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Textbook Ebook European Glacial Landscapes Maximum Extent of Glaciations 1St Edition David Palacios All Chapter PDF
Textbook Ebook European Glacial Landscapes Maximum Extent of Glaciations 1St Edition David Palacios All Chapter PDF
Edited by
David Palacios
Department of Geography, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Philip D. Hughes
Department of Geography, School of Environment, Education and Development,
The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
José M. Garcı́a-Ruiz
Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
Nuria Andrés
Department of Geography, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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ISBN: 978-0-12-823498-3
v
vi Contents
17.4 The Central Range 132 21. An overview of the Last Glacial
17.5 Iberian Range 132 Cycle 163
17.6 Sierra Nevada 132
17.7 Progress in the knowledge of the Marı́a Fernanda Sánchez Goñi
glacial landscapes 132 References 165
References 133
22. Ice volume and sea-level changes
during Last Glacial Cycle: evidence
18. The Italian Peninsula 135 from marine records 169
Adriano Ribolini, Matteo Spagnolo and Natalia Vazquez Riveiros, Samuel Toucanne,
Carlo Giraudi Filipa Naughton, Teresa Rodrigues and
Marı́a Fernanda Sánchez Goñi
18.1 Introduction 135
18.2 The Northern Apennines 137 References 170
18.3 Central Apennines 138
18.4 Southern Apennines 138 23. Definition of the Last Glacial Cycle
18.5 Progress in the knowledge of the marine stages and chronology 171
glacial landscapes 139
References 139 Natalia Vazquez Riveiros, Samuel Toucanne,
Teresa Rodrigues, Amaelle Landais,
Filipa Naughton and
Marı́a Fernanda Sánchez Goñi
19. Glacial landscapes of the
Balkans 141 References 173
34. Britain and Ireland: glacial 38. The Romanian Carpathians: glacial
landforms prior to the Last Glacial landforms prior to the Last Glacial
Maximum 245 Maximum 277
Philip L. Gibbard, Philip D. Hughes, Petru Urdea, Florina Ardelean, Mircea Ardelean
Chris D. Clark, Neil F. Glasser and and Alexandru Onaca
Matt D. Tomkins
38.1 Introduction 277
34.1 Middle Pleistocene glaciations 245 38.2 Eastern Carpathians 278
34.2 Late Pleistocene pre-Last Glacial 38.3 Southern Carpathians 279
Maximum glaciations 249 References 281
34.3 Summary 250
References 250
36. Iceland: glacial landforms prior 41. The Iberian Mountains: glacial
to the Last Glacial Maximum 265 landforms prior to the Last
Ívar Örn Benediktsson, Skafti Brynjólfsson and Glacial Maximum 309
Lovı́sa Ásbjörnsdóttir
Marc Oliva, José M. Fernández-Fernández
References 269 and David Palacios
41.1 Introduction 309
37. The Tatra Mountains: glacial landforms 41.2 Cantabrian Mountains 309
prior to the Last Glacial Maximum 271 41.3 NW ranges 312
41.4 Central Range 312
Jerzy Zasadni, Piotr Kłapyta, Piotr Kałuża and
41.5 Iberian Range 314
Michał Makos
41.6 Betic Range 314
References 274 References 314
x Contents
42. The Italian mountains: glacial 45.4 The pre-LGC European landscapes in a
landforms prior to the Last global context 347
Glacial Maximum 317 45.5 Pending research 349
References 350
Adriano Ribolini, Matteo Spagnolo and
Carlo Giraudi
42.1 Introduction 317 PART V
42.2 Northern Apennines 317 The European glacial landforms from
42.3 Central Apennines 318
Acknowledgments 321
the Last Glacial Maximum (29 19 ka)
References 321
46. Concept and global context of the
glacial landforms from the Last
43. The Balkans: glacial landforms
Glacial Maximum 355
prior to the Last Glacial
Maximum 323 Philip D. Hughes
Philip D. Hughes, James L. Allard and 46.1 The Last Glacial Maximum 355
Jamie C. Woodward 46.2 Defining the LGM 356
46.3 The geomorphological legacy of
43.1 Middle Pleistocene glaciations 323 the LGM 357
43.2 Late Pleistocene, pre-LGM glaciation 330 References 357
References 330
Section 3 PART VI
Synthesis of Part IV Synthesis of the European Landscapes
from maximum glacial extension
64. The European glacial landscapes 65. The importance of European glacial
from the Last Glacial Maximum - landscapes in a context of great
synthesis 507 climatic variability 519
Philip D. Hughes, David Palacios,
Philip D. Hughes, David Palacios,
José M. Garcı́a-Ruiz and Nuria Andrés
José M. Garcı́a-Ruiz and Nuria Andrés
64.1 Glacial landforms of the European
65.1 Maximum glaciations—final summary 519
Ice Sheet Complex from the Last Glacial
65.2 The importance of European glacial
Maximum 507
landscapes in the context of global
64.2 Glacial landforms beyond the EISC:
climate change 520
Iceland, the Urals, and the mountains of
65.3 The importance of European glacial
Central and Southern Europe 508
landscapes as geoheritage 521
64.3 Major similarities/differences between
65.4 Deglaciation—the end of widespread
regions and their causes 509
glaciation in Europe 522
64.4 The European landscapes in a global
References 522
context 510
64.5 Pending research 511
References 514 Index 523
Supplementary files are available on Science Direct in the following link: https://doi.org/10.1016/C2020-0-00404-4
List of contributors
Naki Akçar Glacial Geology, Institute of Geological UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø,
Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Norway
Nikolitsa Alexandropoulou Centre for Arctic Gas José M. Fernández-Fernández Centre for Geographical
Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Studies, IGOT, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon,
Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Portugal
Tromsø, Norway José M. Garcı́a-Ruiz Pyrenean Institute of Ecology
James L. Allard Department of Geography, School of (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
Environment, Education and Development, The Philip L. Gibbard Scott Polar Research Institute,
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Nuria Andrés Department of Geography, Universidad Carlo Giraudi ENEA Centro Ricerche Saluggia,
Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Saluggia, Italy
Florina Ardelean West University of Timişoara,
Neil F. Glasser Department of Geography & Earth
Department of Geography, Timişoara, Romania
Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth,
Mircea Ardelean West University of Timişoara, United Kingdom
Department of Geography, Timişoara, Romania
Sarah L. Greenwood Department of Geological
Lovı́sa Ásbjörnsdóttir Icelandic Institute of Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
History, Garðabær/Akureyri, Iceland
Yanni Gunnell Department of Geography, University
Ívar Örn Benediktsson Institute of Earth Sciences, Lumière Lyon 2, EVS CNRS UMR 5600, Lyon, France
University of Iceland, Reykjavı́k, Iceland
Rimante Guobyte Lithuanian Geoological Survey,
Albertas Bitinas Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Vilnius, Lithuania
Lithuania
Berit Oline Hjelstuen Department of Earth Science,
Andreas Börner State Authority for Environment, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Nature protection and Geology Mecklenburg-Western
Anna L.C. Hughes Department of Geography, School of
Pomerania, Geological Survey, Güstrow, Germany
Environment, Education and Development, The
Skafti Brynjólfsson Icelandic Institute of Natural University of Manchester, Manchester, United
History, Garðabær/Akureyri, Iceland Kingdom; Department of Earth Science, University of
Mirosław Błaszkiewicz Institute of Geography and Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research,
Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Bergen, Norway
Toruń, Poland Philip D. Hughes Department of Geography, School of
Marc Calvet Department of Geography, University of Environment, Education and Development, The
Perpignan Via Domitia, HNHP CNRS UMR 7194, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Perpignan, France Susan Ivy-Ochs Laboratory for Ion Beam Physics, ETH
Chris D. Clark Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Switzerland
Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom Piotr Kałuża Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and
Magali Delmas Department of Geography, University of Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science
Perpignan Via Domitia, HNHP CNRS UMR 7194, and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza, Kraków, Poland
Perpignan, France Olga Korsakova Geological Institute of Kola Science
Mariana Esteves Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity,
Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, Russian Federation
xv
xvi List of contributors
Piotr Kłapyta Institute of Geography and Spatial Vincent Rinterknecht CEREGE, CNRS, UMR 7330,
Management, Jagiellonian University, ul. Technopole Environnement Arbois-Mediterranee, BP80,
Gronostajowa, Kraków, Poland Aix en Provence, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS,
IRD, INRAE, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
Amaelle Landais UMR8212, CEA–CNRS–UVSQ–UPS,
Institute of Climate and Environment Science (LSCE/ Teresa Rodrigues Portuguese Institute for Sea and
IPSL), Gif-sur-Yvette, France Atmosphere (IPMA), Lisboa, Portugal; Center of
Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Algarve University,
Michał Makos Climate Geology Department, University Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury, Warszawa, Poland
Marı́a Fernanda Sánchez Goñi Ecole Pratique des
Jan Mangerud Department of Earth Science and Hautes Etudes (EPHE), PSL University, Pessac,
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of France; University of Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR-CNRS
Bergen, Bergen, Norway 5805, Pessac, France
Leszek Marks University of Warsaw, Faculty of Hans Petter Sejrup Department of Earth Science,
Geology, and Polish Geological Institute – National University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland Matteo Spagnolo School of Geosciences, University of
Giovanni Monegato CNR - National Research Council, Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, Padova, John Inge Svendsen Department of Earth Science and
Italy Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of
Filipa Naughton Portuguese Institute for Sea and Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Atmosphere (IPMA), Lisboa, Portugal; Center of Matt D. Tomkins Department of Geography, School of
Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Algarve University, Environment, Education and Development, The
Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Dmitry Nazarov A.P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Samuel Toucanne French Research Institute for Sea
Research Institute (FGUP-“VSEGEI”), St. Petersburg, Exploitation (IFREMER), Marine Geoscience
Russia Research Unit, Plouzané, France
Olga Nosova Geological Institute of Kola Science Centre Karol Tylmann University of Gdańsk, Faculty of
of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, Russian Oceanography and Geography, Poland
Federation Petru Urdea West University of Timişoara, Department
Marc Oliva Department of Geography, University of of Geography, Timişoara, Romania
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Andrey Vashkov Geological Institute of Kola Science
Alexandru Onaca West University of Timişoara, Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity,
Department of Geography, Timişoara, Romania Russian Federation
David Palacios Department of Geography, Universidad Natalia Vázquez-Riveiros Institut Français de Recherche
Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Unité de
Recherche Géosciences Marines, Laboratoire
Henry Patton Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate,
Géophysique et enregistrement Sédimentaire, Plouzané,
Environment and Climate, Department of
France
Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway,
Tromsø, Norway Monica C.M. Winsborrow Centre for Arctic Gas
Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of
Carl Regnéll Department of Earth Science and Bjerknes
Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway,
Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen,
Tromsø, Norway
Bergen, Norway
Jamie C. Woodward Department of Geography, School
Jürgen M. Reitner Geological Survey of Austria, of Environment, Education and Development, The
Vienna, Austria University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Théo Reixach Department of Geography, University of Jerzy Zasadni Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and
Perpignan Via Domitia, HNHP CNRS UMR 7194, Environmental Protection, AGH University of
Perpignan, France Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza,
Adriano Ribolini Department of Earth Sciences, Kraków, Poland
University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
About the editors
David Palacios
David Palacios is a Full Professor of physical geography at the Complutense University of
Madrid (Spain). He has been the coordinator of Spanish National Projects, uninterruptedly since
1998 to the present, and Spanish coordinator of two European Projects, obtaining a maximum
evaluation in their results; the founder and director for 12 years of the High Mountain Physical
Geography excellence research group, where he has been the advisor of several doctoral theses;
and the author of more than 200 international research papers, more than 100 chapters, and the
editor of 5 books. In his research, he has shown a constant concern to know how, when, and
why the deglaciation of the mountain and polar areas occurred during the Late Pleistocene and
Holocene and its impact on geodiversity, biodiversity, and in the strategies for territorial plan-
ning. His areas of study extend to the Iberian Mountains, Northern Iceland, Western United
States, Mexican Volcanoes, Peruvian Andes, Tierra del Fuego, Peninsula Antarctica, and
Greenland.
Philip D. Hughes
Philip D. Hughes is a Professor of physical geography at the University of Manchester, the
United Kingdom. He obtained his first degree in geography at the University of Exeter. This
was followed by a Master’s degree in Quaternary Science, then a PhD in Geography, both at the
University of Cambridge (Darwin College). His PhD was on the glacial history of the Pindus
Mountains, Greece. This was then followed by a postdoctoral project examining the glacial his-
tory of Montenegro at the University of Manchester. He has since worked on glaciation across
the Mediterranean Mountains and in the British Isles. In this research, he has utilised U-series
dating and cosmogenic nuclides to date glacial landforms. He has also published on global gla-
ciations and stratigraphy in Quaternary Science, and in 2011 Philip also coedited, with Jürgen
Ehlers and Philip Gibbard, the highly successful Elsevier volume Quaternary Glaciation
Extent and Chronology: A Closer Look.
José M. Garcı́a-Ruiz
José M. Garcı́a-Ruiz is the Ad Honorem Research Professor of the National Research Council
of Spain (CSIC) at the Pyrenean Institute of Ecology. He was the Head of the University
College of La Rioja (1982 84), the Head of the Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (1988 90), and
President of the Spanish Society of Geomorphology (1994 96). His main focuses of interest
have been related to the interactions between land-use changes and their consequences on soil
erosion, connectivity between hillslopes and fluvial channels, and fluvial dynamics. The evolu-
tion of mountain landscapes since mid-Holocene has been also a main focus of research, in rela-
tion to deforestation caused by paleolithic shepherds and Middle Ages transhumant herds,
including the recent afforestation caused by land abandonment and the decline of transhumance
systems. In parallel, he has published a high number of studies on glacial evolution in Northern
Iberian Peninsula, particularly in the Pyrenees
xvii
xviii About the editors
Nuria Andrés
Nuria Andrés is a Professor of physical geography at the Complutense University of Madrid
(Spain). Her PhD was on the application of GIS to the study of hazards in tropical high volca-
noes (Mexico and Peru). She has participated in 22 research projects funded in public calls and
is currently leading a research project on the reconstruction of neoglacial oscillations in
Iceland. She has published nearly a 100 research papers on the dynamics of deglaciation in
mountains and its impact on geodiversity. Her research work focuses on the study of glacier
and periglacial geomorphology in mountain areas through the application of different dating
techniques and GIS. In addition to the Iberian mountains, she has conducted research in other
mountain regions (Northern Iceland, Western United States, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt,
Peruvian Andes), which has given her a broad understanding of land surface processes in cold
climate environments. She heads the High Mountain Physical Geography excellence research
group.
Part I
Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
David Palacios1, Nuria Andrés1, Philip D. Hughes2 and José M. Garcı́a-Ruiz3
1
Department of Geography, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 2Department of Geography, School of Environment, Education and
Development, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom, 3Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
Chapter Outline
1.1 The advance in knowledge of the glacial landscapes 3 1.5 The age and characteristics of European
1.2 Objectives of the book 4 glacial landscapes 6
1.3 The glaciated European regions 5 1.6 Standardised ages and maps used in the book 7
1.4 The climatic context during the sculpting of the References 8
European glacial landscapes 5
A critical step has been the knowledge of the ratio, in the ocean sediments of foraminifera shells, between the heavy
oxygen isotope (18O), indicative of low evaporation in the sea, and the light isotope (16O), indicative of high evapora-
tion. The different distribution of this ratio made possible to know the sequence of “ices ages” or glacial cycles, sepa-
rated by interglacial periods, during the last 5 million years (see Chapter 21: An Overview of the Last Glacial Period).
Each period with the same ratio is called Marine Isotope Stage (MIS), where even numbers indicate large amounts of
ice on the Earth (high values of δ18O) and, therefore, low sea level, and odd numbers indicate small amounts of ice
(low values of δ18O) and high sea level (see Chapter 22: Ice Volume and Sea-Level Changes During Last Glacial
Cycle: Evidence From Marine Records and Chapter 23: Definition of the Last Glacial Cycle Marine Stages and
Chronology). This climate variability has also been detected in air bubbles trapped in the deep Greenland ice cores for
the last half a million years. In this case the climatic cycles, called Dansgaard Oeschger (D O) cycles, were also iden-
tified by the δ18O/δ16O ratio, although in the opposite sense that in the marine sediments (low ratios are indicative of
cold periods) [see Chapter 24: Abrupt (or Millennial or Sub-Orbital) Climatic Variability: Dansgaard Oeschger
Events]. The study of marine sediments also revealed the existence of large discharges of icebergs, mainly from the
Hudson Strait Ice Stream of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which reached up to the latitude 43 N and deposited coarse-
grained iceberg-rafted debris. These were called Heinrich events, which occurred up to six times during the Last
Glacial Cycle (LGC) (see Chapter 25: Abrupt (or millennial or sub-orbital) climatic variability: Heinrich events /
stadials).
During some of the glacial cycles of the last 800,00 years (especially during MIS 16, 12, 6, and 5d-2), large ice
masses in the form of ice sheets (IS) spread across continental and marine regions. One of these huge IS directly
affected Europe: from Scandinavia (Fennoscandia IS) and the Barents Sea IS to Northern and Central Europe and the
North Sea, and from the British Isles IS to converge in what has been called the European Ice Sheet Complex (EISC)
(Chapters 28: The European Ice Sheet Complex evolution prior to the Last Glacial Maximum and Chapter 47:
European Ice Sheet Complex Evolution During the Last Glacial Maximum). The glaciers of each glacial cycle left their
imprints on the landscape, although younger glacial cycles erased most of the landforms and sediments let by previous
cycles. For this reason, most of Europe’s glacial landforms we can find in the current landscapes were sculpted during
the LGC.
Scientists engaged in the study of palaeoenvironments have come a long way to determine the age of glacial land-
forms. Radiocarbon dating has been possible since the mid-20th century, although it faces two problems: (1) glacial
sediments rarely contain organic matter, so only sediments indirectly related to glaciers (e.g., fluvial terraces and lacus-
trine sediments) can be dated, and (2) the limit for radiocarbon dating is only 60 ka. Optically stimulated luminescence
methods constrain the time at which a mineral, normally quartz, contained in a moraine was last exposed to light, mak-
ing possible to date sediments without organic matter. Other techniques occasionally used have been U-series dating to
date sediments and landforms cemented by secondary carbonates and speleothems in cave systems under glaciated ter-
rains, and also 40Ar/39Ar ages of volcanic tephras overlying deposits associated with glaciation. However, during the
first two decades of the 21st century, the most relevant progress to date glacial landforms and events has been the wide-
spread use of the method for dating the exposure of rock surfaces to cosmogenic radiation. This exposition generates
specific isotopes of certain elements in the rocks, with 10Be and 36Cl being the most widely used cosmogenic isotopes.
This method makes it possible to directly determine the time of exposition to this radiation (age) in erosional and sedi-
mentary glacial landforms, with a huge range of potential ages, from a few hundred to millions of years.
importance to submarine glacial landforms and deposits, developed under the sea or, sometimes, in subaerial conditions
and subsequently flooded by the sea level rise during deglaciation.
1.4 The climatic context during the sculpting of the European glacial landscapes
As already indicated, the aim of this book is to describe the origin and importance of glacial landforms in Europe. We
noted that the LGC partially erased the landforms sculpted in previous cycles. For this reason the book devotes Part III
to describe the state of knowledge on the evolution of climate and ocean dynamics during the LGC, to explain their
influence on the extent of glaciers, and to understand how glaciers influenced climate and ocean dynamics, in a constant
feedback process.
Therefore Part III exposes the general characteristics of the LGC (Chapter 21: An Overview of the Last Glacial
Period); the information provided by marine records on the ice volume and sea level changes and the MIS definition
and chronology (Chapter 22: Ice Volume and Sea-Level Changes During Last Glacial Cycle: Evidence From Marine
Records and Chapter 23: Definition of the Last Glacial Cycle Marine Stages and Chronology); the definition and
chronology of the D O cycles (Chapter 24: Abrupt (or Millennial or Sub-Orbital) Climatic Variability: Dansgaard
Oeschger Events) and of the Heinrich events (Chapter 25: Abrupt (or Millennial or Sub-Orbital) Climatic Variability:
Heinrich Events); and the chronological identification of a key period called the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (from
29 to 19 ka in this book), when glaciers recorded their maximum extent. Its chronology is under discussion, as not all
glaciers recorded their last maximum extent at the same time due to local reasons and to global atmospheric circulation.
In this book, we have determined a time window for this period between 29 and 19 ka, an eclectic solution, looking for
a common criterion. The climate of the LGM is discussed in Chapter 26, The Global Last Glacial Maximum: The
Eastern North Atlantic (Marine Sediments) and the Greenland Ice-Sheet Climatic Signal, and the concept of the term
and its possible chronology is discussed in Chapter 46, Concept and Global Context of the Glacial Landforms from the
Last Glacial Maximum.
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