 1atm & 25℃.

Specific gravity, Sw, of water is 1

Standard fluid has a specific gravity is 1. If some fluid has
a Specific gravity less than standard fluid then that fluid will
be lighter or less dense as compared to standard
fluid and It will float over the standard fluid and If fluid has
a specific gravity has more than standard fluid then that fluid
will be heavier or high dense and it will sink down in the
standard fluid.

5.Viscosity

It is defined as the property of fluid which offers

the resistance to flow the fluid. let's understand the concept
of viscosity via below figure.
 Newton's law of viscosity

Experiments show that any fluid flow over a solid surface has a
non uniform velocity at any cross-section and velocity at solid
surface is zero and known as the No sleep condition. Velocity
increase(in the normal direction of the flow) away from the
solid surface and The resistance to the flow because of internal
friction is called viscous resistance and the property which
offer this resistance between the adjacent layer of fluid is
called viscosity. According to Newton's law of viscosity;

Τ = μdu/dy

Unit of Viscosity:- In SI system, the unit of viscosity is

Ns/m2 or Pas.
In CGS System of unit, the unit of viscosity is dyne-
sec/cm2 or Poise = 100CP(centipoise).

Equipment :
- Graduated cylinder or beaker
- Liquid whose properties are to be measured
- Hydrometer cylinder Scale
QUESTIONS:
Are the results of all the density measurements in agreement?
Yes.
How does the buoyant force vary with depth of the submerged object? Why?
Surprisingly the buoyant force doesn't depend on the overall depth of the
object submerged. In other words, as long as the can of beans is fully
submerged, bringing it to a deeper and deeper depth will not change the
buoyant force. This might seem strange since the pressure gets larger as you
descend to deeper depths.
In your opinion, which method yielded the "most accurate" results?
by the second method which involve measuring buoyant force

Are the results precise?

sure
What is the mean of the values you obtained?
Density
What is the standard deviation of the results?
sure
Using Chauvinist's rule, can any of the measurements be discarded?
To apply Chauvenet's rule, first work out the mean and standard deviation of
the noticed information. In light of how much the suspect datum contrasts
from the mean, utilize the typical dissemination capability (or a table thereof)
to decide the likelihood that a given information point will be at the worth of
the suspect data of interest. Duplicate this likelihood by the quantity of
information focuses taken. In the event that the outcome is under 0.5, the
dubious information point might be disposed of, i.e., a perusing might be
dismissed if the likelihood of getting the specific deviation from the mean is
less than1/2n
References :

1. Yue, Shichao; Katabi, Dina (2021). "Liquid testing with your

smartphone". Communications of the ACM. 64 (10): 75–
83. doi:10.1145/3481038. ISSN 0001-0782.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Gibbs, J.W. (2002) [1876–1878], "On the
Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances", in Bumstead, H.A.;
Van Nameeds, R.G. (eds.), The Scientific Papers of J. Willard
Gibbs, vol. 1, Woodbridge, CT: Ox Bow Press, pp. 55–
354, ISBN 978-0918024770
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Landau; Lifshitz (1980). Course of Theoretical
Physics Volume 5: Statistical Physics I (3 ed.). Pergamon.
pp. 517–537.
4. ^ Rusanov, A (2005). "Surface thermodynamics revisited". Surface
Science Reports. 58 (5–8): 111–
239. Bibcode:2005SurSR..58..111R. doi:10.1016/j.surfrep.2005.08
.002. ISSN 0167-5729.
5. ^ van der Waals, J.D. (1979) [1893], translated by Rowlinson, J.S.,
"The thermodynamic theory of capillarity under the hypothesis of a
continuous variation of density", J. Stat. Phys., 20 (2): 197–
200, Bibcode:1979JSP....20..197R, doi:10.1007/BF01011513, S2
CID 122954999