808 Chapter 14 Partial Derivatives

EXERCISES 14.1
Domain, Range, and Level Curves 17. f ( x , y ) = y − x 18. f ( x , y ) = y−x
In Exercises 1–4, find the specific function values.
19. f ( x , y ) = 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 20. f ( x , y ) = x 2 − y 2
1. f ( x , y ) = x 2 + xy 3
21. f ( x , y ) = xy 22. f ( x , y ) = y x 2
a. f ( 0, 0 ) b. f (−1, 1)
1
c. f ( 2, 3 ) d. f (−3, − 2 ) 23. f ( x , y ) = 24. f ( x , y ) = 9 − x 2 − y2
16 − x 2 − y 2
2. f ( x , y ) = sin ( xy) 25. f ( x , y ) = ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) 26. f ( x , y ) = e −( x
2 + y2 )

a. f 2,( π6 ) ( 12π )
b. f −3,
27. f ( x , y ) = sin −1 ( y − x ) 28. f ( x , y ) = tan −1 ( xy )
f ( π, ) f (− , −7 )
1 π
c. d. 29. f ( x , y ) = ln ( x 2 + y 2 − 1) 30. f ( x , y ) = ln ( 9 − x 2 − y 2 )
4 2
x−y
3. f ( x , y, z ) = Matching Surfaces with Level Curves
y2 + z 2
Exercises 31–36 show level curves for six functions. The graphs of
a. f ( 3, −1, 2 ) (
1 1
b. f 1, , −
2 4
) these functions are given on the next page (items a–f  ), as are their
equations (items g–l). Match each set of level curves with the appro-
( 1
c. f 0, − , 0
3 ) d. f ( 2, 2, 100 ) priate graph and the appropriate equation.
31. 32.
4. f ( x , y, z ) = 49 − x 2 − y 2 − z 2 y y

a. f ( 0, 0, 0 ) b. f ( 2, − 3, 6 )

c. f (−1, 2, 3 ) d. f ( 42 , 52 , 62 )
In Exercises 5–12, find and sketch the domain for each function. x x

5. f ( x , y ) = y−x−2
6. f ( x , y ) = ln ( x 2 + y 2 − 4 )
(x − 1)( y + 2 )
7. f ( x , y ) =
(y − x )( y − x 3 )
sin ( xy) 33. 34.
8. f ( x , y ) = y y
x2 + y 2 − 25
9. f ( x , y ) = cos −1 ( y − x 2 )
10. f ( x , y ) = ln ( xy + x − y − 1)

11. f ( x , y ) = ( x 2 − 4 )( y 2 − 9 )
x x
1
12. f ( x , y ) =
ln ( 4 − x 2 − y 2 )

In Exercises 13–16, find and sketch the level curves f ( x , y ) = c on

the same set of coordinate axes for the given values of c. We refer to
these level curves as a contour map.
13. f ( x , y ) = x + y − 1, c = −3, − 2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3 35. 36.
y y
14. f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2, c = 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25
15. f ( x , y ) = xy, c = −9, − 4, −1, 0, 1, 4, 9

16. f ( x , y ) = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , c = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
x x
In Exercises 17–30, (a) find the function’s domain, (b) find the func-
tion’s range, (c) describe the function’s level curves, (d) find the
boundary of the function’s domain, (e) determine whether the domain
is an open region, a closed region, or neither, and (f) decide whether
the domain is bounded or unbounded.
 14.1 Functions of Several Variables 809

a. z f. z

v
x
x y

b. z

x
y
xy 2
g. z = − h. z = y 2 − y 4 − x 2
x 2 + y2
x 2 + y2 4
i. z = ( cos x )( cos y ) e −
1
j. z = e − y cos x k. z =
c. z 4x 2 + y 2
xy ( x 2 − y 2 )
l. z =
x 2 + y2
Functions of Two Variables
Display the values of the functions in Exercises 37–48 in two ways:
(a) by sketching the surface z = f ( x , y ) and (b) by drawing an
assortment of level curves in the function’s domain. Label each level
curve with its function value.
37. f ( x , y ) = y 2 38. f ( x , y ) = x
39. f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 40. f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y2
x y 41. f ( x , y ) = x 2 − y 42. f ( x , y ) = 4 − x 2 − y 2
43. f ( x , y ) = 4 x 2 + y 2 44. f ( x , y ) = 6 − 2 x − 3 y
45. f ( x , y ) = 1 − y 46. f ( x , y ) = 1 − x − y
47. f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 4 48. f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y2 − 4
d. z
Finding Level Curves
In Exercises 49–52, find an equation for, and sketch the graph of, the
level curve of the function f ( x , y ) that passes through the given point.
49. f ( x , y ) = 16 − x 2 − y 2 , ( 2 2, 2 )
50. f ( x , y ) = x 2 − 1, (1, 0 )
51. f ( x , y ) = x + y 2 − 3, ( 3, −1)
y 2y − x
52. f ( x , y ) = , (−1, 1)
x x + y+1
Sketching Level Surfaces
In Exercises 53–60, sketch a typical level surface for the function.
53. f ( x , y, z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 54. f ( x , y, z ) = ln ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
e. z 55. f ( x , y, z ) = x + z 56. f ( x , y, z ) = z
57. f ( x , y, z ) = x2 + y2 58. f ( x , y, z ) = y 2 + z 2
59. f ( x , y, z ) = z − x 2 − y 2
60. f ( x , y, z ) = ( x 2 25 ) + ( y 2 16 ) + ( z 2 9 )
Finding Level Surfaces
y In Exercises 61–64, find an equation for the level surface of the func-
tion through the given point.
x
61. f ( x , y, z ) = x − y − ln z , ( 3, −1, 1)
810 Chapter 14 Partial Derivatives

62. f ( x , y, z ) = ln ( x 2 + y + z 2 ) , (−1, 2, 1) 71. f ( x , y ) = sin ( x + 2 cos y ) , − 2π ≤ x ≤ 2π ,

− 2π ≤ y ≤ 2π , P ( π , π )
63. g ( x , y, z ) = + +
x2 (1, −1, 2 )
y2 z2, 0.1
x−y+z 72. f ( x , y ) = e ( x − y ) sin ( x 2 + y 2 ) , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π ,
64. g ( x , y, z ) = , (1, 0, − 2 ) − 2π ≤ y ≤ π , P ( π , −π )
2x + y − z
In Exercises 65–68, find and sketch the domain of f . Then find an Use a CAS to plot the implicitly defined level surfaces in
equation for the level curve or surface of the function passing through Exercises 73–76.
the given point. 73. 4 ln ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 1 74. x 2 + z 2 = 1
∞
 n 75. x + y 2 − 3z 2 = 1
65. f ( x , y ) = ∑  xy  , (1, 2 )
n=0
∞
(x + y )n
76. sin ( )
x
2
− ( cos y ) x 2 + z 2 = 2
66. g ( x , y, z ) = ∑ n! z n
, ( ln 4, ln 9, 2 )
Parametrized Surfaces Just as you describe curves in the plane
n=0
y dθ parametrically with a pair of equations x = f (t ), y = g(t ) defined on
67. f ( x , y ) = ∫ , ( 0, 1) some parameter interval I, you can sometimes describe surfaces in space
x 1 − θ2
y dt z dθ with a triple of equations x = f ( u, υ ) , y = g ( u, υ ) , z = h ( u, υ )
68. g ( x , y, z ) = ∫ +∫ , ( 0, 1, 3 ) defined on some parameter rectangle a ≤ u ≤ b, c ≤ υ ≤ d.
x 1 + t2 0 4 − θ2
Many computer algebra systems permit you to plot such surfaces in
COMPUTER EXPLORATIONS parametric mode. (Parametrized surfaces are discussed in detail in
Use a CAS to perform the following steps for each of the functions in Section 16.5.) Use a CAS to plot the surfaces in Exercises 77–80.
Exercises 69–72. Also plot several level curves in the xy-plane.
a. Plot the surface over the given rectangle. 77. x = u cos υ, y = u sin υ, z = u, 0 ≤ u ≤ 2,
b. Plot several level curves in the rectangle. 0 ≤ υ ≤ 2π

c. Plot the level curve of f through the given point. 78. x = u cos υ, y = u sin υ, z = υ, 0 ≤ u ≤ 2,
y 0 ≤ υ ≤ 2π
69. f ( x , y ) = x sin + y sin 2 x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 5π, 0 ≤ y ≤ 5π ,
2 79. x = ( 2 + cos u ) cos υ, y = ( 2 + cos u ) sin υ, z = sin u,
P ( 3π , 3π ) 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π , 0 ≤ υ ≤ 2π
x 2 + y2 8
70. f ( x , y ) = ( sin x )( cos y ) e , 0 ≤ x ≤ 5π , 80. x = 2 cos u cos υ, y = 2 cos u sin υ, z = 2 sin u,
0 ≤ y ≤ 5π , P ( 4 π , 4 π ) 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π , 0 ≤ υ ≤ π

14.2 Limits and Continuity in Higher Dimensions

In this section we develop limits and continuity for multivariable functions. The theory is
similar to that developed for single-variable functions, but since we now have more than
one independent variable, there is additional complexity that requires some new ideas.

Limits for Functions of Two Variables

If the values of f ( x , y ) lie arbitrarily close to a fixed real number L for all points ( x , y )
sufficiently close to a point ( x 0 , y 0 ), we say that f approaches the limit L as ( x , y )
approaches ( x 0 , y 0 ). This is similar to the informal definition for the limit of a function of
a single variable. Notice, however, that when ( x 0 , y 0 ) lies in the interior of f ’s domain,
( x , y ) can approach ( x 0 , y 0 ) from any direction, not just from the left or the right. For the
limit to exist, the same limiting value must be obtained whatever direction of approach is
taken. We illustrate this issue in several examples following the definition.

DEFINITION Suppose that every open circular disk centered at ( x 0 , y 0 ) con-

tains a point in the domain of f other than ( x 0 , y 0 ) itself. We say that a function
f ( x , y ) approaches the limit L as ( x , y ) approaches ( x 0 , y 0 ), and write
lim f ( x, y ) = L,
( x , y )→ ( x 0 , y 0 )

if, for every number ε > 0, there exists a corresponding number δ > 0 such that
for all ( x , y ) in the domain of f ,

f ( x, y ) − L < ε whenever 0 < ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 < δ.