Introduction to Instrumentation and Control ➢ An instrument whose function is not critical to

Engineering product quality, not significant to equipment operation,

INSTRUMENTATION
➢ branch of physics which deals with the measuring,
monitoring and controlling variables in a process
industry.
and not used for making quality decisions.
CONTROL
➢in process industries it refers to the regulation,
command or direction of all aspects of the process.

INSTRUMENT 2 Types of Control:

➢ device that measures, monitors and control process • Manual Control
variables. • Automatic Control

• Instrument Society of America PROCESS

• Instrumentation, Systems &Automation Society ➢ refers to the methods of changing or refining raw
• International Society for Automation (ISA) materials to create end products.
• Philippine Instrumentation and Control Society (PICS)
• Scientific Apparatus Manufacturers Association PROCESS CONTROL
(SAMA) ➢ the regulation or manipulation of variables
influencing the conduct of a process in such a way as to
Purpose of Instrumentation and Control obtain a product of desired quality and quantity in an
• Quality Control efficient manner.
• Conservation of Energy and Raw Materials
• Safety SYSTEM
• Savings in Installation ➢ an arrangement, set or collection of physical
• Material Balance & Product Accounting components connected or related in such a manner as
• Coordination of Process Variables to form and/or act as an entire unit.
• Research & Development
• Enterprise Management CONTROL SYSTEM
➢ an arrangement of physical components connected
Classification of Instruments or related in such a manner as to command, direct or
regulate itself or another system.
Critical
➢ An instrument which, if not conforming to INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
specification, could potentially compromise product or ➢ an arrangement of two or more instruments
process quality and safety. connected together to perform a unified task.

Non-critical CONTROL LOOP

➢ An instrument whose function is not critical to
product or process quality, but whose function is more
of an operational significance.
Reference Only
➢ a process management system designed to maintain
a process variable at a desired set point.
2 Types of Control Loop
1. Closed Control Loop – exists when a process variable
is measured, compared to a setpoint and action is taken
to correct any deviation from setpoint.
2. Open Control Loop – exist when the process variable
is not compared, and action is taken not in response to
on the condition of the process variable.

Setpoint – a value for a process variable that is desired

to be maintained.

INSTRUMENTATION FUNDAMENTALS Line Symbols

• Line symbols indicate how instruments are connected
PROCESS DIAGRAMS to each other and to the process and represents the
1. Block Flow Diagram (Bfd) types of signals transmmited in the process.
2. Process Flow Diagram (Pfd) • Line Symbols could either be a process line symbol or
3. Piping And Instrumentation Diagram (P&Id) a signal line symbol.
4. Process Equipments Symbols And Numbering

Process Line Symbols

Instrumentation Symbols • Used to represent process lines and instrument
Types of Instrumentation Symbols connections.
• Instrument Symbols • Process piping is generally shown with thick solid lines.
• Line Symbols • Thin solid lines indicate instrument-to-process
• Valves and Actuators connections or instrument tubing.
Signal Line Symbols
Instrument Symbols • Signal line symbols indicate the type of signal
• Symbols such as circles, lines, letters, and numbers are that connects two instruments.
used to provide information about the process.
• Symbols may represent devices in the system or
indicate how devices are connected to each other.
• In this notation, shapes denote function while the lines
in the middle denote location or mounting

Valve and Actuator Symbols

• Indicates the action of actuation in a valve-actuator
instrument.
• Also indicates the position during fail mode.
• Valve are usually drawn as a bow tie shaped symbol. Different Engineering Documents
• Process Flow Diagram
• Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
• Instrument List
• Logic Diagrams
• Instrument Loop Diagram
• Installation Details
• Location Plans

Process Flow Diagram

Tag Numbers
• It is the fundamental representation of a process that
• Instrumentation Identification Number or Tag Number
schematically depicts the conversion of raw materials to
is an alphanumeric code that provides specific
finished products without delving into details of how
information about an instrument or its function.
that conversion occurs.
Contains two information
• It defines the flow of material and utilities, basic
- Functional Identification
relationships between major pieces of equipment, and
- Loop Identification
establishes the flow, pressure and temperature ratings
of the process.
Functional Identifier
• A functional Identifier is a series of letters, or letter
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
code, that identifies the function of the instrument.
• It is the overall design document for a process plant
• The first letter identifies the measured or initiating
• It shows the interconnection of process equipment and
variable.
the instrumentation used to control the process.
• The succeeding letters designate one or more readout
• Set of symbols are used to depict mechanical
or passive functions and/or output functions.
equipment, piping, piping components, valves,
equipment drivers and instrumentation and controls.
Loop Identification
• Loop identification numbers indicate the loop/system
Instrument List
in which an instrument belongs.
• Is an alphanumeric list of date related to a facility’s
instrumentation and control systems components and
functions.
• Reference the various documents that contain the
information needed to define the total installation.

Logic Diagrams
• Drawings used to design and define the on-off or
sequential part of a continuous process plant.
• May involve the action of a simple switch or it may
entail a series of steps comprising a complex automatic
system.
Instrument Loop Diagrams Manipulated variable- a process variable linked to the
• A schematic representation of a single control loop controller output that is used to influence the measured
including its hydraulic, electric, magnetic and pneumatic variable.
components.
MAJOR PROCESS VARIABLE
Installation Details PRESSURE
• Used to show how the instrumentation and control LEVEL
system components are connected and interconnected FLOW
to the process TEMPERATURE
• Define the requirements to correctly install an
instrumentation and control component. MINOR PROCESS VARIABLE
ANALYSIS
Location Plans POSITION
• Orthographic views of the plant, drawn to scale, that SPEED
show the locations of instruments and control system VIBRATION
components. . . . . . . +many others
• Show other control system hardware including
marshalling panels, termination racks, local control Instrumentation &Control Loop Or Instrument Loop
panels, junctions boxes, instrument racks, and power - A combination of two or more instruments or control
panels. functions arranged so that signal pass from one to
__________________________________________________ another for the purpose of measurement and/or control
ELEMENTS of the INSTRUMENT LOOP of a process variables.
1. Process - changing product to another
2. Measuring Element-sense and measures (sensor, Process Control
transmitter, transducer, switches) The regulation or manipulation of variables influencing
3. Receiving Element- decide (Controller, recorder, the conduct of a process in such a way as to obtain a
indicator) [PV2- convert PV1 into signal] product of desired quality and quantity in an efficient
4. Final Control Element- influence/ acts to physically manner.
change the manipulated variable
MEASURING ELEMENT
Process  Sensor- have measurement (form input to output-
Any operations or sequence of operations involving a dim light)
change of energy, state, composition, dimension or  Switch- detection (presence or absence)
other properties that may be defined with respect to a  Measurement: The determination of the magnitude
datum/data. of a variable (VALUE)
 Detection: The determination of the existence or
Process Variable- any variable property of a process the presence of a variable.
Set point (SP)- any input variable that seats the desired  Range: The limit or extent of variation (0 to 400°C)
value of the measured variable.  Span ( of a range): The number of
Controller Output – outputs signal generated in units/distance/difference between two limits, the
response to a change of a process variable. LRV and URV. (Span = URV-LRV)
 Upper Range Value (URV) is the highest value of
the measured process variable that the output of a
transmitter is currently configured to measure.
 Lower Range Value (LRV) is the lowest value of the
measured process variable that the analog output
of a transmitter is currently configured to measure.
4. Process Switch

Standardized Signals
Process Measurement
1. Analog Signal - a signal that has no discrete positions
Methods of Measurement
or states and changes value.
 Direct Method- the process variable is directly
2. Digital Signal - a signal that generates or uses binary
measured in units that represent the basic nature of
digit signals to represent continuous values or discrete
that variable.
states.
 Inferential Method- is the measurement of a
process variable indirectly by using another
Pneumatic or Air Pressure:
variable.
English = 3 to 15psi
Metric = 0.2 to 1.0 bars (or Kg/cm^2)
Types of Measurement
Electrical or Electronic:
 Single Point Type- the measurement depends on a
Current = 4 to 20 mA dc
fixed value of the process variable; the reading is
Voltage = 1 to 5 V dc
indicated either as high or low.
Computerized:
 Continuous Type- is the measurement of a process
Smart Transmission
variable indirectly by using another variable.
Fieldbus Transmission

Instrument Range - refers to the capability of the

instrument to measure a variable. (input)
Calibration Range - refers to the set of values within the
instrument measuring range where the scaled output; 4-
20 mA, 3-15 psi or 1-5 V is set during calibration. (output)

Discrete Process Measurement

Types of Measuring Element
 Discrete variable or measurement- a true-or-false
1. Sensor- Integral part of loop that first senses the
condition.
value of a process variable
 Discrete sensor - indicates whether the measured
2. Transmitter- transmits signals in miliamps.
variable is above or below a specified setpoint.
3. Transducer- converts signals and send signals in
milivolt; a device that translates a mechanical
“Normal” Status of a Switch
signal into an electrical signal.
1. Normally-Open Status ( no current)- The lamp will
energize only if someone presses the switch,
Converter
holding its normally-open contacts in the closed
➢ a device that converts one type of signal into
position.
another type of signal. (current into voltage,
analog to digital)
2. Normally-Closed Status- The lamp would energize
only if the switch was left alone,but it would turn off
if anyone pressed the switch.
Types of Switch
 Hand Switch- electrical switch actuated by a
person’s hand motion.
 Limit switch- detects the physical motion of an
object by direct contact with that object. A limit
switch will be in its “normal” status when it is not in
contact with anything.
 Proximity switch- detects the proximity (closeness)
of an object. By definition, these switches are non-
contact sensors, using magnetic, electric or optical
means to sense the proximity of objects.
 Pressure switch- detects the presence of fluid
pressure.
 Level switch- detects the level of liquid or solid
(granules or powder) in a vessel.
 Temperature switch- detects the temperature of an
object.
 Flow switch- detects the flow of some fluid through
pipe.
Discrete Control Elements
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical
switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or
acts to prevent flow altogether. Valve styles commonly
used for on/off service include ball, plug, butterfly, gate
andglobe.
RECEIVING ELEMENT
A. Indicator- only the present value of the measured
variable is visibly indicated.
Types of Indicators:
1. According to the display - Analog, Digital, Bargraph
2. According to the inputs - Scanning, Multi-channel
3. According to the scale - horizontal, vertical, semicircle,
quarter-circle.
4. According to mounting - control room mounted, field
Mounted
B. Recorder- the values of the measured variables are
recorded.
Types Of Recorders
1. According to the recording format - Trend, Log
2. According to the inputs - Multi-channel, Multipoint, n-
point
3. According to the construction - circular-chart,
strip-chart, paperless, data logger
Speed Of Recording
1. Circular – Continuous pen tracing, 24hrs / rotation,
7 days/rotation
2. Strip Chart- continuous pen tracing or printing, 20
to 25 mm/hr.
3. Paperless & Data Logger- Interval sampling of
valves according to operator selection.
C. Controller- operates automatically to regulate a
controlled variable.
TYPES OF CONTROLLERS
1. According to the capacity - Single-loop,
Multi-loop
2. According to display - Analog, Digital,
Recording, Blind
3. According to size - 1/4 DIN, 1/2 DIN, etc.
4. According to technology - Pneumatic, Electric,
Electronic, Digital, Microprocessor-based
TYPES OF CONTROL OUPUTS
1. Continuous: Current, Pressure
2. Discontinuous: On/Off, Z pos., Time proportion
Types Of Control Setpoints
1. Local, Internal
-A setpoint adjusted by the operator
2. Remote, External, Cascade
-a setpoint adjusted by signal input to the controller
3. Program Or Profile
-a setpoint that changes automatically with respect to
time, by a pre-arranged instruction during configuration.
Controlling Element
➢Known as the controller and is the brain of the control
system
➢Performs appropriate functions for maintaining the
desired level (set point) of parameters to restore quality
and rate of production.
Controller
➢a device that receives data from a measurement
instrument , compares that data to a programmed
setpoint, and, if necessary, signals a control element to
take corrective action.
Typical Control Panel With Conventional Instruments
Common Computer-Based Control System- functions
as a multipoint indicator, recorder, alarm & multi-loop
controller in one unit.
• DCS- Distributed control system
- provide readings of the status of the process, maintain
databases and advance man-machine-interface.
• PLC- Programmable Logic Controller
- usually computers connected to a set of input/output
(I/O) devices. The computers are programmed to
respond to inputs by sending outputs to maintain all
processes at set point.
• SCADA- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
- used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in
industries such as telecommunications, water and
waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and
transportation
• PAC- Programmable Automation Controller
• DAS- Data Acquisition System
• SER- Sequence of Events Recorder
• HMI- Human Machine Interface
D. Alarm unit
FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT
➢acts to physically change the manipulated variable.
➢ Typically used to increase or decrease fluid flow.
A. Actuator-causes a physical change in the final
control device when signalled to do so; an
assembly fitted to the control valve to provide
power to control the flow of the process medium.
B. Control Valve (control action only)- how will u do
the closing and opening; used to control fluid flow
by varying the size of the flow passage as directed
by a signal from a controller
Valve- regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid by
opening, closing, or partially obstructing various
passageways.
Control Classification
• Closed and Open Control Loop
Open Control Loop (Feedforward)
An open control loop exists where the process variable
is not compared, and action is taken not in response to
feedback on the condition of the process variable, but
is instead taken without regard to process variable
conditions.
Closed Control Loop (Feedback)
A closed control loop exists where a process variable is
measured, compared to a set point, and action is taken
to correct any deviation from set point.
• Automatic and Manual Control
Valve Actuator Types
- Pneumatic actuators
- Electrical motor operated actuators
- Solenoid actuators
- Hydraulic actuators
- Manual actuator (handwheel)
 Diaphragm Type- uses a flexible diaphragm to seal
the pressure chamber and are capable of driving a
substantial drive force for a relatively low pressure
due to the large cross-sectional area that can be
achieved.
 Electric Motor Type- mount on valves which, in
response to a signal, automatically move to a
desired position using an outside power source

2. Fail-Closed (FC)-the valve will closed when the

signal is interrupted.

 Solenoid Type- mostly installed at small size lines,

typically up to 1'' size

3. Fail-Locked- it will secure the valve in its current

position on loss of power.

 Piston Type- compresses air is supplied to a solid

piston in a cylindrical chamber to the piston rod is
turn coupled to the valve stem by a coupling
4. Fail-Indeterminate- the valve position during
mechanism
failure is not exactly known, established, or defined.
 Hand (Manual)- include a handwheel connected to
(malapit don mag koclose)
the valve stem either directly or through gears. Use
of gears makes it easier to open or close the valve.
However, several turns of gears are necessary for
one full turn of the valve stem. This prolongs the
opening and closing time of large sized valves. 5. FL/Drift Open and FL/Drift Closed- such valves would
be locked to their last position on air failure. However,
due to leaks they would either go to open position for
FL/DO or closed position for FL/DC.

 Electro-Hydraulic Type- convert fluid pressure into

motion in response to a signal. They use an outside
power source and receive signals that are
measured in amperes, volts, or pressure

C. Electrical motors
D. Pumps
E. Dampers

Different Types of Valve

Valve Failure Modes 1. Globe Valve- use to stop, start and regulate fluid flow;

 Fail-Safe Concept normally fully open, close and partial.

A mechanism that is automatically triggered by failure Design- Tee, Wye and Angle Body (Z/S)

that reduces or eliminates harm to other equipment, 2. Gate Valve- fully open and close only

environment or people. 3. Ball Valve- for shut off; fully open and close only

1. Fail-Open (FO)- a valve opens at loss of signal.

4. Butterfly Valve- normally fully open, close and partial
(deluge tank)
5. Needle Valve- tiny orifice; control small amount (drop);
manual; close and partial
6. Check Valve- prevent black flow;
7. Diaphragm Valve- bi-directional; on-off; naghaharang
8. Pinch Valve- pinch using metals, plastic, rubberband
and etc to extend; used for handling solid materials
9. Plug Valve- using a quick acting quarter-turn valve;
control flow using cylindrical plugs
10. Pressure Relief valve- parang check valve, d
gumagamit ng control valve
11. Piston Valve- piston type lang ang nag lalock;
parang globe valve
VALVES
1. Globe Valve
-A globe valve is a linear motion valve used to stop, start,
and regulate fluid flow.
TYPES OF GLOBE VALVES:
A. Tee
-most common body type for a globe valve.
-The horizontal setting of the seat allows the stem and
disk to travel perpendicular to the horizontal line.
-has the lowest coefficient of flow and highest pressure
drop.
-They're used in severe throttling services
B. Angle
-The ends of this globe valve are at a 90° angle allowing
fluid to flow in a single 90°turn.
-have periods of pulsating flow because of their ability to
handle "the slugging effect".
C. Wye
-an alternative for the high pressure drop commonly
found in globe valves.
-The seat and stem are at a 45° angle which provides a
straighter flowpath when fully open and offers the least
resistance of flow.
-used for throttling during seasonal or start-up
operations.
2. Gate Valves
-Flow is controlled by raising or lowering the valving
element. Gate valves are not usually used to regulate
flow because the valving element can be damaged when
in the partially open position.
TYPES OF GATE VALVES
A. Solid Wedge Gate Valve- the most common & widely
used disk type because of its simplicity and strength. A
valve with a solid wedge may be installed in any position,
and it is suitable for almost all fluids.
B. Flexible Wedge Gate Valve- is a one-piece solid disk
with a cut around the perimeter. These cuts vary in size,
shape, and depth. A shallow, narrow cut on wedge
perimeter gives less flexibility but retains strength. A
cast-in recess or deeper and wider cut on wedge
perimeter gives more flexibility but compromises the
strength.
C. Split wedge or Parallel disks Gate Valve- Split wedge
Disk consists of two solid pieces and holds together
with the help of a special mechanism.
Types of gate valve based on body, bonnet connection
1. Screwed bonnet: simplest design available and it is
used for inexpensive valves.
2. Bolted-bonnet: most popular design and used in a
large number of gate valves. This requires a gasket to
seal the joint between the body and bonnet.
3. Welded-Bonnet: a popular design where disassembly
is not required. They are lighter in weight than their
bolted-bonnet counterparts.
4. Pressure-Seal Bonnet: used extensively for high-
pressure high-temperature applications. The higher the
body cavity pressure, the greater the force on the gasket
in a pressure -seal valve.
OS & Y (outside steam and York.) Gate Valve or Rising
Stem (Outside Stem and Screw Type)
 For a rising stem valve, the stem will go up while
opening the valve and move down when you close
the valve. Whereas in the case of outside screw
design, the only smooth portion is exposed to the
flow medium and the stem will rise above the
handwheel.
Non-rising Stem Gate Valve or Insider Screw Valve
 There is no upward movement of the stem in a
non rising stem type. The valve disk is threaded
internally.The disc travels along the stem like a nut
when the stem is rotated. Therefore, this design is
used where space is limited to allow linear stem
movement, and the flow medium does not cause
erosion, corrosion, or wear and tear to stem
material.
3. Ball Valve
-quick opening valves that give a tight shutoff. When
fully open, a ball valve creates little turbulence or
resistance to flow. The valve stem rotates a ball which
contains an opening. The ball opening can be positioned
in the fully open or fully closed position but must not be
used to throttle flow as any abrasive wear to the ball will
cause leakage when the valve is closed.
TYPES OF BALL VALVES:
A. Floating Ball Valve- the ball is held in the position by
the compression of the two elastomeric seats against
the ball. The ball is free to float inside the valve body.
B. Trunnion Mounted Ball Valve- a solution to the
problem of excessive torque required by a floating type
valve in high-pressure service. A short shaft like an
extension which is known as a trunnion set in the body.

Types of Ball Valves based on Body Construction
A. Top-Entry Ball Valve- Removing bonnet cover of top
entry
valves, allows access to valve internals for assembly,
disassembly, repair, or maintenance without removing
the valve from the pipeline.
B. Split-Body Ball Valve- a valve body is divided into two
or three body parts. A ball, seat rings, stem, and other
internals set inside the larger body part and held
together with smaller parts by bolting.
4. Butterfly Valves -consist of a disc attached to a shaft
with bearings used to facilitate rotation. These are
considered high recovery valves, since only the disc
obstructs the valve flow path. The flow capacity is
relatively high and the pressure drop across the valve is
relatively low. The butterfly valves are used for limited
throttling where a tight shut off is not required. When
fully open, the butterfly creates little turbulence or
resistance to flow.
Types of Butterfly Valves
A. Rubber-Lined Valves- Less expensive valves for
non demanding, non-abrasive, lower temperature
applications.
B. Plastic-Lined Valves- For use with harsh chemicals,
ultrapure applications, sanitary, or abrasive applications.
Metal Valves- For high-pressure or high temperature
applications, or those requiring fire resistance.
5. Needle Valve - has a comparatively tiny orifice at the
end of a screw that suits the seat precisely, with a
lengthy, tapered seat and a needle-shaped plunger.
Needle valves can also be used in vacuum systems at
low pressure when accurate control of gas flow is
needed, such as filling gas-filled vacuum tubes, gas
lasers and comparable devices.
TYPES OF NEEDLE VALVES
A manually operated threaded needle valve is the most
common type of needle valve.
A. Motorized Needle Valve- don’t have a handle for
manual operation, but instead use an electric or
pneumatic actuator to connect to and turn the plunger.
These can be remotely controlled, used in a closed loop
system, and/or put on a timer to accurately control the
flow rate remotely.
B. Angle Needle Valve- turn the output from the inlet by
90 degrees instead of in-line. The same operation
concept applies, but the 90- degree angle can allow for
better system integration.
6. Check Valve- Used to prevent backflow, these valves
are typically self activated allowing the valve
automatically opens when media passes through the
valve in the intended direction and close should flow
reverse.
TYPES OF CHECK VALVES:
A. Swing Check Valve- The disc in a swing type valve
is unguided as it fully opens or closes. This Valve
operates when there is flow in the line and get fully
closed when there is no flow.
B. Tilting Disc Check Valve- designed to overcome
some of the weaknesses of conventional swing
type valves. The design of the tilting disk enables
the valve to open fully and remain steady at lower
flow rates and close quickly when the forwarding
flow stop.
C. Ball Type and Plug Type Lift NRV- Lift Check valves
are particularly suitable for high-pressure service
where the velocity of flow is high. A ball-type valve
is very simple as it simply works on the principle of
gravity.
D. Dual Plate / Dual Disc Check Valve- known as a
butterfly check valve, Folding Disc Check Valves,
double-disc, or splits disc check valve. As the name
suggests, two halves of the disk move towards
centreline with the forward flow and with reverse
flow two halves open and rest on the seat to close
the flow (Flapping action).
E. Stop Check Valve- a combination of a lift check
valve and a globe valve. It can either be used as a
check valve or as an isolation (stop) valve like a
globe valve.
7. Diaphragm valve- are bi-directional, on-off throttle
valves. They are used to control fluid flow by regulating
the area with which media can enter and exit the valve,
effectively changing its speed and velocity. They are so-
called “diaphragm” valves because a thin, flexible
membrane is used to control the opening and closing of
the valve.
TYPES OF DIAPHRAGM VALVES:
A. Weir-type- most popular type of diaphragm valve and
it is best for general use applications or for tough
corrosive and abrasive services. They are best used to
control small flows.
B. Straight through- Can be used in situations where the
flow direction changes within the system. The body of
this design has a flat bottom that is parallel to the flow
stream. This allows the flow to move uninhibited
through the valve with no major obstructions.
8. Pinch Valve- Often used for handling solid materials,
slurries and liquids with suspended solids, pinch valves
use a linear motion. Typically Pinch Valves feature an
internal sleeve to isolate the media.
TYPES OF PINCH VALVES
A. Normally Open Valve- Permits flow in the de-
energised condition (without Power). When power is
applied, a solenoid actuator closes the pinch elements
to squeeze the tube closed and shut off flow.
B. Normally Closed Valve- Incorporates a spring which
closes the pinch elements to shut off flow in the de-
energised condition. When power is applied, a solenoid
actuator opens the pinch elements to allow flow through
the tubing.
C. Changeover valve- Incorporates two channels, one of
which is open, and the other closed in the deenergised
condition. The individual channels of a changeover valve
may be described as NO or NC type.

9. Plug Valve- Using a quick-acting quarter-turn valve

handle, these valves control flow using tapered or
cylindrical plugs. They provide some of the best ratings
when tight shutoff is essential and are reliable in high-
pressure or high-temperature environments.

TYPES OF PLUG VALVES:

A. Lubricated Plug Valve- uses a lubricant usually made
up of a base oil and viscosity improver (like amorphous
or fumed silica) that is injected under pressure between
the plug face and body seat to reduce friction and seal
ports.
B. Non-Lubricated Plug Valve- This plug valve utilizes a
tapered or cone-shape that acts as a wedge and presses
a polymeric sleeve against the body cavity.
C. Eccentric Plug Valve- The design of this plug valve
uses a half plug that is advantageous for applications
needing a higher seating force with minimal friction
from open to closed position.
D. Expanding Plug Valve- This complex plug valve uses
multiple components that allow the valve to
mechanically expand and give it a true double block and
bleed function in one valve.

10. Pressure Relief Valve- Used to help improve safety,

these valves are spring automated and will help to Example 1:
return a system to the desired pressure during over A flow transmitter is ranged 0to 350gallons per minute,
pressure events. 4-20mA output, direct responding. Calculate the current
signal value ta flow rate of 204 GPM
TYPES OF PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES:
A. Conventional spring loaded.- the bonnet, spring, and
guide are exposed to the released fluids.
B. Balanced spring-loaded.-incorporates a means to
protect the bonnet, spring, and guide from the released
fluids and minimizes the effects of back pressure.
Pilot operated. -combined with and controlled by an
auxiliary pressure pilot.

11. Piston Valve- a device that is used to control the

motion of a fluid along a tube or pipe by means of the
linear motion of a piston within a chamber or cylinder.
Piston valves are used for fully open or fully closed for
on/off regulation on steam, gas, and other fluid services

TYPES OF PISTON VALVES:

A. Balanced valves - used in high-pressure service
B. Unbalanced valves-for low-pressure service.

TWO TYPES OF PISTON DESIGNS

A. Regulating Type- the bottom part of the piston is
tapered to have a throttling effect. The sealing rings are
the heart of piston valves.
B. Normal Type

Example 2:
An electronic loop controller outputs a signal of 8.55 mA
to a direct-responding control valve (where 4mA is shut
and 20MA is wide open. How far open should the
control valve be at this MV signal level?
Example 3:
A pneumatic temperature transmitter I ranged 50 to 140
degrees Fahrenheit and has a 3-15 PSI output signal.
Calculate the pneumatic output pressure if the
temperature is 79 degrees Fahrenheit