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The Cambridge Companion To Religion and Terrorism Cambridge Companions To Religion 1st Edition Edited by James R Lewis
The Cambridge Companion To Religion and Terrorism Cambridge Companions To Religion 1st Edition Edited by James R Lewis
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t h e c a m b r i d g e c o m pa n i o n to
RELIGION AND TERRORISM
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cambrid ge c ompa nio ns to religion
This is a series of companions to major topics and key figures in theology and
religious studies. Each volume contains specially commissioned chapters by
international scholars, which provide an accessible and stimulating introduction
to the subject for new readers and nonspecialists.
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the cambridge companion to
Edited by
James R. Lewis
University of Tromsø
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t h e c a m b r i d g e c o m pa n i o n to
RELIGION AND TERRORISM
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
cambrid ge c ompa nio ns to religion
This is a series of companions to major topics and key figures in theology and
religious studies. Each volume contains specially commissioned chapters by
international scholars, which provide an accessible and stimulating introduction
to the subject for new readers and nonspecialists.
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
the cambridge companion to
Edited by
James R. Lewis
University of Tromsø
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, USA
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316505625
doi: 10.1017/9781316492536
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t h e c a m b r i d g e c o m pa n i o n to
RELIGION AND TERRORISM
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terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
cambrid ge c ompa nio ns to religion
This is a series of companions to major topics and key figures in theology and
religious studies. Each volume contains specially commissioned chapters by
international scholars, which provide an accessible and stimulating introduction
to the subject for new readers and nonspecialists.
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
the cambridge companion to
Edited by
James R. Lewis
University of Tromsø
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terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, USA
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316505625
doi: 10.1017/9781316492536
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t h e c a m b r i d g e c o m pa n i o n to
RELIGION AND TERRORISM
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cambrid ge c ompa nio ns to religion
This is a series of companions to major topics and key figures in theology and
religious studies. Each volume contains specially commissioned chapters by
international scholars, which provide an accessible and stimulating introduction
to the subject for new readers and nonspecialists.
Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. University of Western Ontario, on 09 May 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core
terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
the cambridge companion to
Edited by
James R. Lewis
University of Tromsø
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terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316492536
One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, USA
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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781316505625
doi: 10.1017/9781316492536
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6 James R. Lewis
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Introduction 7
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Adjustment for Range.—Three methods are available for
adjusting the range finder for range; the artificial infinity method,
using the adjusting bar; the actual infinity method using the sun,
moon, star, or a very prominent distant point; the known range
method, using a point the range to which is known. Of the three, the
first is the best and should habitually be used.
By the Adjusting Bar.—Set up the range finder; take the
adjusting bar and place it 100 yards from the instrument, sighting
through the peep sight (y) of the adjusting bar and moving it until the
range finder appears in the center of the field of view. Set the range
scale at infinity by turning the measuring roller (M), then make an
observation on the adjusting bar. The right hand line of the upper
image of the adjusting bar and the left hand line of the lower image
should now be coincident, in which case the instrument is in
adjustment (Fig. 10). If not, bring these lines in coincidence by
turning the key which fits the square shaft (K), which operates the
range correction dial (L). This operation should be repeated at least
three times, the reading of the range correction dial being noted
each time. Now, set the range correction dial at the mean of the
three readings. Remove the key. The instrument is now in
adjustment. Before using, always note the reading of the range
correction dial.
THREE STEPS IN MEASURING A DISTANCE.
FIELD GLASSES.
The instruments for focusing the eyepieces and for adjusting the
interpupillary distance are the same as for the telescope.
The two barrels should revolve easily about the central pivot and
clamp in any position of the interpupillary scale.
After being once adjusted, the field glasses should fit into the case
without being changed.
Carrying strap, button strap and rain shield should always be part
of the equipment. Amber shades and camels hair brush should be
carried in the case for use.
The vertical scale in the Type EE Field Glass represents the
Infantry range scale and does not apply to Field Artillery.
Compass should always be securely clamped except when in use.
CLASSIFICATION.
The most important and widely used means of communication
used by artillery with their advantages and disadvantages follow:
(a) Telephone. The telephone is the quickest and most
satisfactory means of communication, and is the most generally
used of all means. Near the front, in areas subjected to fire it is often
difficult to maintain lines and unless a line be a very carefully
insulated and transposed metallic circuit, conversations held over it
are picked up by the enemy listening service. To guard against such
information being of value to him, telephone codes have been
devised, for use in important messages.
(b) Radio. Radio provides a reasonably certain means of
communication, but such messages are always intercepted by the
enemy. Its use requires enciphered messages.
(c) Projectors. Projectors afford a very reliable means of
communication, but their use depends, to a great extent, on
atmospheric conditions, and frequently they may not be used from
rear to front and are slow in operation.
(d) Flags. Semaphore and wig-wag prove fairly satisfactory only
on exceptionally favorable conditions and in open warfare.
(e) Runners. Used as a last resort. Slow and wasteful but usually
reliable.
In each battalion (F. A.) there are a radio officer, telephone officer,
and enlisted personnel for the maintenance of the communication
system.
The Camp Telephone.
This telephone, which supersedes the field telephone, was
developed by the Signal Corps for use in connection with camp
telephone systems and small arms target range systems, and may
be installed in tents and structures, or considered a portable
instrument for use in the field for testing lines or other purposes. It is
of local battery type. The battery employed is one unit of Tungston
Type A which is made up of two small cells so placed in a rigid paper
that they are connected in series. The combination gives a total
voltage of 3—1½ being normal voltage of each cell. The instrument
is made as compact as practicable and is contained in an oak case
4¼ × 7 × 10” high. The top consists of a metal hinged cover with
circuit diagram on inside, held rigid when closed by a spring snap
which can be readily released by depressing a button. The bottom of
the case is covered by a flanged piece of metal, the flange projecting
approximately one-half inch up sides of case. Through one side of
the case are six three-eighths inch holes which are covered on the
outside by a close mesh metal screen held in place by a metal
frame. These apertures are for the purpose of allowing the ringer to
be distinctly heard. The case is equipped with a substantial,
adjustable carrying strap, each end of which is fastened to the case
by means of hinged metal rings. A small 3-bar magneto generator,
small ringer, induction coil, aluminum chamber for the single unit of
tungston Type A dry battery, hard rubber block upon which are
mounted line binding posts, plug connections for the handset used
with the instrument, hook switch and hook operating it and auxiliary
battery binding posts, are all mounted on a common base which may
be readily removed from case after removing magneto generator
crank, metal housing for it and three screws which extend through
the case. The instrument may be operated with cover closed which
is highly advantageous in inclement weather. To accomplish this
there is a suitable opening for leading out the 3-conductor cord to
receiver and transmitter, the two latter being mounted in the form of
a unit, termed a handset. This handset consists of a transmitter and
a receiver mounted on a metal piece and is so designed that when
the transmitter is normally placed to the mouth, the receiver is
automatically adjusted to the ear. The hook of hook switch is so
designed that it protrudes through the case. When it is desired to
transport the instrument or to remove the base upon which is
mounted all parts of the instrument, it is merely necessary to depress
the hook and push it toward the base. By this arrangement the hook
is not only held in the down position thereby opening the battery
circuit, but it is also protected. The aluminum chamber for housing
the single unit of tungston type A battery is equipped with a spring
catch so located that when upper hinged piece is depressed to
proper position, the battery compresses a helical spring, thereby
insuring continual contact. The base is equipped with two screw
binding posts which may be used to connect leads to an outside
battery in the event of there being no tungston type A batteries
available. An aluminum frame which is supported on the base
previously mentioned forms a compartment for the handset when
instrument is being transported. When the instrument is installed for
a temporary period, unless in actual operation, the proper place for
the handset is hanging on hook of hook switch, there being a ring on
the handset for this purpose. A small screwdriver which will fit
practically all the screws used in the construction of the instrument is
supported by the metal frame and is furnished with each instrument.
The instrument complete weighs about 11 pounds.
THE CAMP TELEPHONE.
CAMP TELEPHONE WIRING.