Results

1. A sample of 20 students chosen randomly from a group of 50 students is

obtained. The findings are recorded as follow:

NO. L OR R NO. L OR R NO. L OR R NO. L OR R NO. L OR R

1 R 11 R 21 R 31 R 41 L
2 R 12 R 22 R 32 R 42 L
3 R 13 R 23 R 33 R 43 R
4 R 14 R 24 R 34 R 44 L
5 R 15 R 25 R 35 R 45 L
6 R 16 R 26 R 36 L 46 L
7 R 17 R 27 L 37 R 47 L
8 R 18 R 28 R 38 R 48 L
9 L 19 R 29 R 39 R 49 L
10 R 20 R 30 R 40 L 50 R
The experiment of choosing 20 data randomly among 50 students done and the
experiment repeated for 10 times randomly and the results are recorded in the table
below:

Random Number Frequency Proportion

Set 1 3 6 7 14 21 23 25 27 28 30 31 33 35 37 39 5 0.25
40 41 47 49 50
Set 2 6 10 16 18 19 20 21 23 25 28 31 33 36 39 6 0.30
42 44 45 46 49 50
Set 3 4 7 10 11 13 17 18 19 20 21 24 30 31 33 4 0.20
35 29 42 45 46 49
Set 4 1 7 9 12 14 15 19 24 25 26 27 32 34 38 42 6 0.30
43 44 46 47 50
Set 5 7 14 17 18 19 21 22 23 25 29 34 35 39 41 5 0.25
43 44 45 47 48
Set 6 1 2 3 4 6 14 15 16 17 20 22 25 27 30 31 3 0.15
33 36 38 40 44
Set 7 4 5 7 8 11 12 14 16 19 21 23 27 28 29 30 4 0.20
34 39 44 47 48
Set 8 4 5 7 8 9 10 14 18 19 20 21 23 25 32 34 4 0.20
37 41 44 45 50
Set 9 1 3 4 7 10 11 16 17 22 25 26 28 32 38 40 5 0.25
41 43 44 45 48
Set 10 1 3 4 7 8 10 15 18 19 20 31 32 34 35 37 4 0.20
39 41 42 44 45

The experiment satisfies a binomial distribution because it consists of a fixed

number of trials which is 10, each trial results in one of the two outcomes, called
success and failure,

I. all the trials are independent.

The proportion sorted as follows:

SORTING
0.15
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.30

The mean, mode, median of the experiment as follows:

0.15+0.20+0.20+ 0.20+0.20+ 0.25+0.25+0.25+ 0.30+0.30

Mean=
10
2.3
¿
10

= 0.23

Mode = 0.20

0.20+0.25
Median = 2

= 0.225
The mean is higher than mode.
The distribution is positively skewed.

Median is chosen as it is more appropriate and the best measure of central

tendency.

Hence, the proportion of left-handed is 0.225.

For a sample of 30 students, based on the proportion of left-handed in the previous part, the
probability of

i. exactly 5 are left-handed

30 5 25
P ( X=5 )= ❑C 5 (0.225) (0.775)

¿ 0.1404 (correct ¿4 d . p .)

ii. the probability for less than 10 are left-handed

P ( X <10 ) =P ( X=0 )+ P ( X =1 ) + P ( X=2 )+ P ( X =3 ) + P ( X=4 )+ P ( X=5 ) + P ( X =6 ) + P ( X=7 ) + P ( X=8 )+ P ( X=

30 0 30 30 1 29
¿ ❑C 0 ( 0.225 ) ( 0.775 ) + ❑C 1 ( 0.225 ) ( 0.775 ) +¿
30 2 28 30 3 27
❑C 2 (0.225) (0.775) + ❑C 3 (0.225) (0.775) +¿

30 4 26 30 5 25
❑ C 4 ( 0.225 ) ( 0.775 ) + ❑C 5 ( 0.225 ) ( 0.775 ) +¿

30 6 24 30 7 23
❑ C 6 ( 0.225 ) ( 0.775 ) + ❑C 7 ( 0.225 ) ( 0.775 ) +¿

30 8 22 30 9 21
❑ C 8(0.225) (0.775) + ❑C 9 (0.225) (0.775)

= 0.8830 (correct to 4 d.p.)

iii. the probability between 4 and 10 are left-handed

P(4< X <10)=P ( X=5 )+ P ( X=6 )+ P ( X =7 ) + P ( X =8 ) + P ( X=9 )

30 5 25
¿ ❑C 5 ( 0.225 ) ( 0.775 ) +¿

30 6 24 30 7 23
❑C 6 ( 0.225 ) ( 0.775 ) + ❑C 7 ( 0.225 ) ( 0.775 ) +¿

30 8 22 30 9 21
❑C 8(0.225) (0.775) + ❑C 9 (0.225) (0.775)

¿ 0.7204 (correct ¿4 d . p .)

2. Binomial distribution can be approximated by a normal distribution if the

quantities np and nq are greater than 5. From the experiment,

np=30 ( 0.225 )

¿ 6.75

nq=30 ( 0.775 )

= 23.25

The experiment in part 1 is applicable in this case because the value of np is

more than 5 which is 6.75 and the value of nq also greater than 5.
3. So, using normal approximation are as follows:
µ=np
µ=300(0.40)
µ=120

2
σ =npq
 2
σ =300(0.40)(0.60)
2
σ =72
Therefore, X~N (120,72).

The probability of P (X ≥ 136)

a. P ( X ≥136 )=P( X >135.5)
135.5−120
¿ P(Z> )
8.4853
¿ P(Z> 1.8267)

¿ 1−P(Z <1.8267)

¿ 1−0.9661

¿ 0.0339

The probability of P (99 <X≤ 125)

b. P ( 99< X ≤ 125 )=P (99.5< X < 125.5)

99.5−120 125.5−120
¿ P( <Z< )
8.4853 8.4853
¿ P(−2.4159< Z <0.6482)
¿ [ P ( Z <2.4159 ) −P ( Z <0 ) ] +[P ( Z< 0.6482 )−P ( Z <0 ) ]
¿ ( 0.9921−0.5 ) +(0.7415−0.5)
¿ 0.4921+0.2415
¿ 0.7336

The probability of P (X >155)

c. P ( X >155 ) =P(X >155.5)

¿ P Z>( 155.5−120
8.4853 )
¿ P(Z> 4.1837)
 ¿ 1−P(Z < 4.1837)
¿ 1−0.9999
¿ 0.0001

The probability of P(X < 100)

d. P ( X <100 ) =P(X < 99.5)

99.5−120
¿ P(Z< )
8.4853
¿ P(Z ←2.4159)
¿ 1−P(Z <2.4159)
¿ 1−0.9921
¿ 0.0079

The probability of P (X =100)

e. P ( X=110 )=P (109.5< X <110.5)

109.5−120 110.5−120
¿ P( < Z< )
8.4853 8.4853
¿ P(−1.2374 < Z←1.1196)
¿ P ( Z <1.2374 )−P( Z <1.1196)
¿ 0.8920−0.8686

¿ 0.0234

The probability from Binomial Distribution, which X~B (300, 0.40)

calculated by using Microsoft Excel, and the results as below:
number S1 number S2 Binomial Distribution Normal approximation Differences Percentage
136 300 0.034467328 0.0339 0.000567328 0.057%
100 125 0.734905496 0.7336 0.001305496 0.131%
156 300 0.000017427 0.0001 -0.000082573 -0.008%
0 99 0.007364846 0.0079 -0.000535154 -0.054%
P(X=110) P(X=110) 0.023677300 0.0234 0.000277300 0.028%

It is found that when the probabilities obtained by computer software compare to

the probabilities obtained by normal approximation, it is found that both values are
almost the same. The percentage of the difference showed an extremely small
value. This shows that, beside using normal approximation, we also can use
computer software to calculate the probabilities for large value of n.