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Intro to Philo Modules 1 1-2

BS Psychology (University of Rizal System)

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Introduction to
Philosophy of the
Human Person
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Freedom and Responsibility

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Personal Development
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Title
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Mark Earvin M. Cervantes

Urayjan M. Borlaza
Reviewers: Cristeta M. Arcos
Illustrator: Ronan DC. Vergara
Layout Artist: Ren Mac Mac G. Motas
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Regional Director
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Introduction to
Philosophy of the
Human Person
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Freedom and Responsibility

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on Freedom and Responsibility!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Alternative Delivery

Mode (ADM) Module on Freedom and Responsibility !

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes an activity that aims to
What I Know check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
What’s More practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

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This is a task which aims to evaluate your

Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.
This contains answers to all activities in the
Answer Key module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate
to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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What I Need to Know

Freedom – one of the most abused and misunderstood words during these times. A
well-loved concept which ancestors fought for, yet poorly understood by the present
generation. There is always something in being free. People associate freedom with
one’s ability to do whatever he or she wants to do.

Well, the concept of freedom is as wide as the universe. There are so many notions
about it. Some claim to be free means to do anything, regardless of their actions’
consequences. Some say freedom is the ability to exercise one’s will towards the good.
Others even say there is no such thing as freedom – that we are governed by natural
law.

As starters for this philosophical sojourn, learners – through this module – will be
guided about the basic philosophical teachings about freedom. The emphasis is on
understanding freedom importantly the dynamism of choices and consequences. As
learners who will face bigger decisions soon, it is important to see how your choices
are made. Do you make decisions based on their impending consequences or you
simply do it because it is what the present situation is asking from us?

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the different philosophical concepts of about human freedom, and thereafter examine
the its relationship with responsibility. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the different concepts related to understanding of human freedom;
2. explain the relationship between Human freedom and Obligation;
3. distinguish Human actions from Acts of Man;
4. distinguish intellectual choice from practical choice;
5. apply the concepts to hypothetical situations.

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What I Know

Learning Task 1. COMPLETE THE TABLE. Determine the possible consequences

and obligations of the actions listed below. You assume that intention and
voluntariness existed in every happening. Write your answers in your notebook.

Scenario number 1:
Patrick drove his car without registration and license.
Consequences Obligations
1.
2.

Scenario number 2:
Erwin used all his income in upgrading his motorcycle.
Consequences Obligations
1.
2.

Scenario number 3:
Janzen entered in a no-label relationship.
Consequences Obligations
1.
2.

Scenario number 4:
Mark uses digital devices in finishing his studies.
Consequences Obligations
1.
2.

Scenario number 5:
Nadine copied someone’s song just to please her mother.
Consequences Obligations
1.
2.

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What’s In

Learning Task No 2. EVALUATING SCENARIOS. In your way of understanding,

evaluate the following circumstances whether they are right or wrong. Write the
word “Tama” if you think the action is right and write “may kakaiba” if the situation
is wrong for you. Provide your reasoning for your classification. Write your answers
in your notebook.

_____________ 1. Selma continuously supports her friend Georgia in flirting

someone else’s husband.

Reason:__________________________________

_____________ 2. President Duterte orders several government agencies to continue

placing dolomite sands in a small portion of Manila Bay during pandemic.

Reason:__________________________________

_____________ 3. MaeMae is in the verge of failing her exam in General Mathematics.

While she is taking the exams, she received a small piece of paper from his
classmate Ben. The piece of paper contains all the answers for the last portion of
the exam.

Reason:__________________________________

_____________ 4. Molina is in-charge of the distribution of medicines in her

barangay. The local government of Imus usually provides for extra packages of
medicines as a buffer stock or reserve in case of uncounted members of barangay.
One day, Josielyn, a citizen from Calamba City, offers to buy the extra packages of
medicine from Molina, because there is a shortage of medicines in Calamba.
Molina, in turn, sold the extra medicines to Josielyn.
Reason:__________________________________

_____________ 5. Gladys is the gate custodian of Bilibid prison. One day, the former
Mayor of Calauan Laguna and convicted of complex crime of Rape with homicide
Antonio Sanchez who has kidney illness asks Gladys to allow him to buy some
medicine to alleviate the pain caused by his kidney disease. However, Gladys did
not allow the request and instead reported the former Mayor’s attempt to go outside
the penal colony.

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Reason:_________________________________

_____________ 6. Samson oversees the installation of an internet satellite in Camp

Caringal. While the construction is ongoing, his wife Lizjoy called him because their
son Erwin is sick. Lizjoy asked Samson to return to their house because Erwin
misses him so much. Samson said he cannot return immediately because the
Chinese contractors are spoof.

Reason:__________________________________

_____________ 7. Ruby is the best online seller in her town. She can earn as much
as 10,000 php per day. On the other hand, Celeste is a newbie in online selling.
She barely earned a thousand peso for a day. Knowing Ruby’s ability to sell online,
Celeste approached Ruby and asked the latter to teach her how to be a successful
online entrepreneur. Ruby asked for a tutorial fee, because she said that it entails a
lot of work just to make a online strategy work.

Reason:__________________________________

_____________ 8. Ylah is a dean’s lister in her department – School of Business

Management and Accountancy of De La Salle University. At the same time, she is
the captain of the table tennis team in the said school. Her boyfriend, Armando
usually complains because Ylah has minimal time for him. Because Armando
thinks Ylah is too busy with her own life, he broke his 6 years relationship with the
young lady.

Reason:__________________________________

_____________ 9. Jovi and Rency are good friends. They are schoolmates since their.
However, there is no venue to hold the meeting. Jovi requested Rency to allow
them first year in college. Because of great academic performance, Jovi has been
elected as the vice-president of the college department. On the other hand, Rency
has been chosen as the in-charge of the college’s laboratories since she is
trustworthy and keen in details. One day, the college’s student council needs to
meet for a quarterly review of their activities to use the department’s physics
laboratory, but Rency denied such a request.
Reason:__________________________________

_____________ 10. Ariel is an LTO officer who has a lot of connections is the said
office. He usually accepts under the table transactions from people who want to
expedite their application for a driver’s license. His sister Amor once asked him why
he’s doing those kinds of transactions. Ariel answered that he simply wants to help
people by avoiding the grueling application process in the LTO.
Reason:__________________________________

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What’s New

Learning Task 3: COMPLETE THE CHART BELOW. Recall three decisions you have made
recently. Then, analyze them. What are the good things they produced for you and your
community and what are the negative effects do they caused to yourself and others? Write
your answers in your notebook.

Decision No. 1:

Positive Effects Negative Effects

1.

2.

3.

Decision No. 2:

Positive Effects Negative Effects

1.

2.

3.

Decision No. 3:

Positive Effects Negative Effects

1.

2.

3.

Learning Task No. 4: PROCESSING. Answer the following questions based on how you
answered the activity above. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. What are your prior considerations for making those decisions?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2. What are your considerations for classifying the effect of your action as a positive
one?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

3. What are your considerations for classifying the effect of your action as a negative
one?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

4. In making those decisions, are you free in doing them? If yes, how? If no, what binds
you?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

5. What are your considerations in saying that you made a “best decision?”

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

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9 Type tex

What is It

HUMAN ACTIONS VS ACTS OF MAN

An act that is performed only by a human being and thus is proper to man. Not every
act that a human being does is a distinctively human act. Some acts that human
beings do are performed also by animals, e.g., vegetative acts and acts of perception
and emotion. When a human being does such acts, they are called acts of man but
not human acts. Acts of man are actions shared by humans and other animals while
human acts refer to the appropriate actions of human beings. What makes an act
performed by a human being distinctively a human act is that it is voluntary, that
is, an act in some way under the control or direction of the will, which is proper to
man. One can therefore identify the human activity with the voluntary act. A
voluntary act continues either by the will - like an act of love or choice - or from
another human power that may be motivated by the will, either by an act of intellect
or by the sense of reasoning or emotion; even a gesture commanded by the will can
be a voluntary act.

Aristotle’s Distinction of Voluntary and Involuntary Actions

Voluntary Actions - these are acts originating from the individual

performing the act using knowledge about the situations of the act.

1. Classifications of Voluntary Actions

A. Voluntary – actions are performed from will and reason.

B. Related to Compulsion - it is considered as mixed of

voluntary and involuntary. It is more voluntary if the desire
and choice has been performed and involuntary if it has
considered preferences or alternatives. Example: You are
asked to perform a crime and your options are; either you
do it and your family survives or you don’t do it but they
will be murdered.

2. Involuntary Actions – are acts done under a) force or coercion and b).
ignorance where the doer failed to understand the effect and feels sorry
on the result.

Classifications of Involuntary Actions

A. Under Compulsion – circumstances which are beyond the

control of the agent and contributes none to the action.
Example: A person was kidnapped, hence impossible to
resist.

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B. Through Ignorance of Particular Circumstances. Example: a

man steals and ignorant of the law, arrow or gun shot by
mistake.

HUMAN FREEDOM AND OBLIGATION

According to John Mothershead, freedom and obligation are two

indispensable conditions for morality to occur. Freedom is understood to be
present when one is choosing a course of action, and he or she is taking full
responsibility for consequence of his actions. Importantly, this is anchored to
the individual’s moral and rational capacity to discern what is right and
wrong.

In several meta-ethical traditions obligation usually follows or arrives

from freedom. Freedom can be said to be present if the human person is free
in making choices in the realm of morality – that is, in making choices with
regards to determining what is the right thing to do in situations and
circumstances in his own life. This can be summarized in our Filipino saying,
“Buntot mo, hila mo!” It is taking full responsibility for your actions and being
obliged to do so. Hence, an action is not in the full extent of morality if a person
does something while his or her freedom and rationality is altered or modified.
This event can happen if the person’s environment highly affects his
judgement.

When was the last time you see yourself escaping from the
consequences of your actions? When was the last time you hide from the
problems brought about by your irresponsible actions? We have the tendency
to blame others for their choice of a course of action. At present times, several
marriages – most especially in the Philippines – are being brought to different
courts of law to be annulled. What is the main reason for this? Atty. Jim Lopez
in one of his books says that most of the marriages which are tried in civil
courts are sagas of unending throwing of blame and accusations between two
lovers. Which can be simply be solved had one of the parties make himself
accountable for a problem which sit between them.

INTELLECTUAL CHOICE VS PRACTICAL CHOICE

A. Intellectual Choice – This is a choice which is deliberately selected
based on a moral standpoint. Basically, they are normative answers
about what we ought to do from a moral system that we uphold and
its moral principles. These normative answers would take into
consideration the behavior which the society will accept. For
example, when you are to decide in a moral issue, you can try to
give intellectual choice as a normative answer. Here you are simply
assuming because you are not, as it were, facing that actual moral
situation described in the dilemma. In this case, the answers that
you are inclined to give are prescriptive in this imaginary and
hypothetical situation.

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B. Practical Choice – a choice which is borne out of psychological and

emotional considerations. Unlike the previously discussed type of
choice, practical choices are made when confronted with the actual
situation, and usually affected by psychological aspect of the person
embroiled in the moral situation or dilemma. For instance,
psychological and emotional stress and lack of time to deliberate
during an actual moral situation may affect a person’s moral
decision in that situation. A person may be so engulfed by emotions
that he may sometimes fail to make the right choice. Likewise, stress
could make a person’s practical choice inconsistent with his
intellectual choice.

What’s More

Learning Task No 5.A. Find the differences and similarities, if any, between
Human Acts and Acts of Man. Write your answers in your notebook.

Involuntary
Voluntary

Learning Task No 5. B. List down five Human Acts and Acts of Man you have
done this week. Write your answers in your notebook.

Human Acts Acts of Man

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

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Learning Task No 5. C. Give three examples of the following and write your
answers in your notebook.

1. Clearly voluntary actions

2. Actions which are voluntary yet influenced by compulsion
3. Actions did out of ignorance
4. Actions did out of ignorance of a circumstances

What I Have Learned

Learning Task No. 6: SOLVE THE TROLLEY PROBLEM. There is a

runaway trolley barreling down the railway tracks. Ahead, on the tracks, there are
five people tied up and unable to move. The trolley is headed straight for them. You
are standing some distance off in the train yard, next to a lever. If you pull this lever,
the trolley will switch to a different set of tracks. However, you notice that there is
one person on the sidetrack. You have two options:

1. Do nothing and allow the trolley to kill the five people on the
main track.
2. Pull the lever, diverting the trolley onto the sidetrack where it
will kill one person.

Which is the more ethical option? Or, more simply: What is the right thing to do?
Justify your answer using the lesson above. Write your answers in your notebook.

Process Questions:

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1. Was there freedom on your part in facing the situation?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. What are your considerations for saying that your choice is the right thing?
____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

3. Following the concept of Intellectual choice, will your decision be the same?
Why or why not?
____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

4. Following the concept of Practical choice, will your decision be the same?
Why or why not?
____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

5. Was your decision a choice based on your understanding or based on some

reference?
____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

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What I Can Do

Learning Task No. 7: Supposed that you are the main character in the situation,
and you are required to act or to decide:

a. What will you do?

b. How will you classify your choice? Is it practical or intellectual?
c. What will be the cost of your decision?
You must answer the following questions for each situation. Write your answers
in your notebook.

1. Atty. Nathalie Joy is one of the best criminal lawyers in the country. One
time her boyfriend Mark who is the judge of the Regional Trial Court of
Calamba was assassinated by the unknown armed men. One evening, she
received a call from her friend saying that she has to meet her old client
and friend. Upon coming to her office, she received her former client and
friend Zandy. Zandy confessed that she is the one who commanded the
assassins to assail the judge. Unknown to Zandy is the relationship
between the celebrity lawyer and the deceased judge. However, before they
talked, both signed an agreement that says that what shall transpire in
their conversation shall be considered as privileged communication. Zandy
asked Atty. Nathalie to be her legal counsel. Atty. Nathalie Joy and her
deceased fiancé highly believe in the sanctity of the legal profession. If you
are Atty. Nathalie Joy, what will you do?

2. Victoria, the mother of Rico, is known to be a church servant in their Local

Church. One night while she was preparing for diner, suddenly, her son
came rushing to her. This son of hers confessed that her girlfriend Gayle
was found pregnant. Her girlfriend, being a minor, told her parents that
she was just simply seduced by her boyfriend that is why they ended up
with a child in her womb. Frederico, the father of Gayle and a military
sergeant, becomes furious and hunts the lover of his daughter to harm the
latter. Afraid of the father of Gayle, Aling Victoria brought his son to Pastor
Denggoy, the eldest brother of Vicoria, to seek refuge for his son. It so
happened that the said pastor and Frederico are “compadres” because the
former is one of the godfathers of Gayle in her baptism. If you are Pastor
Denggoy, what will you do?

3. During a buy-bust operation conducted by the PNP San Gabriel City, the
daughter of the incumbent city mayor, Chenelyn, was accosted by the
policemen in pot – session. There is a strong public belief that Chenelyn is
behind the rampant drug activities in his town. During the preliminary
investigation, Dr. Nicole, the resident criminal laboratory doctor is given

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the task of conducting a drug test to the accosted daughter of the city
mayor. Dr. Nicole is known for her credibility for her profession and is even
recognized by the United Nations as one of the excellent practitioners in
her field. In the afternoon before she would conduct the drug test for the
accused, she received a call from her mother, who was a victim of a drug-
related crime, saying that she must perform the drug test well. After a few
minutes, the city mayor himself shows up and offers 1.5 million pesos
surety just to falsify her soon to be findings. The mayor indirectly conveyed
that if she does anything against his will, evil may befall on Dr. Nicole’s
family. Outside the Crime Laboratory is a group of anti-drugs citizens
shouting for justice and conviction against the accused daughter of the
city mayor. If you are Dr. Nicole, what will you do?

Assessment

True or False. Write the word True if the statement is correct and write the word
False if the statement conveys otherwise. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Human actions are always conceived intellectually.
2. According to Aristotle, Acts of man are actions which are deliberately done.
3. Freedom and obligation are two distinct philosophical concepts.
4. A person is totally responsible for an action even if he acted with an impaired
conscience.
5. A choice is made from freedom if the person totally knows the kind of choice
he makes even though unsure with the consequences.
6. Intellectual choice usually refers to answers for hypothetical moral issues.
7. Practical choice usually pertains to choices for an actual moral dilemma.
8. Freedom is present in the Acts of Man.
9. Involuntary actions are excused from moral examination.
10. Without freedom, obligation does not exist.

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Additional Activities

CASE ANALYSIS: The case below is a real case decided by the

Supreme Court. Read it and try to determine the morality of the
action below. In a moral standpoint, do you think Ah Chong’s action
is morally upright or not? Defend your answer based on philosophical
concepts discussed.
Note: You are not required to answer the case based on legal
principles, because it is a different thing. Some actions may be
morally upright but illegal and sometimes actions are considered
legal but immoral.

US vs. Ah Chong (15 Phil 488)

Ah Chong was a cook in Ft. Mckinley. He was so afraid of bad
elements. One evening, before taking his night rest, he locked himself
in his room by placing a chair against the door. Then, he was
awakened by someone who was trying to open the door of his room.
He called out twice, “Who is there?” but received no answer. Fearing
that the intruder is a robber, he leaped from his bed and called out
again, “If you enter the room, I will kill you.” But at that precise
moment, the chair which he placed against his door has strucked
him. Believing that he was going to be attacked, he seized a knife and
stabbed and fatally wounded his roommate.

In a moral standpoint, do you think Ah Chong’s action is morally

upright or not? Should he be held liable for stabbing his roommate?

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Answer Key

True
True
False
True
True
True
False
True
False
False
Assessment

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References

BOOKS:
Agoncillo, T.A. (2012). The history of the Filipino people 8th edition. Quezon
City: C& E Publishing Corp.
Artigas, M. (2006). Philosophy: an introduction translated by Fr. M. Guzman.
Makati City: Sinag-tala Publishers Corpuz,
B.B., Ruben A.C., Maria Lovelyn C.P., Socrates, O.P., (2016). Introduction to
the philosophy of the human person for senior high school. Quezon
City: Lorimar publishing, Inc.
Bauzon, P.T. (2012). Handbook in social philosophy (with review materials in
social philosophy of education for LET) 2nd Edition. Mandaluyong
City: National Book Store.
Bernardo, J.P.V. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person.
Pasay City: JFS Publishing Services.
Buber, Martin. “Dialogue,” in Between Man and Man, Collins: Fontana, 1966.

Calano, Mark Joseph et al, Philosophizing and Being Human. Quezon City:
Sibs
Publishing House Inc., 2016.

Copus, B.B. et al. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person.
Quezon City: Lorimar Pub.
Dy Jr., Manuel, Philosophy of Man: Selected Readings. 2 nd Edition. Makati City:
Goodwill
Trading Co. Inc, 2001.

Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time. Translated by Joan Stambaugh. New York:
SUNY
Press, 1996.

Krapiec, M. I. (1985). I – man: an outline of philosophical anthropology

abridged version by Francis J. Lescoe and Roger B. Duncan. New
Britain: Mariel Publications.

Mabaquiao Jr., Napoleon. Making Life Worth Living. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing

15

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Type19te

13
House, Inc. 2017

Maboloc, C. R. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person.

Quezon City: The Inteligente Publishing Inc.
Mercado, L.N. (1988). Applied Filipino philosophy. Tacloban City: Divine Word
University Publication.
Wallace, W.A. (1977). The elements of philosophy. New York City: Society of
St. Paul.
Ramos, C.C. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person.
Manila: Rex Publishing House
Socio, M.P.G. and Ignatius H.V. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the
human person. Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc.

JOURNALS:
Gaardner, J. (2007). A user manual for our planet. UNESCO: the courier. No.
9 ISSN.
1993- 8616. 4 – 5.

United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2009).

Teaching philosophy in Asia – Pacific. Bangkok: author.

Augustine. Man: Body and soul. (1967). In A. Armstrong (Ed.), The

Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy (pp. 354-
361).

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521040549.023

Callicott, J. Baird 1987, ‘Conceptual Resources for Environmental Ethics in

Asian Traditions of Thought: A Propaedeutic’, Philosophy East and West, Vol.
37, No. 2, pp. 115-130.

Frese, Stephen J. 2003, ‘Aldo Leopold: An American Prophet’, The History

Teacher, Vol. 37, No. 1, Special Feature Issue: Environmental History and
National History Day 2003 Prize Essays, pp. 99-118.

Jenkins, Willis 2009, ‘After Lynn White: Religious Ethics and Environmental
Problems’, The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 283-309.

Snyder Brian F. 2017, ‘The Darwinian Nihilist Critique of Environmental Ethics’,

Ethics and the Environment, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 59-78.

15

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Welchman, Jennifer 2012, ‘A Defence of Environmental Stewardship’,

Environmental Values Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 297-316.

Confucianism and Existentialism: Intersubjectivity as the Way of Man Author(s):

Hwa Yol Jung Source: Philosophy and Phenomenological Research , Dec.,
1969, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Dec., 1969), pp. 186-202 Published by: International
Phenomenological Society

Jen: An Existential and Phenomenological Problem of Intersubjectivity

Author(s): Hwa Yol Jung Source: Philosophy East and West , Jul. - Oct., 1966,
Vol. 16, No. 3/4 (Jul. - Oct., 1966), pp. 169-188 Published by: University of
Hawai'i Press

Dean Edward A. Mejos, Against Alienation: Karol Wojtyla’s Theory of

Participation, Kritike, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2007

ONLINE SOURCES:

http://sutterfield.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/6/8/12686139/discussion_questions_
for_plato_cave.pdf
https://outre-monde.com/2010/09/25/platonic-myths-the-sun-line-and-cave/
http://blogphilosophy2.blogspot.com/2007/11/phenomenology.html
https://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/12/01/the-human-person-as-an-
embodied-spirit/
https://ses.edu/a-summary-of-act-potency/
https://iep.utm.edu/envi-eth/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/environmental-aesthetics/
https://www.schooldrillers.com/anthropocentrism-in-environmental-ethics/
https://simplicable.com/new/environmental-issues
http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/sdancy.html
https://gm.ecotaf.net/1640-freedom.html
https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-
and-maps/human-act
https://studylib.net/doc/25188409/ethics-1-module-1-study-guide--aug-2018-
https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-
magazines/tribal-society
https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/digital-society/0/steps/23808
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=luke%2010:25-
37&version=NIV

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3
Type tex

Introduction to the
Philosophy of the
Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Intersubjectivity

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1
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What I Need to Know

We usually hear the saying, “No man is an island.” There is no doubt that an
average person understands this quotation but despite the universal understanding
we have about it, we still express in various ways our belief on “being with others.”
We have varying degrees of affection and regard towards others and to ourselves as
well which may come from our unique experiencing of social reality.

In fact, questions may be raised about the motivation of human beings in

maintaining social relations. Do we only establish and keep relationship with others
in order to avoid chaos in the world? Or are we only driven by benevolence? These
are some queries on the issue of intersubjectivity which this lesson will shed light
on.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define intersubjectivity;
2. identify the similarities and differences of intersubjective concepts of the three
philosophers, namely Confucius, Martin Buber, and Karol Wojtyla;
3. explore your intersubjective experiences and;
4. enhance your relations with people from all walks of life, especially the
underprivileged and people with disability.

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What I Know

Answer the questions briefly after reading the passage from the Bible.

The Parable of the Good Samaritan

Luke 10:25-37 (New International Version)

(25) On one occasion an expert in the law stood up to test Jesus. “Teacher,”
he asked, “what must I do to inherit eternal life?”

(26) “What is written in the Law?” he replied. “How do you read it?”

(27) He answered, “‘Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all
your soul and with all your strength and with all your mind’ [a]; and, ‘Love
your neighbor as yourself.’[b]”

(28) “You have answered correctly,” Jesus replied. “Do this and you will live.”
(29) But he wanted to justify himself, so he asked Jesus, “And who is my
neighbor?”

(30) In reply Jesus said: “A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho,
when he was attacked by robbers. They stripped him of his clothes, beat him
and went away, leaving him half dead. (31) A priest happened to be going down
the same road, and when he saw the man, he passed by on the other side.
(32) So too, a Levite, when he came to the place and saw him, passed by on
the other side. (33) But a Samaritan, as he traveled, came where the man was;
and when he saw him, he took pity on him. (34) He went to him and bandaged
his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own donkey,
brought him to an inn and took care of him. (35) The next day he took out two
denarii[c] and gave them to the innkeeper. ‘Look after him,’ he said, ‘and when
I return, I will reimburse you for any extra expense you may have.’
(36) “Which of these three do you think was a neighbor to the man who fell
into the hands of robbers?”
(37) The expert in the law replied, “The one who had mercy on him.”
Jesus told him, “Go and do likewise.”

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Questions:

1. What virtue(s) does the parable show? Give the instance/s where you see
those virtue/s.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. What do you think is the reason why the Good Samaritan helped the
stranger despite their social differences?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. If you are the Samaritan, would you do the same? Justify your answer.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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Lesson
Intersubjectivity
1
What’s In

In the parable, it is hard to imagine that a Samaritan would help a Jew since
he is considered by the Jewish society as an outcast. But what happened was the
other way around – he helped the Jew despite of their differences and the unfair
treatment to him. This story clearly explains how man can go beyond cultural
considerations and how one can overcome grudges to performing an ethical act
towards a needy person.

It may be considered as unusual phenomenon in the present social realm but

the story tells us it is never impossible. Like the Good Samaritan, you may have
encounter strangers who need help. If there is/are any incident/s you helped
somebody unknown to you, please narrate your experience/s below. Tell how you
overcame your fear of strangers and what made you decide to help the person/s. But
if you don’t have any experience, tell us what you would do if you encounter one and
why would you help them.

MY GOOD SAMARITAN EXPERIENCE

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What’s New

Intersubjectivity in General
Philosophy, unlike Theology, does not use primarily biblical texts in its
pursuit, though some religious texts are morally worthy to be examples in explaining
philosophical ideas like the previous reading we had. The Parable of the Good
Samaritan clearly explains the phenomenon of intersubjectivity in the human world.
Though it focuses on the Kingdom of God, it still validates the importance of
intersubjective relations of man.

Intersubjectivity is a coined word from the prefix “inter” which connotes

“among and between” and the philosophical term “subject” that is equivalent to a
conscious being. Thus, intersubjectivity would mean in the general sense as “sharing
of subjective states by two or more individuals.” (Scheff 2006). It is the organic union
of the subjective reality and the objective reality of beings. Meaning to say, as a
person, we have a personal regard to self but we cannot deny the fact (objective – fact
of reality we all share) that we live with others so we also regard them as part of
ourselves. We tend to place ourselves in others’ shoes and relate to them in good
ways as possible like what is shown in the comic strip below:

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/An-Illustration-of-Technological-Intersubjectivity_fig2_228683281

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What is It

What Philosophers Say About Intersubjectivity

Intersubjectivity is universal. It exists when and where humans exist. It is an
undeniable reality which thinkers could not help but discuss. Here are some
philosophers who took philosophical inquiry on intersubjectivity:

1. Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) – one of the main ideas of Confucianism is

Ren or “human-heartedness.” It is a virtue central to man that can be found
in his sociality or intersubjectivity. In his philosophy, Confucius stresses order
and harmony in the world. His aims can be achieved through practical,
concrete, particular, and perceptual ways. This means Confucian thinking on
intersubjectivity is practical humanism. There is an emphasis on human
actions in sociality. He calls every man to love the other through actions, not
through thoughts.

2. Martin Buber (1878-1965) – is a Jewish philosopher who introduced the

“I-Thou” and “I-It” relationships to embody his philosophy of intersubjectivity.
For Buber, we have to treat another person as a subject (a being different from
things or objects). Persons are not inanimate objects to be used. They have
their own mind and free will, thus, we have to respect others as we respect
ourselves. “I” refers to the self and “Thou” or “You” refers to others. This “I-
Thou” relationship is the most meaningful relationship in the realm of
humanity. The “I” is the same with the “Thou” and there should be mutual
relationship between them. We can only recognize the self in the context of the
other. This is a “person-to-person” relationship, “subject-to-subject” relation.
We need to accept, respect, be sincere, and have dialogue with the other.

3. Karol Wojtyla (1920-2005) – He is also St. John Paul II but as a

philosopher, we use his real name. For Wojtyla, human action is the
foundation of our being. But human reality is also about being with others, so
our actions are also directed towards others. This form of action is now called
“Participation.” In the theory of participation, man has the capacity to share
himself to others. This affirms the reality that man acts and exists with others.
He is a member of the community of persons, a community of “I-You” or “We.”
Since man is a member of this community, his experience with others gives
him meaning and allows him to create meaning with others.

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What’s More

Activity: DIFFERENTIATION. State the distinct ideas of the three

philosophers. Write them in the separate columns. Also, write the ideas where
all three philosophers agree using the space provided for.

CONFUCIUS MARTIN BUBER KAROL WOJTLA

Distinct Ideas: Distinct Ideas: Distinct Ideas:

Shared ideas of the three Philosophers:

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What I Have Learned

To verify the knowledge you gained in this lesson, let us situate the idea
of intersubjectivity in your own personal experiences and let us check whether
its relevance in our lives.
Answer the following questions thoroughly. 3-5 sentences are enough.
1. Are there instances in your life when you feel you are treated as an
object? Share some experiences. How does it feel? Would you do the
same treatment to others? Why?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2. Give some personal experiences when you feel you are treated as a
subject. How do you feel when you are treated in that way? Is it
lawful to do the same to others? Why?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

3. What do you think is the reason why people treat others as objects?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

4. What do you have in mind when you treat others as subjects?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

5. Do you think that we can make a better world if we prioritize

intersubjective relationships over economic progress? Defend your
answer.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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What I Can Do

In our present society, we can notice all kinds of differences of people in the
world that may result to inequality, injustice, and all sorts of abuses. In order to
create a better world, we have to be sensitive about these things and respond in kind
manner. Below are societal problems which need solutions from intersubjective point
of view. Understand each statement and give concrete solutions. Use the ideas on
intersubjectivity elaborated by the philosophers we discussed. 3-5 sentences are
enough.

1. Instead of showing mercy, many people make fun of persons with

disabilities.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2. Regarding rape issue, women are blamed because of the type of

clothes they wear.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

3. Many say that poor people are poor because of their mentality.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

4. Indigenous people have their own culture others do not understand

but some people make fun of them.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

5. Nowadays, some people think that psychological problems are just

excuses people do to justify their weaknesses.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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10

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Among the statements below, what best describes intersubjectivity?
a. Intersubjectivity is about how humans treat plants.
b. It is a state of sharing of subjective states by two or more
individuals.
c. It is about how we judge other persons.
d. We treat others as objects in intersubjective relationships.

2. Which statement is incorrect about intersubjectivity?

a. Love is an important aspect in intersubjective relationships.
b. We can put ourselves in the shoes of others.
c. I can disregard others as much as I want.
d. We cannot help but be sensitive with the existence of the other.

3. Who among the discussed philosophers focus on the concept of

human-heartedness in his philosophy of intersubjectivity?
a. Karol Wojtyla
b. Martin Buber
c. Confucius
d. Martin Heidegger

4. Who is the Jewish philosopher who introduced the “I-Thou” and “I-It”
relationships?
a. Karol Wojtyla
b. Martin Buber
c. Confucius
d. Martin Heidegger

5. What is the main focus of Karol Wojtyla’s philosophy of

intersubjectivity?
a. Intellect
b. Feelings
c. Participation
d. Contribution

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11

Additional Activities

SONG ANALYSIS: Intersubjective relationship is one of the favorite themes of

Filipino songs. Think of a Filipino song which is about intersubjectivity. Write
down the lyrics of the song and analyze how intersubjectivity is explored by
the song. Give also the implication of the song to relationships you have with
others.

SONG:

ANALYSIS:

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615 12

RUBRICS FOR THE ACTIVITY

Performance Needs
Outstanding Very Satisfactory Satisfactory
Areas Improvement
4 3 2
1
Ideas This paper is clear and This paper is mostly The writer is The topic is not
focused. It holds the focused and has beginning to define well-defined and/or
reader's attention. some good details the topic, even there are too many
Relevant details and and quotes. though development topics.
quotes enrich the is still basic or
central theme. general.
Organization The organization Paper (and The organizational Sentences within
enhances and paragraphs) are structure is strong paragraphs make
showcases the central mostly organized, in enough to move the sense, but the order
idea or theme. The order, and makes reader through the of paragraphs does
order, structure of sense to the reader. text without too not.
information is much confusion.
compelling and moves
the reader through the
text.
Sentence The writing has an The writing mostly The text hums along The text seems
Fluency easy flow, rhythm, and flows and usually with a steady beat choppy and is not
cadence. Sentences invites oral reading. but tends to be more easy to read orally.
are well built, with a business-like than
strong and varied musical, more
structure that invites mechanical than
expressive oral fluid.
reading.
Conventions The writer The write understands The writer shows The writer seems to
demonstrates a good good writing reasonable control have made little
grasp of standard conventions and over a limited range effort to use
writing conventions usually uses them of standard writing conventions:
(e.g., spelling, correctly. Paper is conventions. spelling,
punctuation, easily read and errors Conventions are punctuation,
capitalization, are rare; minor touch- sometimes handled capitalization,
grammar, usage, ups would get this well and enhance usage, grammar,
paragraphing) and piece ready to publish. readability; at other and/or paragraphing
uses conventions times, errors are have multiple errors.
effectively to enhance distracting and
readability. impair readability.
Presentation The form and The format only has a The writer's The writer's
presentation of the text few mistakes and is message is message is only
enhance the ability of generally easy to read understandable in understandable
the reader to and pleasing to the this format. occasionally, and
understand and eye. the paper is messily
connect with the written.
message. It is pleasing
to the eye.

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Answer Key

C
B
C
C
B
Assessment

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14

References:

BOOKS:
Agoncillo, T.A. (2012). The history of the Filipino people 8th edition. Quezon
City: C& E Publishing Corp.
Artigas, M. (2006). Philosophy: an introduction translated by Fr. M. Guzman.
Makati City: Sinag-tala Publishers Corpuz,
B.B., Ruben A.C., Maria Lovelyn C.P., Socrates, O.P., (2016). Introduction to
the philosophy of the human person for senior high school. Quezon
City: Lorimar publishing, Inc.
Bauzon, P.T. (2012). Handbook in social philosophy (with review materials in
social philosophy of education for LET) 2nd Edition. Mandaluyong
City: National Book Store.
Bernardo, J.P.V. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person.
Pasay City: JFS Publishing Services.
Buber, Martin. “Dialogue,” in Between Man and Man, Collins: Fontana, 1966.

Calano, Mark Joseph et al, Philosophizing and Being Human. Quezon City:
Sibs
Publishing House Inc., 2016.

Copus, B.B. et al. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person.
Quezon City: Lorimar Pub.
Dy Jr., Manuel, Philosophy of Man: Selected Readings. 2 nd Edition. Makati City:
Goodwill
Trading Co. Inc, 2001.

Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time. Translated by Joan Stambaugh. New York:
SUNY
Press, 1996.

Krapiec, M. I. (1985). I – man: an outline of philosophical anthropology

abridged version by Francis J. Lescoe and Roger B. Duncan. New
Britain: Mariel Publications.

Mabaquiao Jr., Napoleon. Making Life Worth Living. Quezon City: Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc. 2017

14

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 lOMoARcPSD|37699574

15

Maboloc, C. R. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person.

Quezon City: The Inteligente Publishing Inc.
Mercado, L.N. (1988). Applied Filipino philosophy. Tacloban City: Divine Word
University Publication.
Wallace, W.A. (1977). The elements of philosophy. New York City: Society of
St. Paul.
Ramos, C.C. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person.
Manila: Rex Publishing House
Socio, M.P.G. and Ignatius H.V. (2016). Introduction to the philosophy of the
human person. Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc.

JOURNALS:
Gaardner, J. (2007). A user manual for our planet. UNESCO: the courier. No.
9 ISSN.
1993- 8616. 4 – 5.

United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2009).

Teaching philosophy in Asia – Pacific. Bangkok: author.

Augustine. Man: Body and soul. (1967). In A. Armstrong (Ed.), The

Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy (pp. 354-
361).

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521040549.023

Callicott, J. Baird 1987, ‘Conceptual Resources for Environmental Ethics in

Asian Traditions of Thought: A Propaedeutic’, Philosophy East and West, Vol.
37, No. 2, pp. 115-130.

Frese, Stephen J. 2003, ‘Aldo Leopold: An American Prophet’, The History

Teacher, Vol. 37, No. 1, Special Feature Issue: Environmental History and
National History Day 2003 Prize Essays, pp. 99-118.

Jenkins, Willis 2009, ‘After Lynn White: Religious Ethics and Environmental
Problems’, The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 283-309.

Snyder Brian F. 2017, ‘The Darwinian Nihilist Critique of Environmental Ethics’,

Ethics and the Environment, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 59-78.

Welchman, Jennifer 2012, ‘A Defence of Environmental Stewardship’,

Environmental Values Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 297-316.

14

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16

Confucianism and Existentialism: Intersubjectivity as the Way of Man Author(s):

Hwa Yol Jung Source: Philosophy and Phenomenological Research , Dec.,
1969, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Dec., 1969), pp. 186-202 Published by: International
Phenomenological Society

Jen: An Existential and Phenomenological Problem of Intersubjectivity

Author(s): Hwa Yol Jung Source: Philosophy East and West , Jul. - Oct., 1966,
Vol. 16, No. 3/4 (Jul. - Oct., 1966), pp. 169-188 Published by: University of
Hawai'i Press

Dean Edward A. Mejos, Against Alienation: Karol Wojtyla’s Theory of

Participation, Kritike, Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2007

ONLINE SOURCES:

http://sutterfield.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/6/8/12686139/discussion_questions_
for_plato_cave.pdf
https://outre-monde.com/2010/09/25/platonic-myths-the-sun-line-and-cave/
http://blogphilosophy2.blogspot.com/2007/11/phenomenology.html
https://philonotes.com/index.php/2018/12/01/the-human-person-as-an-
embodied-spirit/
https://ses.edu/a-summary-of-act-potency/
https://iep.utm.edu/envi-eth/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/environmental-aesthetics/
https://www.schooldrillers.com/anthropocentrism-in-environmental-ethics/
https://simplicable.com/new/environmental-issues
http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/sdancy.html
https://gm.ecotaf.net/1640-freedom.html
https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-
and-maps/human-act
https://studylib.net/doc/25188409/ethics-1-module-1-study-guide--aug-2018-
https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-
magazines/tribal-society
https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/digital-society/0/steps/23808
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=luke%2010:25-
37&version=NIV

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