Republic of the Philippines

GOLDEN GATE COLLEGES

P.Prieto St. Batangas City
COLLEGE OF NURSING, CAREGIVING AND MIDWIFERY

Information Technology Applicable in Nursing Practice

a. Hospital and Critical Care Application
 Process, store, and integrate physiological & diagnostic information
from various sources
 Present deviations from pre-set ranges by an alarm or an alert
 Accept and store patient care documentation in a lifetime’s clinical
repository
 Trend data in a graphical presentation
 Provide access to vital patient information from any location both
inside and outside of the critical care setting
 Comparatively evaluate patients for outcomes analysis
 Present clinical data based on concept-oriented views

Physiological Monitoring Systems - to monitor v/s of astronauts with 5

basic parts:
1. Sensors
2. Signal conditioners
3. File to rank and order information
4. Computer processor to analyze data and direct reports
5. Evaluation or controlling component to regulate the equipment or
alert the nurse
- Usually built to incorporate both arrhythmia and hemodynamic
monitoring capabilities
- Typically have modern platform allowing the selection of various
monitoring capabilities to match the needs of a variety of clinical
settings
- More specialized monitoring capability such as ICP or bispectral
index

Hemodynamic Monitors – machines used for:

1. Measure hemodynamic parameters
2. Closely examine cardiovascular functions
3. Evaluate cardiac pump output and volume status
4. Recognize patterns (arrythmia analysis) and extract features
5. Assess vascular system integrity
6. Evaluate the patient’s physiologic response to stimuli
 7. Continuously assess respiratory gases (capnography)
8. Continuously evaluate glucose level
9. Store waveforms
10. Automatically transmit selected data to computerized patient
database

Pulse Oximetry – noninvasive method of measuring oxygen saturation

that also uses spectrophotometry.
Telemetry – continuous monitoring of patients usually outside of the
ICU
Arrhythmia Monitors – computerized monitoring and analysis of
cardiac rhythm to detect ventricular fibrillation and respond with an
alarm

Critical Care Information Systems (CCIS)

– designed to collect, store, organize, retrieve, and manipulate all data
related to care of the critically ill patients.
– allows free flow of data between CCU and other departments
CCIS includes: - Clinical documentation
- Decision Support
- Medication management
- Interdisciplinary plans of care
- Provider Order Entry
- Coordination and scheduling of patient care activities

b. Community Health Application

- Focuses on the community
- Emphasizes the prevention of dse, med intervention and publica
awareness
- Promote and protect health of the community while maintaining
sustainability and integrity of health data and information
Goal of CHI: Effectively and timely assessment that involves monitoring
and tracking the health status of populations including the identifying
and controlling dse outbreaks and epidemics
Primary focus of CHIS:
 preventing, identifying, investigating, and eliminating
communicable health problems
 accessibility of data and information through communication
 educating and empowering individuals to adopt healthy life style
  facilitate retrieval of data
 effective transformation of data into information
 effective integration of information to other discipline to
concretized knowledge and creates better understanding
 creation of computerized patient records, medical information
systems
 central repositions of all data such as data warehouses
 simple graphical use interface (GUI) for nurses and other
healthcare provider, patient, and consumer

Informatics: Applications in Evidence-Based Nursing Practice

Evidence-based nursing practice – process of collecting, processing,

and implementing research findings for the improvement of patient
outcomes, clinical nursing practice, and/or work environment.

Computer-Generated NCP promotes the value of planning care but at the

same time addresses the burden of the workload NCPs can consume from
the nurses. It works by providing a template that nurses can work on and
modify based on the individual cases of their clients.

Critical Pathways promote organized and efficient patient care based on

evidence, proven that their implementation reduces the variability in clinical
practice and improves outcomes.

Care/Clinical pathways are multidisciplinary healthcare management tool

based on healthcare plans for a specific group of patients with a predictable
clinical course in which the different tasks or interventions by the
professionals involved in the patient care are defined, optimized, and
sequenced either by hour or day.

Activities to be done to develop and implement a care pathway:

 preparing multidisciplinary documents
 reviewing the process by all the concerned staff
 holding care pathway meetings to facilitate the exchange of
opinions about patient care by different professionals
 conducting periodic reviews to monitor some defined indicators
 analyzing variances or deviations
 preparing common record documents for all the staff
to document variances:
 DAR – Data, Action, Response = VAO – Variance, Action, Outcome
 Variance – subjective and objective data observed by nurse to be
outside of the pathway management of the patient’s case
 Action – all interventions used to address the variance
 Outcome – all patient care outcomes after the interventions were
performed to address the variance

Clinical Guidelines – Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) are statements

that include recommendations intended to optimize patient care, informed
by a systematic review of evidence, and assessment of the benefits and
harms of alternative care options. CPGs should follow a sound, transparent
methodology to translate best evidence into clinical practice for improved
patient outcomes.

CPG should be developed using rigorous evidence-based methodology

with the strength of evidence for each guideline explicitly stated.
 Clinical practice guidelines should be feasible, measurable, and
achievable
 Clinical performance measures may be developed from clinical
practice guidelines and used in quality improvement initiatives.
 In the clinical setting, implementation of clinical practice guidelines
should be prioritized to those that have strongest supporting
evidence, and the most impact on the patient population morbidity
and mortality
 Research should be conducted on how to effectively implement
clinical practice guidelines, and the impact of their use as quality
measures

E-JOURNALS
ELECTRONIC JOURNALS are scholarly publications in digital form, which
are accessible on the web, often used as acceptable review of the related
literatures for research projects and evidence-based nursing practice.

Intellectual Property Law – refers to creation of the mind

 protected in law by patents, copyright, and trademarks which
enable people to earn recognition or financial benefit from what
they invent or create
Republic Act no. 8293 – Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
a comprehensive legislation that governs intellectual property rights in the
country. The law aims to protect and promote innovation, creativity, and
economic development by providing a legal framework for the registration,
enforcement, and protection of various forms of intellectual property.

The Intellectual Property Code covers a wide range of intellectual property

rights, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and other related rights. It
sets out the procedures and requirements for the registration of these
rights, ensuring that creators and inventors can secure legal protection for
their innovations.

One of the key features of the law is the establishment of the Intellectual
Property Office (IPO), which serves as the government agency responsible
for implementing and enforcing the provisions of the Intellectual Property
Code. The IPO plays a crucial role in overseeing the registration process,
handling complaints of infringement, and providing legal remedies for
violations of intellectual property rights.

Through the Intellectual Property Code, the Philippines aims to create a

conducive environment for innovation and creativity by granting creators
and inventors exclusive rights to their works. By protecting intellectual
property rights, the law encourages investment in research and
development, fosters competition, and contributes to economic growth.

Overall, Republic Act No. 8293 plays a vital role in safeguarding intellectual
property rights in the Philippines, promoting a culture of innovation, and
supporting the growth of various industries by protecting the creations and
inventions of individuals and organizations.

Government agencies:
1. Bureau of Patents
2. Bureau of Trademarks
3. Bureau of Legal Affairs
4. Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer Bureau
5. Management Information System and EDP Bureau
6. Administrative, Financial and Personnel Services Bureau
Copyright law is a legal framework that grants authors, creators, and other
rights holders exclusive rights to their original works. These rights typically
include the right to reproduce, distribute, perform, display, and create
derivative works based on the original work. Copyright protection applies to
various forms of creative expression, such as literary works, music, art,
software, and other intellectual creations.

Key aspects of copyright law include:

Original Works: Copyright protection applies to original works of

authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression. This means that the
work must be independently created by the author and must exist in a
physical or digital form.

Exclusive Rights: Copyright holders have the exclusive rights to

reproduce the work, distribute copies, perform or display the work publicly,
and create derivative works based on the original work.

Duration: Copyright protection typically lasts for the life of the author plus
an additional period of time (e.g., 50 or 70 years) after the author's death.
After this period, the work usually enters the public domain.

Registration: While copyright protection generally exists from the moment

a work is created and fixed in a tangible medium, registration with a
copyright office provides additional benefits, such as the ability to sue for
statutory damages and attorney's fees in case of infringement.

Fair Use: Fair use is a doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted
material without permission for purposes such as criticism, comment, news
reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research. The determination of fair use
involves considering factors such as the purpose of the use, the nature of
the copyrighted work, the amount used, and the effect on the market value
of the original work.

Infringement: Copyright infringement occurs when someone violates one

of the exclusive rights of a copyright holder without authorization.
Remedies for infringement may include injunctions, damages, and in some
cases, criminal penalties.
Copyright law aims to balance the interests of creators and the public by
incentivizing creativity while also allowing for limited use of copyrighted
works for certain beneficial purposes. It provides a legal framework that
protects intellectual property rights and encourages innovation and cultural
development.

The Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173) is a Philippine
law that aims to protect the fundamental human right to privacy while
ensuring the free flow of information to promote innovation and growth. The
law governs the processing of personal information in both the government
and the private sector, establishing principles for data protection and
privacy rights.

Key provisions of the Data Privacy Act include:

Data Privacy Principles: The law outlines principles that entities

processing personal data must adhere to, such as transparency, legitimate
purpose, proportionality, and accountability.

Rights of Data Subjects: The law grants individuals certain rights over
their personal data, including the right to be informed, right to access, right
to object, right to erasure or blocking, and the right to damages.

Data Privacy Commission: The National Privacy Commission (NPC) was

established as the governing body responsible for ensuring compliance
with the Data Privacy Act, conducting investigations, and promoting data
privacy awareness.

Security Measures: Organizations handling personal data are required to

implement appropriate security measures to protect the confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of personal information.

Data Breach Notification: The law mandates organizations to notify the

NPC and affected individuals in case of a data breach that poses a risk to
the rights and freedoms of individuals.

Cross-Border Data Transfers: The law regulates the transfer of personal

data outside the Philippines, ensuring that adequate data protection
standards are maintained.
Penalties: Non-compliance with the Data Privacy Act may result in fines,
imprisonment, or both, depending on the severity of the violation.

Privacy and confidentiality are related concepts that are often used
interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings, especially in the context
of data protection and information security:

Privacy:
Definition: Privacy refers to the right of individuals to control access to
their personal information and to determine how their data is collected,
used, and shared.

Confidentiality:
Definition: Confidentiality refers to the duty to protect sensitive
information from unauthorized access or disclosure.