Project-Based Learning Report

On
Digital Thermometer

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements

For Project-based learning in Biomedical Electronics

in
Electronics & Communication Engineering
By
2014111047 Vinay Gupta
2014111044 Sania Goyal
2014111045 Swastik Gupta

Under the guidance of the Course In-charge

Prof. S.P. Tondare

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Bharati Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be
University) College of
Engineering, Pune –
4110043

Academic Year: 2023-24

1
 Bharati Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be
University) College of
Engineering,
Pune – 411043

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Project Based Learning report entitled, “Digital Thermometer” is work done
by

2014111047 Vinay Gupta

2014111044 Sania Goyal
2014111045 Swastik Gupta

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of credits for Project Based Learning
(PBL) in Biomedical Electronics of Bachelor of Technology Semester VIII, in Electronics and
Communication.

Date:

Prof. S.P. Tondare Dr. Arundhati A. Shinde

Course In-charge Professor & Head E.C.E

2
 INDEX

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1 Problem statement 1

2 Introduction 2

3 Literature Review 7

4 Software Used 8

5 Code 9

6 Result and Conclusion 10

7 Outcome 14

8 References 15

9 Appendix 16

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 Problem Statement:

Developing a digital thermometer with fast response time and high precision for
accurate temperature monitoring in biomedical applications.

1
Solution:

Introduction

Digital thermometers are gaining popularity hugely due to the low-cost and high-precision reading. Some of the
consumer electronics manufacturers are also developing thermometers that are connected to the Internet.
Although these classes of thermometers are mainly developed to monitor flu patients in the United States, they
are proved to be effective in fighting against corona. These thermometers are generally connected to the Internet
either directly as they have a Wi-Fi interface in it or through the mobile app. Most of the thermometers in this
case have low-cost Bluetooth or NFC modules so that they can be able to connect with the mobile device. The
software framework of the application then processes the temperature data and generates statistical trends of the
fever within a selected province. This is perhaps extremely helpful to monitor and track the increment of the
COVID-19 cases within the hot spots and containment zones.

Temperature measurement

Thermocouples are also used in digital thermometers, of which both simple and intelligent versions exist
(see Section 14.11 for a description of the latter). A simple digital thermometer is the combination of
a thermocouple, a battery-powered, dual-slope digital voltmeter to measure the thermocouple output, and an
electronic display. This provides a low-noise digital output that can resolve temperature differences as small as
0.1°C. The accuracy achieved depends on the accuracy of the thermocouple element, but reduction of
measurement inaccuracy to ±0.5% is achievable.

Biomedical sensors and system overview

The sensors form the core part of the biomedical systems . A simple example of a biomedical system will be
a digital thermometer, measuring the temperature of an individual and processing it digitally. The duty of any
biomedical sensor is not just sensing but also converting the biological raw data into digital signals. Hence
unlike normal sensors, the biomedical sensor itself is the interface between a living entity and the digital
processing system. In general, if we classify sensors, we have physical sensors, chemical sensors, biosensors,
etc. The biomedical sensor is the agglomeration of all the above-mentioned types providing a plethora of
sensing applications.
To have quantified measurements physical sensors like piezo-electric sensors, temperature sensors, photoelectric
sensors, acoustic sensors, etc. are widely used. Chemical sensors measure values about objects that are more of
chemical nature like humidity sensors, various electrodes, optical gas sensors, etc. Biosensors, on the other
hand, are a combination of both physical and chemical sensing together, some of the examples are gravimetric
sensors, pyroelectric sensors, optical photoelectric sensors. Biomedical measurement is a guiding technology in
the collection and processing of information about the medical domain and is directly related to the research of
biomedical sensing technology, biomedical measurement methods, and electrical-electronics measuring systems.
Therefore the research carried out in biomedical measurement has a direct effect on the design and application
of sensors and medical instruments. An overview of a biomedical system can be a simple pressure sensor for
blood pressure measurement, electrocardiogram (ECG) , electromyography (EMG), photoplethysmography
(PPG), etc. There are various systems that can also detect molecules, enzymes, and measure many such
biological fluids paving the way to a complicated diagnosis of various diseases.

2
Digital Thermometer using Arduino UNO and LM35

Thermometers are useful apparatus being used since long time for temperature measurement. In this project we
have made an Arduino based digital thermometer to display the current ambient temperature on a 16x2 LCD
unit in real time . It can be deployed in hospitals,houses, offices, industries etc. to measure the temperature. We
can divide this Arduino based thermometer into three sections - The first section senses the temperature by
using temperature sensor LM35, second section converts the temperature value into a suitable numbers in
Celsius scale which is done by Arduino, and last part of system displays temperature on 16x2 LCD. The same is
demonstrated in below block diagram.

In this digital temperature sensor with Arduino, Arduino Uno is used to control the whole process. An LM35
temperature sensor is used for sensing environment temperature which gives 1 degree temperature on every
10mV change at its output pin. You can easily check it with voltmeter by connecting Vcc at pin 1 and Ground at
pin 3 and output voltage at pin 2 of LM35 sensor. For an example if the output voltage of LM35 sensor is 250m
volt, that means the temperature is around 25 degree Celsius.

Arduino reads output voltage of temperature sensor by using Analog pin A0 and performs the calculation to
convert this Analog value to a digital value of current temperature. After calculations arduino sends these
calculations or temperature to 16x2 LCD unit by using appropriate commands of LCD.

Figure 1:Circuit Diagram Simulation

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Circuit Components:

 Arduino

In this project we have used a Arduino to control whole the process of system. Arduino is a controller which
runs on ATmega AVR controller. Arduino is an open source hardware platform and very useful for project
development purpose. There are many types of Arduino boards like Arduino UNO, arduino mega, arduino pro
mini, Lilypad etc. available in the market or you can also build Arduino by yourself.

Table 1:Arduino Uno Configuration

MCU ATmega328P

Architecture AVR

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage 6V 20V (limit) 7V-12V (recommended)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Flash Memory 32 KB (2 KB of this used by bootloader)

Digital 10 Pins 24 (of which 6 can produce PWM)

Analog Input Pins 6

Table 2:Arduino Pin Description

Pin Category Pin Name Details

Power Vin, 3.3V, 5V, GND Vin: Input voltage to Arduino

when using an external power
source. 5V: Regulated power
supply used to power
microcontroller and other
components on the board.
3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by
on-board voltage regulator.
Maximum current draw is
50mA. GND: ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.

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 Analog Pins A0 A5 Used to provide analog input in
the range of 0-5V

Input/Output Pins Digital Pins 0 - 13 Can be used as input or output

pins.

Figure 2:Arduino UNO

 LM35 Temperature Sensor

LM35 is a 3 pin temperature sensor which gives 1 degree Celsius on every 10mVolt change. This sensor can
sense up to 150 degree Celsius temperature. 1 number pin of lm35 sensor is Vcc, second is output and third one
is Ground. LM35 is the most simplest temperature sensor and can be interfaced easily with any microcontroller.
You can check various Temperature Measurement using LM35 based projects here. LM35 can be easily
interfaced with Raspberry Pi, NodeMCU, PIC microcontroller, etc to measure the temperature and can also be
used standalone with Op-amp to indicate temperature levels.

5
 Figure 3:LM35

Table 2:LM35 Configuration

Local sensor accuracy (max) 0.5, 1

Operating temperature range (°C) -55 to 150

Supply voltage (min) (V) 4

Supply voltage (max) (V) 30

Supply current (max) (µA) 114

Interface type Analog output

Sensor gain (mV/°C) 10

6
 Literature Review

1. A Digital Thermometer With Fast Response and High Precision

Abstract- The content discusses the significance of thermometers, tracing their origins to Greek roots
meaning "warm" and "to measure." It emphasizes their role in measuring temperature changes using materials
that respond to heat. Temperature monitoring is crucial for understanding system behavior, particularly in
medical, industrial, and research settings. While analog meters were historically used for temperature
measurement, digital thermometers offer greater precision and functionality, such as timekeeping. The text
focuses on the design and implementation of a digital thermometer with a clock, capable of monitoring
temperature without contact and displaying the time of measurement. The thermometer utilizes the
MLX90614 sensor, calibrated for a wide range of temperatures, making it versatile for various applications.
[1]

2. Design of digital thermometer based on PIC16F77A single chip microcontroller

Abstract-The text discusses the importance of body temperature measurement and the evolution from
mercury to digital thermometers in clinical settings. While mercury thermometers are precise, they pose
environmental risks and have slower response times. Digital thermometers offer convenience and eliminate
mercury risk but often lack precision. The design of a digital thermometer is detailed, emphasizing the use of
thermocouples for fast response and RTD for precision. Calibration and rigorous algorithms ensure accuracy.
Additional functions like display, storage, and wireless transmission are incorporated. Lab testing shows rapid
response (5 seconds) and high precision (within 0.05°C), indicating potential for clinical use. Further
improvements and clinical validation are needed for practical application.[2]

3. Design and implementation of a digital thermometer with clock

Abstract-The digital thermometer, based on the PIC16F77A microcontroller, offers efficient and accurate
temperature measurement, using an LM35 sensor and a 16x2 LCD for display. It surpasses traditional
thermometers with its digital convenience, wide temperature range, and reliability. The design involves
hardware setup with components like the LCD, sensor, and oscillator, followed by software programming for
the microcontroller. While its applications range from domestic to industrial sectors, it's limited to
temperatures below 150°C, requiring different sensors for higher temperatures. The thermometer converts
analog sensor signals to digital using an ADC. For precise measurements, alternative electronic devices may
be necessary, depending on the situation.[3]

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 Software Used

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for Microsoft
Windows, macOS, and Linux) that is written in the Java programming language. It originated from the IDE for
the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting,
searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides
simple one-click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a message
area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The
source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2.[62]

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of
code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from
the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output
procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting
the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a
program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with
the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino
IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a
text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a
loader program in the board's firmware.
From version 1.8.12, Arduino IDE windows compiler supports only
Windows 7 or newer OS. On Windows Vista or older one gets "Unrecognized Win32 application" error when
trying to verify/upload program. To run IDE on older machines, users can either use version 1.8.11, or copy
"arduino-builder" executable from version 11 to their current install folder as it is independent from IDE.[63]

8
 Code

const int buzzerPin = 7; // Pin for the buzzer

const int tempPin = A1; // Analog pin for temperature sensor
const float tempFactor = 0.48828125; // Conversion factor for temperature calculation
unsigned long previousMillis = 0;
const long interval = 15000; // Interval in milliseconds (15 seconds)

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communication
pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT); // Set the buzzer pin as output
Serial.println("Temperature Monitoring System");
}
void loop() {
unsigned long currentMillis = millis(); // Get current time

if (currentMillis - previousMillis >= interval) {

float temperature = getTemperature(); // Get temperature from sensor
displayTemperature(temperature); // Display temperature in Serial Monitor
beepBuzzer(); // Beep the buzzer
previousMillis = currentMillis; // Save the last time temperature was displayed
}
}

float getTemperature() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(tempPin); // Read the analog sensor value
float temperature = sensorValue * tempFactor; // Convert analog value to temperature in Celsius
return temperature;
}

void displayTemperature(float tempCelsius) {

float tempFahrenheit = celsiusToFahrenheit(tempCelsius);
Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(tempCelsius);
Serial.print(" C, ");
Serial.print(tempFahrenheit);
Serial.println(" F");
}
void beepBuzzer() {
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH); // Turn on the buzzer
delay(1000); // Beep for 1 second
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW); // Turn off the buzzer
}
float celsiusToFahrenheit(float celsius) {
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 return celsius * 9.0 / 5.0 + 32.0;
}

10
 Result and Conclusion

Procedure:
1. Gather Components:
Get an Arduino Uno and an LM35 temperature sensor,buzzer.
2. Wire the LM35 Sensor: Connect LM35's VCC to Arduino's 5V, GND to GND, and OUT to analog
pin A0, buzzer to pin 7.
3. Upload Arduino Sketch:Write or copy code to read LM35's temperature and display it on the serial
monitor.
4. Test Connection:Open Arduino IDE's Serial Monitor , check if temperature readings display
correctly.
5. Adjust and Troubleshoot if necessary.

Figure 4:Interfacing of Arduino and LM35

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Figure 5:Output of Digital Thermometer in ℃ and ℉

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Table 3:Observation Data
Sr No. Environment Temperature

1 Morning 28.71

2 Afternoon 35.18

3 Night 22.28

4 House 31.89

Result:

In this Project, we created Digital thermometer using LM35 and observe the temperature of surrounding as
recorded above.

13
 Conclusion
In summary, the digital thermometer project utilizing Arduino and the LM35 Temperature
Sensor has successfully addressed the need for accurate temperature monitoring in biomedical
applications. Through the integration of Arduino hardware and software, we developed a
reliable and precise thermometer suitable for medical settings. Calibration tests confirmed its
accuracy, validating its potential for use in patient care, laboratory experiments, and medical
research. Moving forward, enhancements such as wireless connectivity and integration with
other sensors could further expand its utility in biomedical electronics.

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 Outcome

The digital thermometer project achieved precise temperature monitoring using Arduino and the
LM35 Temperature Sensor. It provided real-time temperature display on a Serial Monitor, with the
flexibility to convert readings from Celsius to Fahrenheit. The thermometer demonstrated reliable
performance, validated through calibration tests, making it suitable for medical, industrial, and
domestic applications. Future enhancements could include wireless connectivity and integration with
additional sensors for expanded functionality in biomedical electronics.
Here, in this Project-Based Learning, under Course Outcome (CO1): Classify systems in human
body and identify bio-potential. The concepts were understood and performed.

15
 References

[1] Wang, G., Wang, W., Li, K., & Liu, H. (Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese
People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China). (Year). A Digital
Thermometer With Fast Response and High Precision.

[2] Mahmud, K., Alam, M. S., & Ghosh, R. (2013). Design of digital thermometer based on
PIC16F77A single chip microcontroller. In 2013 3rd International Conference on Consumer
Electronics, Communications and Networks (CECNet) (pp. 345-348)

[3] Benjamin, A., Onyan, A., & Oweibor, D. E. (2017). Design and implementation of a digital
thermometer with clock. Global Journal of Engineering Research, 15(1)

[4] Arduino. (2024). Arduino IDE (Desktop) [Version 2.0.0]. Retrieved from
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software

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 Appendix

Component- LM35 Precision Centigrade Temperature Sensors

1. Description:

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output voltage
linearly proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an advantage over
linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large
constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 device
does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at
room temperature and ±¾°C over a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range. Lower cost is
assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The low-output impedance, linear
output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35 device makes interfacing to readout or
control circuitry especially easy. The device is used with single power supplies, or with plus
and minus supplies. As the LM35 device draws only 60 μA from the supply, it has very low
self-heating of less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 device is rated to operate over a −55°C to
150°C temperature range, while the LM35C device is rated for a −40°C to 110°C range (−10°
with improved accuracy). The LM35-series devices are available packaged in hermetic TO
transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D devices are available in the
plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D device is available in an 8-lead surface-mount
small-outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

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 2. Pin Configuration and Functions
NDV Package 3-Pin TO-CAN
(Top View) LP Package 3-Pin TO-92
1
(Bottom View) 8
(1) +VS (3) GND
2 7
+VS V
3 OUT GND 6
(2) VOUT
1 4 2 3 5

Case is connected to negative pin (GND)

Refer the second NDV0003H page for
reference
NEB Package 3-Pin TO-220
D Package 8-PIN SOIC (Top View)
(Top View)

VOUT +VS
N.C. N.C.
N.C. N.C. LM
GND N.C. 35DT
+VS GND 1 2 3

N.C. = No connection

VOUT

Pin Functions
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 PIN TYPE DESCRIPTION
NAME TO46 TO92 TO220 SO8
VOUT 2 2 3 1 O Temperature Sensor Analog Output
N.C. — — — 2 — No Connection
— — — 3
GND 3 3 2 4 GROUND Device ground pin, connect to power supply
negative terminal
— — — 5
N.C. — — — 6 — No Connection
— — — 7
+VS 1 1 1 8 POWER Positive power supply pin

3. Specifications
3.1Absolute Maximum Ratings
operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)(1)(2)
MIN MAX UNIT
Supply voltage –0.2 35 V
Output voltage –1 6 V
Output current 10 mA
Maximum Junction Temperature, TJmax 150 °C
Storage Temperature, Tstg TO-CAN, TO-92 Package –60 150 °C
TO-220, SOIC Package –65 150
(1) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the Texas Instruments Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
(2) Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. DC and AC
electrical specifications do not apply when operating the device beyond its rated operating conditions.

3.2ESD Ratings
VALUE UNIT
V(ESD) Electrostatic Human-body model (HBM), per ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC ±2500 V
(1)
discharge JS-001
(1) JEDEC document JEP155 states that 500-V HBM allows safe manufacturing with a standard ESD control
process.

3.3Recommended Operating Conditions

over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)
MIN MAX UNIT
LM35, LM35A –55 150
Specified operating temperature: LM35C, LM35CA –40 110 °C
TMIN to TMAX LM35D 0 100
Supply Voltage (+VS) 4 30 V

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 3.4Thermal Information

LM35
(1)(2)
THERMAL METRIC NDV LP D NEB UNIT
3 PINS 8 PINS 3 PINS
RθJA Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance 400 180 220 90 °C/W
RθJC(top) Junction-to-case (top) thermal 24 — — —
resistance
(1) For more information about traditional and new thermal metrics, see the IC Package Thermal Metrics
application report, SPRA953.
(2) For additional thermal resistance information, see Typical Application.

4.1 Electrical Characteristics: LM35A, LM35CA Limits

Unless otherwise noted, these specifications apply: −55°C ≤ TJ ≤ 150°C for the LM35 and LM35A; −40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 110°C
for the LM35C and LM35CA; and 0°C ≤ TJ ≤ 100°C for the LM35D. VS = 5 Vdc and ILOAD = 50 μA, in the circuit of Full-
Range Centigrade Temperature Sensor. These specifications also apply from 2°C to TMAX in the circuit of Figure 14.
LM35A LM35CA
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS TYP TESTED DESIGN TYP TESTE DESIGN UNIT
LIMIT(1) LIMIT(2) D LIMIT(2)
(1
LIMIT
)

TA = 25°C ±0.2 ±0.5 ±0.2 ±0.5

TA = –10°C ±0.3 ±0.3 ±1
Accuracy(3) TA = TMAX ±0.4 ±1 ±0.4 ±1 °C
TA = TMIN ±0.4 ±1 ±0.4 ±1.5
Nonlinearity(4) TMIN ≤ TA ≤ TMAX, ±0.18 ±0.35 ±0.15 ±0.3 °C
–40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C
Sensor gain TMIN ≤ TA ≤ TMAX 10 9.9 10 9.9 mV/°C
(average slope) –40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C 10 10.1 10 10.1
Load regulation(5) TA = 25°C ±0.4 ±1 ±0.4 ±1
0 ≤ IL ≤ 1 mA TMIN ≤ TA ≤ TMAX, ±0.5 ±3 ±0.5 ±3 mV/
–40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C mA
TA = 25°C ±0.01 ±0.05 ±0.01 ±0.05
Line regulation(5) 4 V ≤ VS ≤ 30 V, ±0.02 ±0.1 ±0.02 ±0.1 mV/V
–40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C
VS = 5 V, 25°C 56 67 56 67
VS = 5 V, –40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 105 131 91 114
Quiescent current 125°C µA
(6)
VS = 30 V, 25°C 56.2 68 56.2 68
VS = 30 V, –40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 105.5 133 91.5 116
125°C
Change of 4 V ≤ VS ≤ 30 V, 25°C 0.2 1 0.2 1
quiescent current(5) 4 V ≤ VS ≤ 30 V, 0.5 2 0.5 2 µA
–40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C
Temperature
coefficient of –40°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C 0.39 0.5 0.39 0.5 µA/°C
quiescent current
Minimum In circuit of Figure 14, IL = 1.5 2 1.5 2 °C
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temperature for 0
rate accuracy
Long term stabilityTJ = TMAX, for 1000 hours ±0.08 ±0.08 °C
5 Detailed Description

5.1 Overview
The LM35-series devices are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, with an output voltage linearly proportional to the
Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not
required to subtract a large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 device does not
require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ± ¼ °C at room temperature and ± ¾ °C over a full
−55°C to 150°C temperature range. Lower cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The low output impedance,
linear output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35 device makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.
The device is used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As the LM35 device draws only 60 μA from the
supply, it has very low self-heating of less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 device is rated to operate over a −55°C to 150°C
temperature range, while the LM35C device is rated for a −40°C to 110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy). The temperature-
sensing element is comprised of a delta-V BE architecture.
The temperature-sensing element is then buffered by an amplifier and provided to the VOUT pin. The amplifier has a simple class A
output stage with typical 0.5-Ω output impedance as shown in the Functional Block Diagram. Therefore the LM35 can only
source current and it's sinking capability is limited to 1 μA.

5.2 Functional Block Diagram

A1

1.38 VPTAT

+VS
nR1
Q1 Q2 +
A2
10E E
VOUT = 10 mV/˚C
V0
.125 R2
nR1
8.8 mV/˚C
i R2

5.3 Feature Description

5.3.1 LM35 Transfer Function

The accuracy specifications of the LM35 are given with respect to a simple linear transfer function:
VOUT = 10 mv/°C × T
where
• VOUT is the LM35 output voltage
• T is the temperature in °C (1)

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