Force and its effects

Force cannot be seen. Thus, humans cannot see the force. This chapter explains more on the
meaning of force and its effects. The advantages and disadvantages of frictional force in
daily life are also discussed.

6.1 Force and its effects

Force has no mass and does not fill space. Although the force cannot be seen, humans can
see and feel the effects of the force.

Definition

Force is the push or pull that is exerted on an object

-Pull force means the force that moves the object closer to us
-Push force is the force that moves the object away from us
Effect of Force
 Force cannot be seen, but the effects can be seen and felt when the force acts on the
object around us

Effect of Force

 Force can change the shape and size of an object

 Force can change the direction of the movement of an object
 Force can stop a moving obejct
 Force can move a stationary object

 Force can change the speed of an object

Frictional force
6.2

The direction of the frictional force is always opposite to the direction of the movement of
the object. Frictional force can slow down or stop a moving object.

Definition

Frictional force is the force when two surfaces are in contact

Factors That Affect Frictional Force

Types of Surface Mass of the Object

 Smooth surfaces produce less
frictional force
(The smoother the contacted surfaces,
the lesser the frictional force
produced)
 Rough surfaces produce great
frictional force
(The rougher the contacted surfaces,
the greater the frictional force
produced)
 Light objects produce less frictional
force
(The lighter the mass of the object,
the lesser the frictional force
produced)
 Heavy objects produce great
frictional force
(The greater the mass of the object,
the greater the frictional force
produced)

Frictional Force
 Increasing the frictional force Decreasing the frictional force
 Using lubricant oil
 Using rubber mat
 Using rollers, balls bearings or
 Using rough surface and stripes wheels
pattern
 Using wax
 Using magnesium carbonate lime  Using grease
powder
 Using boric acid flour

Advantages and Disadvantages of Frictional Force

Advantages Disadvantages
 Enables an object to be held  Produces loud sounds
without slipping
 Generates heat and causes the surface
 Enables humans to walk or run to become hot
without slipping
 Frictional force wears out a scraped
 Enables an object to remain surface
stationary
 Causes heavy objects to be difficult to
 Enables humans to climb a tree pull or push
Air pressure
6.3

The Earth is surrounded by a layer of air known as the Earth's atmosphere. Air consists of
particles that are always moving freely in all directions and collide with the walls of the
environment or walls of the container.

Air Pressure

Air pressure results from the collision of air particles on the surface of an object

The relationship between air pressure and altitude

 Air pressure varies from place to place
 The air pressure at the top of the mountain is lower than the air pressure at the foot of
the mountain
 Air pressure decreases when at a higher altitude

 The number of air particles decreases when being in a higher position

Source: pinterest.com
 Air Pressure Application

 When air is inhaled, the area inside the straw creates a low pressure area. The
higher air pressure outside will push the water into the straw.

 When the plunger is pressed, there is low pressure inside the plunger and causes
the air in the plunger to come out. The higher pressure in the sinkhole pushes out
the clogged waste when the plunger is pulled up.
Speed of an object

Every moving object has speed. This chapter explains more about units for speed, calculating
speed and also the factors that affect speed.

7.1 Speed of an object

Speed indicates how fast an object moves while a stationary object has no speed.

Definition

Speed is the measurement of how fast or slow an object moves from one place to another

 Different objects move at different speeds

 An object that moves fast will arrive at the destination in a short time while an object
that moves slowly will take a longer time to reach the destination

 Fast objects will move farther over the same period of time
Units for Speed
 Speed involves distance and time

Units for Speed

a. Centimetre per second (cm/s)

(turtles, snails)
b. Metre per second (m/s)
(run, squirrel)
c. Kilometre per hour (km/j)
(race cars, horses, airplanes)
10 mm = 1 cm 60 seconds = 1 minute

100 cm = 1 m 60 minutes = 1 hour

1000 m = 1 km 24 hours = 1 day

Relationship Between Speed, Distance and Time

 The distance traveled and the period of time taken by a moving object have
relationship with speed
 Object that moves faster will moves farther in a given time
(The faster the object moves, the farther the distance traveled by the object in a given
time)
 Object that moves faster takes a shorter time at move at a fixed distance
(The faster the object moves, the shorter the time it takes for the object to reach the
specified destination)

Factors of Speed

Distance Time
Move further in the same period of Takes a shorter time to move within the same
 time distance

Formula of Speed

Food Spoilage
Food is the main basic need of humans. Balance food is important to supply energy, build the
body and repair damaged tissues and prevent disease. Food can spoil if it is not kept properly.
This chapter explain more on the causes of food spoilage, food preservation method and the
importance of food preservation technology.

8.1 Food Spoilage

Food will smell and spoil if it is not kept properly. Spoilt food can be detect by the sense of
smell,sight,touch and taste.

Characteristics of Spoilt Food

 Has bad taste

 Has an unpleasant smell
 Changed colour
 Changed texture

 Mouldy

Factors of Food Spoilage

 Food will spoil when it is contaminated by microorganisms such as fungi or

bacteria

 Humid and hot conditions help bacteria and fungi to grow faster than usual

Food Preservation
Food
Prese
rvatio
n

Food Preservation
Food preservation is a method of food processing that can prevent or slow down the life
process of microorganisms

 Food that are preserved will last longer

Food Preservation

Methods of Food
Explanation
Preservation
 Process of heating food at a high temperature
Boiling
 Example of food is rendang
 Foods can be dried under sunlight or smoked with hot air to
eliminate or remove water from the food
Drying
 Examples of foods are fish, prawns and squids
 Method that uses concentrated salt solution, sugar solution or
vinegar to make the reproduction of microorganisms difficult

Pickling  The concentrated sugar solution prevents the growth of

microorganisms

 Examples of foods are vegetables and fruits

 Method where air is removed from the pacakaging container

Vacuum Packing  Bacteria cannot grow and reproduce since there is no air

 Examples of foods are fruits and sausages

 Process of keeping the food at freezing point or lower
Freezing
 Examples of foods are fish, chicken, meats and squids
 Process of keeping the food in the surrounding temperature
below 18 degree celsius

Cooling  Low temperatures cause the microorganisms to be less active

and slow to grow and reproduce

 Examples of foods are fruits, eggs and milk

 Process of removing moisture and prevent the growth of
microorganims
Salting
 Examples of foods are fish, vegetables and eggs
Waxing  Process of coating fruitys or vegetables with a very thin layer
of liquid wax
  Examples of foods are fruits and vegetables
 Process of drying the food with smoke for a long period of
time
Smoking
 Examples of foods are meat and fish
 Process of heating food to a certain temperature for some time
and followed by rapid cooling
Pasteurisation
 Examples of foods are milk and fruit juice
 Method of heating the foods at high temperature to kill the
bacteria and fungi then the can or bottle is closed tightly to
Canning and
prevent the germs from entering
Bottling
 Examples of foods are meats, fruits and vegetables

Importance of Food Preservation Technology

 The food are easy to keep and can be brought anywhere

 Seasonal fruits can be enjoyed through out the year
 Canned foods can overcome the problem of food supply during an emergency

 Some foods that are produced by a country can be enjoyed in other countries
Waste Material

Human activities produce waste every day. The resulting waste needs to be handled properly
to take care of the environment. This chapter explains about the types of waste and the proper
way to manage waste.

9.1 Waste Material

Waste comes from various sources such as residences, factories, food stalls, markets,
agriculture and motor vehicles.

Definition

Waste is the material that is no longer needed and no longer wanted to be kept

Waste Materials

Types of Wastes Examples

 Scrap metal

Metals  Food cans

 Aluminium cans
 Plastic containers

Plastic  Plastic bags

 Plastic bottles
 Glass pieces

Glass  Glass bottles

 Glass bowls
 Old newspapers

Paper  Magazines

 Boxes
  Bone waste

Food waste  Fruits skins

 Vegetable waste
Excretory products and faeces  Urine and feces
 Chemical substances
 Industrial waste
 Agriculturals waste

Toxic waste  Aerosol bottles

 Liquid insecticides
 Liquid from batteries

 Smoke vehicles

Biodegradable or Not?

Biodegradable waste Non-biodegradable waste

 Waste that can be decayed by
microorganisms in the decomposition
process
 This waste is decomposed by
microorganisms and returns as nutrients
in the soil
 Examples: food waste, papers, excretory
products and faeces
 Waste that cannot be decayed by
the microorganims
 Can cause natural disasters due
to the many clogged drains
 Examples: glass, metal, plastic
and toxic waste

Appreciate Our Earth

 Non -biodegradable wastes should be used prudently as these wastes will remain in
the environment for a long time

 The effects of unplanned waste disposal will cause problems such as:

1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Disease
4. Acid rain
5. Flash floods
6. Destruction of animal and plant habitats
 Waste Management Practices

 Wrapped and tied neatly

 Food waste can decay and be made into compost fertiliser
 Non-biodegradable waste must be separated according to their types before
disposing

 Chemical waste and oil waste must be disposed into special container

3R Practises

R-Reduce R-Reuse R-Recycle

Use a recycling bag when Reuse cans, used bottles and make Recycling the waste
shopping at the store newspapers as bases and wrappers into new products
Planned Management of Waste Materials

1. Operated by Local Authorities

2. Waste are collected and sent to the recycling centre
3. Waste are separated by their type: Recyclable or non -recyclable
4. Recycled materials will be compressed to be sent to the factories that process waste to
be made into new products

5. Waste that cannot be recycled will be burnt at high temperature in the incinerator then
sent to the waste disposal site to be disposed
The Eclipse of the Moon and the Eclipse of the Sun
Phenomena

This chapter explains more about eclipse of the moon and eclipse of the sun phenomena.

10.1 The Eclipse of the Moon and the Eclipse of the Sun Phenomena

Eclipses occur due to several characteristics of light

 Light travels in a straight line
  Light cannot penetrate opaque objects

2 types of earth and moon shadows:

1. Umbra area (totally block from sunlight)

2. Penumbra area (partially blocked from sunlight)

Definition

An eclipse is a phenomena when the moon or sun is invisible or disappears from view

Eclipse of the Moon

 Eclipse of the moon occurs when the earth is between the sun and the moon
Eclipse of the Sun
 Eclipse of the sun occurs when the moon is between the sun and the earth
 The earth, moon and sun are in a straight line
 The moon prevents sunlight from reaching the earth, so the earth is covered by the
shadow of the moon

 Some parts of the earth experience a total eclipse while others experience a partial
eclipse
The Milky Way Galaxy

A galaxy is a system that includes millions of stars, gas, dust and other matter. Galaxies
come in many shapes and sizes. There are several types of galaxies in the universe. Among
the examples of galaxies are spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies and non-uniform/irregular
galaxies.

Sou
rce: ms.wikipedia.org

11.1 The Milky Way Galaxy

The Milky Way galaxy is one of the galaxies in the universe. Humans can see the large
Milky Way galaxy in the night sky because the solar system is inside this galaxy.

Milky Way
 The band of stars is named as the Milky Way because of its milk-like shape in the
night sky
 The Milky Way Galaxy is a barred spiral galaxy with two main arms and a bright,
dense star center

 A side view of the Milky Way galaxy looks like a thin disk with a bulge in the middle
 The Milky Way Galaxy

 Top view of the Milky Way

  Side view of the Milky Way

Size of the Solar System in the Milky Way galaxy

 The Solar System is at the edge of one of the spiral arms of the Milky Way galaxy
 Humans can only see part of the Milky Way galaxy from Earth because Earth is at the
edge of this galaxy

 The size of the Solar System is very small compared to the size of the Milky Way
galaxy

Stability and Strength of Objects and Structures

There are various strong and stable structures around humans. Among the examples that can
be seen are the Pyramids in Egypt in the shape of a pyramid and the Igloo in the polar region
in the shape of a hemisphere. In this chapter, students will learn more about the factors that
affect the stability and strength of objects and structures as well as the importance of strong
and stable structures.

12.1 Stability and Strength of Objects and Structures

Strong and stable structures are secure, firm and does not collapse or topple easily.

Stability of an Object and Structure

The ability of objects and structures to remain or return to their original position

Factors Affecting the Stability of Objects and Structures

The height of the object Base area

 The lower the object, the more  The larger the base area, the more
stable it is stable it is

The strength of objects and buildings is the ability of objects and buildings to withstand
forces that will damage or change the shape of the structure of the objects and buildings.
 Factors Affecting the Strength of Objects and Structures

Types of materials
Shape of structure
1. Concrete
1. Tunnel
 Concrete is stronger than wood.
Concrete can be molded, does not  The tunnel is built with a curved
burn, does not decay and does not shape to make it stronger
rust
2. Dome
2. Steel
 The hemispherical shape of the dome
 Steel is stronger than wood. Bridges makes it strong and does not require
made of steel are stronger than pillars for support
wooden bridges

The importance of strong and stable structures

 Can be used for a long time
 Low maintenance costs
 Not easily damaged

 Safe to use

Technology

Humans are able to perform various daily activities by using their senses and limbs.
However, humans have limitations in their ability to perform their daily activities. In this
chapter students will learn more about the human limitations, the development of technology
in various fields and the advantages and disadvantages of technology.

13.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology

Technology can overcome the limits of human capabilities. Humans have created various
tools to overcome the limits of their capabilities by applying scientific knowledge.

Technology

The application of scientific knowledge to help overcome the limits of human ability

Human limitations
 The inability of humans to perform an activity is due to the limitations of the human
brain, limbs and senses

Devices Limitations that can be overcome

 Helps humans to see fine and

small objects more clearly

 Magnifying glass

 Can observe tiny living things

such as bacteria

 Mikroscope
  Allows the voice to be heard
loudly by others

 Speaker

 Can travel long distances in short

period of time

 Car

 Can see distant objects

 Binocular

 Can perform calculations faster

and more accurate

 Calculator
Development of techonlogy
 Various conveniences and a more comfortable life are now the result of technological
development

 Technology is developing rapidly in various fields such as agriculture, transportation,

construction, communication and medicine
Advantages and disadvantages of technology

 Technological progress that is constantly developing is also harmful to human life

Advantages of technology Disadvantages of technology

 The use of drones to spray  The lifespan of drone batteries is limited
insecticides on crops can save time and the disposal of drone batteries can
and human effort cause pollution

 Medical technology can improve the
quality of human health
 More houses can be built on
hillsides
 Unlimited and fast sharing of
information can save time
 The increase in motorized vehicles
makes it easier to move from one
place to another
 Medicines can be abused, causing social
problems and health problems that cause
death
 Destruction of flora and fauna due to
deforestation
 Negative influences spread easily in
addition to data that is easily hacked
 The release of harmful gases contributes
to air pollution