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This page intentionally left blank
The Cambridge Handbook of Sociolinguistics

The most comprehensive overview available, this handbook is an essential

guide to sociolinguistics today. Reflecting the breadth of research in the
field, it surveys a wide range of topics and approaches in the study of
language variation and use in society. As well as linguistic perspectives,
the handbook includes insights from anthropology, social psychology, the
study of discourse and power, conversation analysis, theories of style and
styling, language contact, and applied sociolinguistics. Language practices
seem to have reached new levels since the communications revolution of
the late twentieth century. At the same time, spoken communication is still
the main force of language identity, even if social and peer networks of the
traditional face-to-face nature are facing stiff competition of the facebook-
to-facebook sort. The most authoritative guide to the state of the field, this
handbook shows that sociolinguistics provides us – in tandem with other
brands of linguistics and the social and natural sciences – with the best
tools for understanding our unfolding evolution as social beings.

r ajend mesthr ie is Professor of Linguistics in the Department of

English at the University of Cape Town, holding an NRF research chair
in the area of Language, Migration, and Social Change. He served two
terms as President of the Linguistics Society of Southern Africa. He has
published widely in the fields of sociolinguistics, with special reference to
language contact in South Africa. Among his publications are Introducing
Sociolinguistics (2nd edn. 2009, with Joan Swann, Ana Deumert, and
William Leap), Language in South Africa (Cambridge, 2002, ed.), and World
Englishes (Cambridge, 2008, with Rakesh M. Bhatt).
C A M BR I D GE H A N DB O OK S I N L A N G UAGE A N D L I N G U I S T IC S

Genuinely broad in scope, each handbook in this series provides a complete

state-of-the-field overview of a major sub-discipline within language study
and research. Grouped into broad thematic areas, the chapters in each
volume encompass the most important issues and topics within each subject,
offering a coherent picture of the latest theories and findings. Together,
the volumes will build into an integrated overview of the discipline in its
entirety.

Published titles
The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology, edited by Paul de Lacy
The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching, edited by
Barbara E. Bullock and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio
The Cambridge Handbook of Child Language, edited by Edith L. Bavin
The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages, edited by
Peter K. Austin and Julia Sallabank
The Cambridge Handbook of Sociolinguistics, edited by Rajend Mesthrie
The Cambridge Handbook
of Sociolinguistics
Edited by
Rajend Mesthrie
c a mbr idge u ni v ersi t y pr ess
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,
Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521897075

© Cambridge University Press 2011

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2011

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-0-521-89707-5 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or

accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in
this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,
or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents

List of figures page vii

List of tables viii
Contributors ix
Preface and acknowledgments xi
Abbreviations xii

1 Introduction: the sociolinguistic enterprise Rajend Mesthrie 1

Part I Foundations of sociolinguistics 15

2 Power, social diversity, and language John Baugh 17
3 Linguistic anthropology: the study of language
as a non-neutral medium Alessandro Duranti 28
4 The social psychology of language: a short
history W. Peter Robinson and Abigail Locke 47
5 Orality and literacy in sociolinguistics Lowry Hemphill 70
6 Sign languages Robert Bayley and Ceil Lucas 83

Part II Interaction, style, and discourse 103

7 Conversation and interaction Cynthia Gordon 105
8 Pragmatics and discourse Jan Blommaert 122
9 The sociolinguistics of style Nikolas Coupland 138

Part III Social and regional dialectology 157

10 Language, social class, and status Gregory R. Guy 159
11 Language and region William A. Kretzschmar, Jr. 186
12 Language and place Barbara Johnstone 203
13 Language, gender, and sexuality Natalie Schilling 218
14 Language and ethnicity Carmen Fought 238
vi Contents

Part IV Multilingualism and language contact 259

15 Multilingualism Ana Deumert 261
16 Pidgins and creoles Silvia Kouwenberg and John Victor Singler 283
17 Code-switching Pieter Muysken 301
18 Language maintenance, shift, and endangerment Nicholas
Ostler 315
19 Colonization, globalization, and the sociolinguistics
of World Englishes Edgar W. Schneider 335

Part V Applied sociolinguistics 355

20 Language planning and language policy James W. Tollefson 357
21 Sociolinguistics and the law Diana Eades 377
22 Language and the media Susan McKay 396
23 Language in education Christopher Stroud and
Kathleen Heugh 413

Notes 430
References 440
Index 523
Figures

6.1a The ASL sign DEAF, citation form (ear to chin) page 87
6.1b The ASL sign DEAF, non-citation variant 1 (chin to ear) 87
6.1c The ASL sign DEAF, non-citation variant 2, in the
compound DEAF-CULTURE (contact cheek) 88
10.1 Class stratification of (r) in New York City 172
10.2 Australian questioning intonation by class and sex 182
11.1 Columbus and Fort Benning 189
11.2 Levels of agreement about the South 195
11.3 Rates of /l/ vocalization 196
13.1 The cross-generational and cross-sex patterning of
Ocracoke /ay/ 230
Tables

6.1 Variability in spoken and sign languages page 84

6.2 Internal constraints on variable units 86
6.3 Outcomes of language contact in the Deaf community 91
15.1 Immigrant-language diversity for selected countries 264
15.2 Language shift in Australia: first and second generation
language shift for selected communities 272
15.3 Domains and language choice in the Vietnamese
community in Melbourne, Australia 274
15.4 Addis Ababa’s multilingual markets 275
15.5 The language of signage in three types of Israeli
neighborhoods 277
16.1 Multi-generational scenario of creole genesis 290
17.1 Potential diagnostic features for different types of
language mixing 303
17.2 Lüdi’s typology of interactions 305
17.3 Schematic comparison of code-switching and -mixing
typologies in three traditions 310
17.4 Jakobson’s functional model as applied to code-switching 312
Contributors

John Baugh, Margaret Bush Wilson Professor in Arts and Sciences,

Washington University in St. Louis
Robert Bayley, Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of
California, Davis
Jan Blommaert, Professor of Language, Culture and Globalization,
Tilburg University
Nikolas Coupland, Professor and Director, Centre for Language and
Communication Research, Cardiff University
Ana Deumert, Associate Professor, Linguistics Section, University of
Cape Town
Alessandro Duranti, Professor of Anthropology, UCLA College of
Letters and Science
Diana Eades, Adjunct Associate Professor, School of Behavioral,
Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England
Carmen Fought, Professor of Linguistics, Pitzer College, Claremont,
California
Cynthia Gordon, Assistant Professor, Department of Communication
and Rhetorical Studies, Syracuse University
Gregory R. Guy, Professor of Linguistics, New York University
Lowry Hemphill, Associate Professor, Department of Language and
Literacy, Wheelock College
Kathleen Heugh, Senior Lecturer, English Language, University of
South Australia, and Division of Education, Arts and Social Sciences,
School of Communication, International Studies and Languages,
Magill Campus, Australia
Barbara Johnstone, Professor, Department of English, Carnegie
Mellon University
Silvia Kouwenberg, Professor of Linguistics, University of the West
Indies (Mona)
x Contributors

William A. Kretzschmar, Jr., Harry and Jane Willson Professor in

Humanities, Department of English, University of Georgia, Athens
Abigail Locke, Reader in Psychology, Human and Health Sciences,
University of Huddersfield
Ceil Lucas, Professor, Department of Linguistics, Gallaudet University
Susan McKay, Senior Lecturer, School of English, Media Studies and
Art History, University of Queensland
Rajend Mesthrie, Professor, Linguistics Section, and Research Chair in
Migration, Language and Social Change, University of Cape Town
Pieter Muysken, Academy Professor of Linguistics, Centre for
Language Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
Nicholas Ostler, Director, Foundation for Endangered Languages, Bath,
UK, and Research Associate, Department of Linguistics, University of
London
W. Peter Robinson, Professor of Social Psychology Emeritus, University
of Bristol
Natalie Schilling, Associate Professor, Linguistics Department,
Georgetown University
Edgar W. Schneider, Chair of English Linguistics, Department of
English and American Studies, University of Regensburg
John Victor Singler, Professor, Linguistics Department, New York
University
Christopher Stroud, Professor, Linguistics Department, University of
the Western Cape
James W. Tollefson, Professor, Graduate School of Public Policy and
Social Research, Department of Media, Communication and Culture,
International Christian University, Tokyo, and Professor Emeritus,
University of Washington
Preface and
acknowledgments

This handbook is aimed at students who have studied some linguistics

and sociolinguistics and who need an advanced and up-to-date account of
the field. The contributors, who were all chosen for their special contri-
butions to the field of sociolinguistics, were charged with the task of pro-
viding authoritative and detailed, yet accessible, overviews of significant
branches of the subject. It is not expected that readers will wade through
the entire work, for this is obviously not an introductory textbook, but
rather read specific chapters depending on their needs and areas of inter-
est. The chapters will be of use to academics and researchers outside
sociolinguistics who wish to keep up with newer developments in a field
that is becoming increasingly central in the humanities.
I would like to thank the following persons whose role in seeing the
handbook through different stages has been salutary: Rowan Mentis, my
main assistant on this project, for working on the bibliography and index
and managing the chapter files; Alida Chevalier for secondary assist-
ance; and Walt Wolfram, who worked with me in the early stages of this
project and recruited many of the contributors on language variation
and change. I would also like to thank all contributors for their cooper-
ation and sparkling contributions, and my editors, Andrew Winnard and
Sarah Green, at Cambridge University Press for their patience over delays
in delivering the final product. Finally, I am grateful to the University
of Cape Town, and the Humanities Faculty in particular, for creating a
supportive research and editing environment.
Abbreviations

1P first person plural

AAE African American English
AAVE African American Vernacular English
ASL American Sign Language
BAE Bureau of American Ethnology
BSL British Sign Language
CA conversation analysis
CAT communication accommodation theory
CDA critical discourse analysis
CEF Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
CL noun class
Coda child of a Deaf adult
COE Council of Europe
COMP complementizer
CON conjunction
CONSEC consecutive
COP copula
CVCV consonant–vowel sequence
DA discourse analysis
DEF definite
DEM demonstrative
DET determiner
EC Estate Class
EFL English as a foreign language
EL embedded language
ELF Endangered Language Fund
ENL English as a native language
EROs Environmental Recycling Officers
ESL English as a second language
EU European Union
 Abbreviations xiii

F feminine
FEL Foundation for Endangered Languages
FLA first language acquisition
FTA face-threatening acts
FV finite verb
HABIT habitual
ICE International Corpus of English
ICHEL International Clearing House for Endangered Languages
IMF International Monetary Fund
INDIC indicative
INF infinitive
IS interactional sociolinguistics
JLU Jamaica Language Unit
LCM Linguistic Category Model
LIS Italian Sign Language (Lingua Italiana dei Segni)
LL linguistic landscape
LOC locative
LPLP language planning and language policy
LWC lower working class
M masculine
MC middle class
MDA multi-modal discourse analysis
MEXT Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports and
Technology
MFY Mobilization for Youth
NEC non-Estate Class
NSF National Science Foundation
OBV obviation marker
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
P preposition
PA past
PRES present tense
RECIP reciprocal
RECP recent past
REL relative
S singular
SASL South African Sign Language
SC social scale
SEC socioeconomic class
SEE Signing Exact English
SES socioeconomic status
SIL Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL)
SL sign language
SLA second language acquisition
SSENYC Social Stratification of English in New York City
xiv Abbreviations

TMA Tense, Modality, Aspect

TOP topic marker
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
UWC upper working class
WH question word
1
Introduction: the
sociolinguistic enterprise
Rajend Mesthrie

1.1 Sociolinguistics within linguistics

This handbook focuses on the wealth of research undertaken by socio-

linguists concerned with language variation and use in society. The core
of this specialisation comes from those working within linguistics, espe-
cially the field of language variation and change. Other theoreticians
coming from backgrounds integral to this focal area are anthropological
linguists, social psychologists, specialists in the study of discourse and
power, conversation analysts, theorists of style and styling, language
contact specialists, and applied sociolinguists. It was once customary for
such scholars interested in language and society to defend their schol-
arly pursuits in the face of more hegemonic approaches in linguistics
(see e.g. Labov 1963; Hymes 1972b). Chomskyans in particular sought to
define the essence of language in mentalistic grammars of so abstract
and broad a nature that they could capture the entire human capacity for
language (see Chomsky 1965). Whilst Chomskyan linguistics remains set
in its task of describing human competence of “I-language” (as internally
represented in the mind), other scholars of the twentieth and twenty-first
centuries have gone about their business of describing concrete language
use rooted in peoples’ actual experiences, needs, and exchanges (E- or
external language for Chomsky, “real language” for others). Chomskyan
linguistics seems better aligned with the fields of robotics and artifi-
cial intelligence: the business of computer scientists, robot designers,
automatic translation experts, and so forth. And gains in these fields
have been impressive since the second half of the twentieth century. It is
thanks to the Chomskyan revolution that we have learned an impressive
amount about how humans acquire language, store it in the mind, and
process it.
As Chomskyan linguistics unfolded after the 1960s, it also quietly
incorporated more “messy” facts about human languages. The theory of
 Introduction: the sociolinguistic enterprise 13

Diana Eades’ chapter (21) on language and the law shows that to a con-
siderable extent the law is a semiotic and sociolinguistic edifice. Almost
all the subfields of sociolinguistics surveyed in Chapters 2 to 19 have
considerable relevance to the understanding, practice, and use of lan-
guage in the legal system. Ethnographic issues pertaining to powerful
and powerless styles come into consideration, and court interactions
afford particularly good illustrations of interaction, convergence/ diver-
gence, and politeness in action. Conversational analysis illuminates how
the ability of ordinary citizens to communicate might be affected if their
conversational rights of digression and indirectness are curtailed. These
might contrast with the more strategic and powerful pauses of lawyers.
Issues pertaining to the sociolinguistics of gender, ethnicity, and class
dialects are also relevant. Eades discusses the double marginalization of
the Deaf in court. In relation to societal multilingualism, sociolinguists
and applied linguists have paid attention to the role of interpreters and
translators, who are in a potentially powerful position and may par-
ticipate at much more than the level of a neutral translating machine.
Forensic sociolinguistics is concerned with the expert testimony given
by linguists in courts of law in respect of accent recognition, dialect dif-
ferences, analysis of discourse conventions, and so forth. There has been
recent work on the sociolinguistics of asylum-seekers, who must prove
their bona fides to the satisfaction of the legal system. Here sociolin-
guists and discourse analysts have played a role in stressing the fluidity
of language use and the effects of language contact, shift, and so forth
in making the language repertoire of individuals look less typical than
the bureaucratic enumeration of state languages in official records or in
language textbooks.
Susan McKay’s chapter (22) shows that while media studies have
grown, to the extent that they are an independent discipline in many
universities, there are strong connections to sociolinguistic interests.
Rather than being passive neutral recipients, media audiences are
often required to be active interpreters: connotation is as important as
denotation. Hence, approaches from branches within linguistics and
applied linguistics such as conversation analysis, critical discourse ana-
lysis, genre and register studies are of great relevance to students of the
media. Phone-in programs and talk shows are a great deal more inter-
active than the media of earlier eras, and need to be understood in terms
of not only themes and content but their semiotic packaging. Of current
research interest is the rise of new media and genres like “netspeak”
which appears to bring new dimensions to the traditional speech vs writ-
ing dichotomy. At the same time, new dimensions of personal and social
identity are being formed, especially the emergence of a broader identity
than that dictated by speech community and social network via speech.
The final chapter by Christopher Stroud and Kathleen Heugh (23)
emphasizes the changing nature of communication and knowledge in
Another random document with
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Ma'ān 13, 21, 230.

Mabūk, Araber 14.

Mādeba 16, 21, 23, 24, 32;

Ruinen einer Kirche A. 33.

Mahmūd, Hadj, Zaptieh 223-237, 241, 242, 243, 250, 262, 264, 324.

Malek ed Dāher, Sultan 199.

Manuskripte, gemalte 143.

Marāh, die 122.

Mardj ul 'Asi, der Orontesanger 181.

Mardufreiten 61, 62, A. 61.

Mār Eliās, Kirche von 178.

Marlborough Klub 189.

Mar Saba, Kloster in der Wüste Judäa A. 15.

Maschenneh, Tempel von 113.

Masjād 210, 211, 212, 224;

Stadttor A. 210;
Kapitäle A. 211, A. 212.

Matkh, Sumpf 250, 259.

Maulbeerhain, die Statue im A. 321.

Mazār des Scheich Serāk 118.

Medā'in Sāleh 230.

Medina 230, 231, 250, 256.

Mehes 286, 293, 294.

Meidān, Damaskus 128, 146.

Meilenstein, römischer A. 39.

Mekka 256;
Eisenbahn 13, 165;
Gebräuche 250;
Pilgrime 64, 230;
der schwarze Stein von 91.

Melken der Schafe A. 55.

Mersina 252.

Meskin 36.

Mesopotamien 130, 269.

Metāwileh, Sekte 154, 162, 165.

Mezērib 104.

Michaïl, der Koch, 3, 4, 11, 14, 19, 20, 41, 69, 73, 78, 84, 88, 99, 96,
107, 111, 115, 125, 154, 162, 166, 169, 210, 211, 212, 234, 236,
249, 260, 261, 262, 269, 270, 286, 298, 307, 308, 324, 327.

Milhēm, Emir Mustafa 211.

Moab 36.
Moabitische Berge 10, 16.

Mohammed, Maultiertreiber 3, 14, 41, 166.

Mohammed-Effendi, Mufti 221, 222.

Mohammed el Atrasch 65, 74, A. 75.

Mohammed, Onkel des Ibn er Raschīd 14, 46.

Mohammed Pascha, Scheich von Djerūd 147-151.

Mohammed Sāid ul Chāni, Kadi 182-187.

Mohammed, Sohn der Weisheit 115.

Mohammedaner, Einwanderung im 7. Jahrhundert 72.

Mohammedanische Opferfeier 64.

Moschee Omar in Jerusalem A. 1.

Moyemāt, Dorf 250.

Mschitta 23, 32, 42, 120, 121, A. 43;

Fassade A. 45;
die inneren Hallen A. 46.

Mu'āwiyah 130.

Mūdik, Kal'at el 223, 229, 232, 233, 235.

Mudjemir, Scheich 49.

Mughāra Merzeh, Dorf 250.

Münzen, römische 25.

Mūsa, kurdischer Führer 268, 269, 271, 272, 275, 279, 280, 282,
283, 284, 285, 286, 327;
und seine Familie A. 281.

Muschennef, Tempel von 104.

Musil 52 Anm.

Mustafa el Atrasch 77.

Mutanabbi, Gedichte des 201.

Muwaggar s. El Muwaggar.

Muwāli, Stamm 246.

Nabathäische Gräber 72;

Inschriften 72, 76.

Nadjīb, Hadji, Zaptieh 262, 263, 264, 275, 286, 290, 293, 298, 304,
307, 308.

Nahār, Scheich 35, 36, 37, 38.

Nahr el 'Awadsch 128.

Nakschibendi, Scheich Hassan 138, 150-152;

Tekyah des A. 139, A. 149;
Tor A. 147.

Namrūd, Abu, Führer 18, 20, 25, 26, 31, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
48, 49, 50, 54, 60, 324.

Napoleon III. 141.

Nasīb el Atrasch, Scheich von Salchad 65, 74, 77, 80, 89, 90, 92, A.
82.

Nassār, Mohammed en 77, 92, 97, 98, 100, 125, 324.

Nāzim Pascha, Generalgouverneur von Syrien 130, 133, 134, 136,

137, 150, 151, 258.

Nebi Mendu, Tell 169, 170.

Nedja, Dorf 128.

Nedjd 14, 45, 80, 134.

Nedjēreh 52.

Negersklaven 37.

Nosairijjeh 166, 169, 183, 203, 225, 233, 317, 322.

Nosairijjeh, Djebel 169, 188, 190, 191, 203, 206.

Og, King 80, 104.

Ölberg 4;
mohammedanische Prozession A. 5.

Omar, Amir 144, 153.

Opferfeier, mohammedanische 64.

Oppenheim, Buch des 97, 98, 108, 120, 162.

Ormān, Dorf 96, 149.

Orontes 162, 165, 166, 169, 170, 181, 213, 214, 219, 222, 224, 226,
233, 234, 300, 303, 308, 309, 310, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317.

Pagrae 324.

Palmyra 26, 104, 169, 202;

Simse aus A. 123.

Palmyrische Wüste 169;

in der A. 130.

Petra 13.

Pilger werden im Jordan getauft A. 9;

russische 7, 8, A. 7.

Priester, abessinische A. 19.

Princeton, archäologische Expedition 249.

Prozession, mohammedanische, zieht durch die Gärten des Ölbergs

A. 5.

Rādjīl, Wādi 96.

Rā'ib Effendi el Helu 206.

Rameh 104.

Rās Ba'albek 165, 166.

Rās ul 'Ain, Ba'albek A. 179.

Raschīd, Ibn er 14, 24, 42, 45, 46.

Rayak 252.
Reisende A. 303.

Rhodus, Insel 133 Anm.

Rīad 14.

Riza Beg el 'Abid 205.

Rolandino, Monument in Bologna 245.

Römer, Lager 33.

Römerstraße 69, 154, 286, 309.

Römischer Meilenstein A. 39;

Münzen 25.

Rotes Meer 255.

Rōzah, die 225.

Ruhbeh 118, 121;

Ebene 102, 104, 107.

Ruwalla 141, 166.

Ruweihā 244, 245, 267, 268;

Kirche und Grabmal A. 245.

Sachau M. 238.

Safa 32, 90, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 112, 118, 119, 121,
122.

Safaitische Inschriften 117.

Sāfita, Burg 202, 203, 204.

Salahijjeh 133, 146, 150.

Salamis, Golf von 158.

Salchad 65, 74, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 88, 95, 96, 298;
Blick von der Burg nach Südosten A. 85;
Burg A. 81.

Saleh, Führer 78, 79.

Sāleh, Dorf 92, 96, 97, 125.

Salisbury, Lord 100.

Salkīn 300, 301, 302, A. 301.

Sallum, syrischer Arzt 222.

Salt, Dorf 16, 18, 19.

Samaria 256.

Sāneh, Dorf 102, 103.

Sankt Petershöhle 313.

Sankt Simon Stylites, die große Kirche des s. Sim'ān-Kal'at.

Sankt Stephanstor in Jerusalem A. 4.

Saoud, Ibn 14, 42, 45.

Sarut, Fluß 212.

Schaba 126.

Schabha, Dorf 72.

Schabhiyyeh, Dorf 72.

Schafe, Melken der A. 55.

Schakka, Kaisarieh 126;

Tor A. 125.

Schām, Wādi esch 104.

Schammār, Stamm 14, 24, 45.

Scheich Barakāt, Djebel 269, 286.

Scheich Hadīd, Weiler 229.

Scheikhly 104.

Schekīb el Arslān 146.

Scherarāt, Stamm 36, 37, 38, 39, 92.

Schibbekeh 104.

Schibly Beg el Atrasch 73, 76, 298, 299.

Schuraik 119.

Schwarzer Turm, Kal'at el Husn 192.

Schwarzes Meer 7.

Sefinet Nuh 170.

Seidjar, Kal'at el 224, 226, A. 227;
Einschnitt im Bergrücken A. 229.

Seidjari, Scheich Ahmed 227, 228, 229.

Seldschuken 199, 222.

Selemijjeh 188.

Seleucia, Bucht von 317, 318.

Seleucia Nicator, Stadt 232, 315, 322;

Gräber 318;
Pieria 315.

Seleucus Nicator 232.

Sēlim Beg 136, 141, 142, 143, 144, 150, 151.

Selma, Berg 250.

Selmān 76, 77.

Serāk, Scheich 118.

Serāya, Antiochien 310;

Sarkophag A. 327;
Homs 178.

Serdjilla, Stadt und Ruinen 241;

Grab A. 241;
Haus in A. 243.

Sergius, russ. Großfürst 230.

Sermeda 286.
Sēs, Djebel 120.

Silpius, Berg 309, 312.

Sim'ān, Kal'at 263, 264, 265, 266, 267;

Dörfer 270, 275, 276, 279, 280, A. 264, A. 265;
westliches Tor A. 267;
der kreisrunde Hof A. 268, A. 269;
Apsis A. 270;
Westtor A. 271.

Sīr, Wādi 22, 24.

Sirhan, Wādi 73, 80, 84.

Sitt Ferīdeh, Frau in Kal'at el Husn 195 bis 197.

Smātijjeh, Araberstamm 227, 228.

Smyrna 7, 95.

Soktan, Scheich 34.

Sonnenquell 7.

Sommar, Luiz de 157, 158.

Sphinx, Haupt einer, Antiochien A. 314.

Suchūr, Stamm, 14, 23, 24, 34, 37, 40, 41, 61, 73, 84;
Herden der A. 37.

Sueda, Dorf 77, 81, 82, 88, 157, 158.

Sukkar, Jusef Effendi 19.

Suk Wādi, Barada A. 155.

Surkanyā, Dorf 271.

Sweidijjeh 315, 316.

Sykes, Mr. Mark 3, 4, 211, 157.

Syrien, Regierung in 134, 135;

Grund der Armut 200;
Grenzen 220.

Tāhir, Amir 142.

Tāhir ul Djezāiri, Scheich 142.

Tārafa, arab. Dichter 59.

Tarutīn, Ruinen von 246, 249.

Teifūr, Familie zu Hamāh 215.

Tekyah, die, in Damaskus 138, A. 139, A. 149;

Tor der A. 141.

Tekyah Killānijjeh zu Hamāh 219, A. 217.

Tellāl, Abu von Schahba 77.

Tell es Schih 74.

Tell (Berg) Selma 250.

Tempel des Jupiter, Ba'albek A. 167;

Kapitäle A. 271;
der Sonne zu Ba'albek 158;
Säulen A. 163;
 von Husn es Suleimān 206, A. 207;
Nordtor A. 209;
in Lebweh 165.

Theleleh 47, 48.

Theleleth el Hirschah 47.

Tigris 233.

Tneib, Berg, 20, 25, 26, 28, 61, 71.

Totes Meer 10, 11, 18;

Lager in der Nähe des A. 23.

Tränken der Kamele A. 71.

Tripoli 188, 190, 192, 200.

Tuffsteine 108, 111.

Tulūl, Dorf 250.

Tulūl es Safa 116.

Türkische Regierung 14, 16, 22, 34, 42-46, 81, 82, 83, 88, 98, 134.

Turkmān Djāmi'a in Homs 177.

Turschān, Stamm 74, 78, 298.

Ulla, Beha, persischer Prophet 143.

Um er Resās 52.

Ummayah, Haus der 130.

Umm ed Djimāl 74, 66, 69, 70, A. 69.

Umm er Rummān 65, 74, 76.

Umm Ruweik, Dorf 102, 122, 125, 126.

Uneif, Kureyt ibn 92.

Urfa am Euphrat 18.

Uthail 59.

Vereinigte Staaten 16, 154, 204.

Viktoria, Hotel, Damaskus 128.

Vogüé, Monsieur de 72, 120, 126, 235, 238, 286.

Waddington 238.

Wād el Hassanīyyeh 17.

Wan, See 4.

Wardēh, Mūsas Schwester 284.

Wa'r Homs 190.

Wasserlauf in der Steppe A. 65.

Wasserträger A. 259.

Wasserverkäufer in Damaskus A. 152.

Weisheit, Scheich der Ghiāth 115.

Wüste, Flora und Fauna in der A. 78.

Wüstenbrunnen A. 64.

Zabieh, Familie 200.

Zābit in Sāfita 204, 206.

Zādeh, Raschid Agha Kakhya 301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 327.

Zawijjeh, Djebel 266, 235, 246, 249, 266, 316.

Zebdāny 153.

Zedern des Libanon A. 182.

Zeltlager, christliches A. 35.

Zerka, Fluß 49, 54.

Zerkā, Kal'at ez 69.

Zeus Saphatenos 118, 119.

Zirkassier 54, 127, 230, 300.

Zīza 33, 34;

Römerzisterne 34;
das Fort von A. 34.

Zuckerwaren, Verkäufer von, in Damaskus A. 145.

Zuhair, arab. Dichter 59.

 SYRIEN
unter Zugrundelegung der von Dr. GARRETT verbesserten KIEPERT schen Karte und mit
Genehmigung von KARL J. TRÜBNER in Straßburg der Karte des Ost-Jordan-Landes von
Dr. BRÜNNOW. Die Reiseroute der Verfasserin ist rot gezeichnet.

Das
Moderne Ägypten
von A. B. de Guerville
Autorisierte Übersetzung aus dem Englischen

Mit 200 Abbildungen nach photographischen

Aufnahmen
Preis: Geheftet M. 8.50,
elegant gebunden M. 10.—.
Ein hochinteressantes, flott und amüsant geschriebenes Buch über
Ägypten wie es jetzt ist
Der Tourist, dem es um das sonnige Klima sowie Kenntnis des
fremden Landes, seiner Bevölkerung und seiner Sitten zu tun ist, der
Politiker, der die Verwaltung studieren will, der Finanzmann, der sich
neue Gebiete untertan machen, der Kaufmann, der sich neue Märkte
erschließen will, der Beobachter, der das fremdartige Gemisch von
Rassen und Glaubensbekenntnissen mit Streiflichtern beleuchtet
sehen will — sie alle sollten dies Buch unbedingt lesen, denn der
Verfasser bietet jedem etwas Wertvolles und Wissenswertes.
Ganz besonders kann das Buch allen Besuchern Ägyptens dringend
empfohlen werden; es dient vortrefflich zur Vorbereitung für die
Reise und bildet zugleich eine ebenso unterhaltende wie lehrreiche
Reiselektüre.
Verlag von Otto Spamer in Leipzig

Ansicht von Chartum. Aus: A. B. de Guerville »Das moderne Ägypten«.

Japan
das Land der aufgehenden Sonne
einst und jetzt