Pearson IIT Foundation Series - Physics

Class 7 5th Edition Trishna Knowledge

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 CLASS

7
Pearson IIT Foundation Series
Physics
Fifth Edition
This page is intentionally left blank
 CLASS

7
Pearson IIT Foundation Series
Physics
Fifth Edition

Trishna Knowledge Systems

 Photo Credits
All Chapter Openers: 123rf.com
Icons of Practice Questions: graphixmania. Shutterstock
Icons of Answer Keys: Viktor88. Shutterstock
Icons of Hints and Explanation: graphixmania. Shutterstock

Copyright © 2017 Trishna Knowledge Systems

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 Brief Contents

Prefacexi
Chapter Insights xii
Series Chapter Flow xiv

Chapter 1 Measurements 1.1

Chapter 2 Kinematics 2.1

Chapter 3 Heat 3.1

Chapter 4 Light 4.1

Chapter 5 Sound 5.1

Chapter 6 Electricity 6.1

Chapter 7 Machines and Tools 7.1

Chapter 8 Our Universe 8.1

This page is intentionally left blank
 Contents

Prefacexi Speed2.5
Chapter Insights xii Kinds of Speed  2.5
Series Chapter Flow xiv Measurement of time 2.6
Units of Time and Speed 2.7
Measuring Speed 2.7
Chapter 1 Measurements 1.1
Distance-Time graph 2.7
Introduction to Physical Science 1.2
Velocity2.10
Measurement of Some Physical Acceleration2.11
Quantities  1.3
Measurement of Mass 1.3 Simple Pendulum 2.11
Differences between Mass and Weight 1.4 Points to Remember 2.12
Determination of Density of a Solid by
Practice Questions 2.14
Using a Measuring Cylinder 1.4
Determination of Density of a Liquid by Answer Keys 2.29
Using a Density Bottle 1.5 Hints and Explanation 2.30
Variation in Density of Liquids and Gases
with Temperature 1.5
Chapter 3 Heat 3.1
Consequences of Change in Density of
Liquids with Temperature 1.5 Introduction3.2
Consequences of Change in Density of
Gases with Temperature 1.6 Hot and Cold 3.2
Differences between Heat and Temperature 3.3
The Triangulation Method 1.6 Measurement of Temperature 3.3
Advantages of Mercury as a Thermometric
Points to Remember 1.7 Liquid3.3
Practice Questions 1.8 Construction of a Mercury Thermometer 3.3
Clinical Thermometer 3.4
Answer Keys 1.21
Temperature of a Furnace 3.4
Hints and Explanation 1.22
Transmission of Heat  3.4
Conduction of Heat 3.5
Chapter 2 Kinematics 2.1 Activity3.5
Applications of Good Conductors 3.6
Introduction2.2 Applications of Bad Conductors 3.6
Convection of Heat 3.6
Rest and Motion 2.2 Convection in Gases 3.7
Different Kinds of Motion 2.2 Experiment to Show that Water is a Bad
Conductor of Heat
Distance and Displacement 2.3 Experiment to Show that Air is a Bad
Distance2.3 Conductor of Heat 3.7
Displacement2.3 Radiation of Heat 3.8
 viii Contents

Thermos Flask 3.8 Mirrors Placed at an Angle 4.10

Construction3.8 Kaleidoscope4.11
Periscope4.11
Effects of Heat  3.9
Gravesand’s Ring and Ball Spherical Mirrors 4.11
Experiment3.10
The Bimetallic Strip 3.11 Construction of ray Diagram 4.13
Expansion of Liquids 3.11 Formation of Images in
Concave Mirror 4.14
Anomalous Expansion of Water 3.11
Expansion of Gases 3.12 Formation of Images by
Convex Mirror 4.15
Effect of Heat on Living Uses of Concave Mirrors 4.15
Organisms3.12 Uses of Convex Mirrors 4.15
Change of State 3.13 Important Points to Note About the Images
Absorption of Heat by Different Substances 3.14 Formed by a Spherical Mirror  4.15
Calorimeter3.17
Light and Colours 4.16
Points to Remember 3.17
Practice Questions 3.19 Rainbow4.16
Answer Keys 3.32 Light–Growth of Plants 4.16
Hints and Explanation 3.33
Intensity of Light 4.16
Chapter 4 Light 4.1 Points to Remember 4.17
Introduction4.2 Practice Questions 4.19

Hurricane Lamp 4.4 Answer Keys 4.32

Hints and Explanation 4.33
The Electric Bulb 4.4
Rectilinear Propagation of Light 4.4 Chapter 5 Sound 5.1
Shadow4.5 Introduction5.2
Eclipse4.5 Production of Sound 5.2
Lunar Eclipse 4.5 Units of Frequency 5.3
Solar Eclipse 4.6 Experiment to Determine the Frequency of
Oscillation5.3
Pinhole Camera 4.6
Speed of the Light 4.7 Ultrasonic and Infrasonic Sound 5.4
Uses of Ultrasonic Vibrations 5.4
Reflection4.7
Laws of Reflection 4.8 Propagation of Sound 5.5
Verification of Laws of Reflection 4.8 Propagation of Sound through Solids 5.5
Experiment to Prove that Sound Travels
Image Formed by a Plane Mirror 4.9 through Liquids 5.5
Characteristics of Image Formed by a Will Sound Travel through Vacuum? 5.6
Plane Mirror 4.10 Experiment to Determine the Speed of
Uses of Plane Mirrors 4.10 Sound in Air 5.6
 Contents ix

Formation of Thunder 5.6 Electric Bell 6.16

Reflection of Sound 5.7 Electroplating6.17
Do all Materials Reflect Sound? 5.7 Conservation of Electricity 6.17

Echoes5.8 Points to Remember 6.17

Practical Applications of Reflection Practice Questions 6.19
of Sound 5.8
Experiment to Prove that the Pitch of the Answer Keys 6.33
Sound Decreases with Increase in Length Hints and Explanation 6.34
of a Vibrating Air Column 5.9
Musical Instruments  5.10
Chapter 7 Machines and Tools 7.1
Points to Remember 5.11
Introduction7.2
Practice Questions 5.13
Answer Keys 5.25 The Hammer 7.2
Hints and Explanation 5.26 The Dividers 7.2

Chapter 6 Electricity 6.1 The Hack-Saw and Hack-Saw Blade 7.2

Introduction6.2 The Vice 7.3

Nature of Charges 6.2 The Tin-Cutter 7.3
Charged Object Attracts Uncharged Objects 6.2
Charging a Body by Friction 6.3 The Multipurpose Tool 7.3
Charging a Body by Conduction 6.3
The Wooden Plough 7.4
Electrical Induction 6.4
The Improvised Plough 7.4
The Electroscope 6.4
The Wooden Plank 7.5
Conductors and Insulators 6.5
The Leveller 7.5
Lightning6.5
Lightning Conductor 6.5 The Seed Drill 7.6
The Harrow 7.6
Electric Current 6.5 The Maintenance of Tools 7.6
Electric Circuit 6.6 Points to Remember 7.7
Parallel and Series Connections 6.10 Practice Questions 7.8
Electric Cells Connected in Series 6.10 Answer Keys 7.13
Electric Cells Connected in Parallel 6.11
Bulbs in Series Connection 6.11 Hints and Explanation 7.13
Bulbs in Parallel Connection 6.11
Chapter 8 Our Universe 8.1
Household Distribution of
Electrical Energy 6.12 Introduction8.2
Precautions to be Taken in Using Household
Electrical Appliances 6.14 The Law of Gravitation 8.2
Electric Heater 6.15 Dependence of Gravitational Force on Mass
Electromagnets6.15 and Distance 8.3
 x Contents

Gravity8.3 Construction of a Barometer 8.12

Escape Velocity 8.4 Wind8.12
Moon’s Gravitation 8.5
Monsoon8.12
Tides8.5 Thunderstorms and Cyclones 8.13
Different Types of Tides 8.6 Cyclone8.13
Constellations and the Zodiac  8.8 Tornadoes8.14

Rocket8.9
Floatation and density 8.14
Artificial Satellites 8.9
Travel in Space and on the Moon 8.9 Points to Remember 8.15
Uses of Space Travel 8.11 Practice Questions 8.16
Space Travel–India 8.11 Answer Keys 8.28
Winds, Storms and Cyclones 8.11 Hints and Explanation 8.29
 Preface

Pearson IIT Foundation Series has developed into a trusted resource for scores of students
who have aspired to be a part of the elite undergraduate institutions of India. As a result it has
become one of the best selling series, providing authentic and class tested content for effective
preparation.
The structure of the content is not only student-friendly but is also designed in such a manner
that it invigorates the students to go beyond the usual school curriculum and also act as a
source of higher learning to strengthen the fundamental concepts of Physics, Chemistry, and
Mathematics.
The core objective of the series is to be a one-stop-solution for students preparing for various
competitive examinations. Irrespective of the field of study that the student may choose to take
up later, it is important to understand that Mathematics and Science form the basis for most
modern day activities. Hence, utmost efforts have been made to develop student interest in these
basic building blocks via real-life examples and application based problems. Ultimately the aim
is to ingrain the art of problem-solving in the minds of the reader.
To ensure high level of accuracy and practicality this series has been authored by a team of
highly qualified and experienced faculties involved in grooming the young minds. That said,
we believe that there is always scope for doing things in a better manner and hence invite you
to provide us with your candid feedback and suggestions on how we can make this series more
superior.
pter Chapter

6 6 electricity
electricity
Chapter Insights

rememBer rememBer Remember section will

Before beginning this chapter
Beforeyou should be
beginning thisable to: you should be ablehelp
chapter to: them to memories
• Use of electricity on daily• life such as electric on
bulbs, radio, and review the previous
Use of electricity daily life such as electric bulbs, radio,
TV, etc TV, etc
learning on a particular
• Define conductors of electricity topics
• Define conductors of electricity

Key Ideas Key Ideas Kinematics 2.11

Key points will After

helpcompleting this chapter
After you should be
completing thisable to: you should be able to:
chapter
Light 4.7
the3.students
Average to identify
• Discuss
velocity:
the nature of electric
When a body moves with
chargesvelocity,
• Discuss and
variable the
Electroscopes
naturetheofaverage
electricvelocity
charges and Electroscopes
the essential points
of the body in toa the ratioelectric
is•equal
Understand of totalcircuits,
displacement of the body
and symbols
• Understand used tocircuits,
electric
the total time
and symbols used
chapter
taken.
• Define cell and its types–Voltaic Cell, Lechlanche cell,
exampLe
• Define cell and its types–Voltaic Cell, Lechlanche cell,
Dry cell, Bichromate Total
cell displacement
Dry cell, Bichromate cell
Average velocity = A candle of height 6 cm is placed at 2 cm distance from the pinhole camera. If the width
Total time
• Study household distribution taken
ofcamera
electrical energy AQ3
of• the
Study is 4 cm,
household find the magnification
distribution andenergy
of electrical size of the image.
• Learn about Heating effect
• of electricity
SoLutIon
Learn about Heating effect of electricity
acceleratIon
• Understand Magnetic effGivenects ofthat
electric
• Understand size ofcurrent
object (o) eff
Magnetic = 6 cmof electric current
The change in velocity of a body per unit time is called the acceleration or the rateects
of change Text: concepts are
of velocity is called the acceleration. Distance of object (u) = 2 cm
Distance of image (v) = 4 cm explained in a well
Example: If the velocity of the car, moving along a straight path changes from 5 m s–1 to 25
–1
m s in 4 second, then its acceleration is i v structured and lucid
We know m = =
o u manner
change in velocity 25 - 5 20 m s−1 v 4–2
Acceleration (a) = total time = ∴ magnification
= = 5 (m) == 5 m = s .=2
4 4 s u 2
i
–2 m = ; i = o × m; ∴
The SI unit of acceleration is m s . The other units ofo acceleration are cm s and ikm
image
–2 size = 6h–2
×.2 = 12 cm.

Consider a body moving with initial velocity u. Let its velocity change to v, in time ‘t’.
Then, the change
Note boxes velocity is = v – u.
areinsome note
v − u Normally we use ‘u’ to represent object distance and ‘v’ to represent image distance and
add-on information
The change in velocity of
per unit time =
t both are measured from the optical instrument.
related topics
By definition, the change in velocity per unit time is acceleration, a. Thus, Light 4.7
v −u
a= or v Speed
– u = at of tHe LIgHt
t
exampLe v = u + at When light travels in straight line path, with what speed it travel? In fact light travels with
great speed, it travels 300,000 kilometre in one second in airExamples or vacuum.given topic-
Its speed decreases
When a body
A candle of isheight
released
6 cm from certainat height,
is placed itwhen
moves
2 cm distance downward
from duemedium
the another
pinhole to the gravitational
camera. Iffrom
the width
force. Its velocity
it enters air or vacuum. wise to apply the
of the camera ischanges continuously
4 cm, find and an acceleration
the magnification and size of the is produced
image. in it which is called
acceleration due to gravity. The average value ofrefLectIon acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m s–2. concepts learned in a
SoLutIon
particular chapter
sIMple
Given that penduluM
size of object (o) = 6 cm In the Fig. 4.12, a lighted candle is placed in front of an object (OJ) and a screen
(MN) is placed behind the object. What does a person looking at the object and
YouDistance of object
are already (u)with
familiar = 2 simple
cm pendulum. Let us define few more terms associated with
screen observe? He can see a shadow of the object on the screen. Since, the object
the Distance
simple pendulum.
of image (v) = 4 cm spreads out all the light that falls on it, that object is visible to the person. What
TheWe maximum i v
displacement of the bob of thehappens
simple pendulum,
if the object from
hasitsa mean
polished position
surface like that of a mirror. The person
know m = =
is called amplitude.o Theu length of the pendulum (l) is the image
observes distance
of between
the candlethealso.
point
Thisofis because of a phenomenon known as
suspension and the mid-point v of the
4 bob. The numberreflection of oscillations
of light. made by the pendulum
Illustrative examples
∴ magnification (m) = = =2 solved in a logical andF i g u r e 4 . 1 2
in one second is called its frequency
u 2 (denoted by n).
i When light falls on a polished or smooth surface it bounces back from the surface
In SI system, the unit of frequency is
m = ; i = o × m; ∴ image size i = 6 × 2 =inhertz (Hz). 12acm.well defined direction. This phenomenon is called ‘regular step-wise manner
reflection’. Other
o
A pendulum whose time period is two seconds is called seconds
non-polished pendulum.
surfaces also reflect light. But it is in different directions.
The
notetime period (T) of a simple pendulum is This giventypeby of spreading of light in all directions is called ‘diffuse reflection’.
That means in the Fig. 4.12, the person is able to see the object because
Normally we use ‘u’ to represent object distance and ‘v’ reflection’
of l‘diffuse to representandimage
he isdistance
able toandobserve the image of the candle
both are measured from the optical instrument. T = 2 pbecause of regular reflection. When light reflects from a surface, it obeys
g
certain laws known as ‘laws of reflection’.
Speed of tHe LIgHt A diagrammatic representation of the passage of light by treating it Figure 4.13
as a ‘ray’ is known as ‘ray diagram’. Ray diagrams are very useful in
 Measurements 1.11

59. A density bottle weighs 100 g when filled with liquid
and 80 g when filled with water. If the weight of an
empty density bottle is 20 g, find the density of the
liquid.
60. The volume of mercury and water is 50 ml each.
What is the ratio of their mass, if their densities are in
1.8 Chapter 1 the ratio 68 : 5?
61. Find the density of cuboid of dimensions 3 cm × 5
cm × 7cm and having mass 1 kg in SI system.
test your concePts 62. Is it possible to find density of a given liquid using a
63. What are the uses of triangulation method?
64. Explain how the ventilation in a room is possible.
65. Explain why a flame point is in the upward direction.
66. Find the massChapter Insights
of 1 m3 of gold xiiiof
in kg when density
gold is 19 g cm–3.
67. If 5 kg of glycerine occupies 0.004 m3. Determine
the density of glycerine in g cm–3 and kg m–3.
68. Take two cubes each of side 4 cm made up of iron
and aluminium. Why is there difference in masses of

Very Short Answer Type Questions

density bottle of unknown capacity and physical bal- Diffoferent
two spheres inspite levels
having same volume?
ance? Explain.
of questions have
Directions for questions 1 to 10 15. A pile of identical one rupee coins are placed over a
Fill in the blanks. metre scale as shown in the figure. The thickness of a
Essay Type Questions
been included
1. 10 g of water occupies ___________ cm3 of volume. one rupee coin is ________. in the Test Your
69. Explain the steps through which science is applied. 74. What is a density bottle? Explain how it is used to
2. The mass of a body does not change with change in Concept as well
determine the density of a liquid.
_________. 70. Describe how triangulation method is used to mea-
75.
as on Concept
Test tube ‘A’ contains 10 ml of liquid ‘X’ and test
3. The CGS unit of pressure is ___________. sure large distances, by taking suitable example.
Application
tube ‘B’ contains a liquid ‘Y’ ofwhich
volume 50 ml. The
4. As the temperature of the gas decreases, its density (a) 1.56 mm (b) 1.56 cm sci-
71. With the help of suitable example, explain how willof ‘Y’
ratio of the density help students
to ‘X’ is 2 : 5. Compare the
__________.
ence is applied.
(c) 1.67 mm (d) 1.67 cm mass of liquids A and B.
5. The smallest length that can be accurately measured to develop the
72. When 16. half 5oflitre
theoftotal
a liquid weighs 5 kgf. The density of the
volume of an empty beaker of 76. Write CGS unit and SI unit for given following
by using a metre scale is _____ cm.
mass 100 g
liquid is ________.
is filled with water, its mass is found to–3be
problem-solving
physical quantities:
6. Density of water is _____ than the density of cook-
ing oil.
(a) 1 kg m–3
500 g and when the remaining
(b) 1 g cm
volume of the beaker (a) Area skill (b) Volume
(c) 100 kg m –3 (d) 100 g m–3
is filled with a liquid, its mass is found to be 1 kg. (c) Density (d) Velocity or Speed
7. Weight of a body varies according to the variation in 17. 1 kilogram is equal to _________.
Calculate the density of the liquid. (e) Acceleration (f) Force
the ___________.
(a) 1000 gram (b) 100 gram
(g) Weight (h) Pressure

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
8. The CGS unit of volume is __________. 73. Bring out (c) the 1000
differences between the(d)mass
milligram 100 and the
milligram
(i) Temperature (j) Energy
‘Test Your weight of a body.
9. The density of a body is 500 kg m−3. Then its equiv- 18. Mass is measured by using a _________.
Concepts’ at
alent value in CGS system is _____. (a) spring balance (b) physical balance
10. The area of a square plot is 100 m2. Then concePt
the value (c)aPPlIcatIon
measuring jar (d) metre scale
the end of
of its perimeter is _________ m.
19. 1 kg m–3 = _________
the chapter 1
Directions for questions 11 to 29 Level 1 (a) 1000 g m–3 (b) g cm–3
for classroom
PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1000
For each of the questions, four choices have been (c) 10000 kg cm–3 (d) 1 g cm–3
preparations
provided. Select the correct alternative. Directions for questions 1 to 7 7. kg 1–1 is a unit of density.
State1.24 20. Chapter
whether The 1 between
thedistance
following statements
two cities are true
A and ora map
B in
11. The smallest measurement that can be measured by is Triangulation method is used for measuring very
is 7.5 cm. The scale taken for drawing this map 8.
false.
using a wall clock is _________. 1 cm = 1,50,000 m. The actual distance between A long distances.
(a) 1 second (b) 1 minute 1. SI unit of volume is cubic metre.
and B is _________ km.
(c) 1 hour (d) 2 second 9. Density of kerosene is less than the density of water.
2. Level 2 (a)cm
1 ml = 1000 1125000
3 (b) 20000
(c) 200 (d) 1125
‘Concept
12. The length and breadth of a rectangle are 2 m and
Mass of achoice
3. Multiple
5 m, respectively, the area of the rectangle is _______.
given questions
substance does not change with Directions for questions 10 to 17
47. Number of turns = 20
21. 1 m3 = ______ litre.
change in position or location. Fill in the blanks.
Application’
(a) 10 m2 (b) 100000 cm2 42. Density(a)= 1 mass (b) 10 Distance = (4.1 – 1.2) cm = 2.9 cm
SI unit of weight is Newton. 10. The method of measuring distance by forming a
section
(c) 1 km2with 4. (b)
(d) Both (a) and (c) 100volume (d) 1000
_______ is called the triangulation method.
2.9 cm
So, the diameter of the wire = = 0.145 cm
problems
13.
5. Mass of a body cannot
If the density of a substance is 2 × 103 kg m–3, then 22. The whole
Volume =
be zero.
mass length
=
2of a metre scale –3
= 0.4 × 10
is divided into
m 3 11. SI unit of area is __________. 20
500 equal parts then3 the smallest measurement
the mass of 5 m3 of this substance is ______.6. As the temperature
divided as per density 5 × 10
of gases
that can be measured
increases its density also
by using the scale is _______. = 1.45 mm
(a) 1000 kg (b) 10000 g increases. = 0.4 × 10–3 × 106 cm3 12. SI unit of density is _________.
complexity:
(c) 10000 kg (d) Both (a) and (b)
(a) 0.5 m (b) 0.005 m 48. When the radius is doubled then volume will become
(c)= 50
400mmcm3 (d) 2 mm 8 times the original.
Level
14. 1;ofLevel
The mass a body of weight 200 gf is ______ g. 3
Final
23. readings
Which among= 400
the + 1000 =1400
following is (are)cmthe unit of
2;(a)and200 Level 3 (b) 300
pressure? But density =
mass
=
m
(c) 400 (d) 20 43. Volume = π × (radius) × height
2
volume v
= π × (0.02)2 × 0.2 = 25.12 × 10–5 m3 m 1
Weight = m × g d= = (d)
8v 8
weight 2512
Mass = = = 251.2 kg
g 10 49. We can divide the paper cutting into 3 rectangles of
dimension (9 × 3), (11 × 3), (9 × 2)
mass 251.2 25.12 × 101 Area = (9 × 3) + (11 × 3) + (9 × 2) = 78;
Density = = =
volume 25.12 × 10 −5
25.12 × 10 −5 Hints and Explanation
but 1 div = 2 cm
= 106 kg m–3 for key questions along
Area = 78 × 4 = 312 cm2
44. Mass of the empty bottle = m1 with highlights on the
Mass of the bottle with water, m2 = 200 g 50. common
Mass of the mistakes
empty density bottle, m1that
=50 g
t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

Mass of the bottle with liquid, m3 = 400 g students

Mass of the usually
bottle with water, m2make
= 100 g
Density of the liquid = 3000 kg, m–3 = 3 g cm–3 inbottle
Mass of the the with
examinations
liquid, m3 = 150 g
m3 − m1 Volume v = d × m = 1 × 50 = 50 cm3
Density of liquid =
m2 − m1
Density of liquid =
400 − m1
3= massof liquid m - m 150 − 50
200 − m1 = 3 1=
volumeof liquid v 100 − 50
400 – m1 = 600 – 3m1
2m1 = 200 g, m1= 100 g. 100
= = 2 g cm–3 = 2000 kg m–3
50

1g 10 −3 kg
45. 1 g m–3 = 3 = = 10–3 × 10–6 = 10–9 kg 51. Density = 5 × 103 kg m–3
( )
3
cm–3 m 102 cm 3 volume = π × (radius)2 × height
= 3.14 × (0.12) × 0.1 = 0.00314 m3
1 mass
46. Least count of A = = 0.002 m Density =
500 volume
−2
Mass = density × volume = 5 × 103 × 0.00314
 Series Chapter Flow

Class 7

Kinematics Light
1 3
2 4
Measurements Heat

Machines and Tools Sound

8 6
7 5
Our Universe Electricity

Class 8
Kinematics Hydrostatics
1 3 5
2 4
Measurements Dynamics Wave Motion and
Sound

Sources of Energy Magnetism Light

10 8 6
11 9 7
Electromagnetism Electricity Heat
 Series Chapter Flow xv

Class 9
Kinematics Simple Machines Hydrostatics
1 3 5
2 4 6
Measurements Dynamics Gravitation

Wave Motion and

Modern Physics Electricity Sound
11 9 7
12 10 8
Magnetism Light Heat

Class 10
Wave Motion
Dynamics Light and Sound
1 3 5
2 4 6
Kinematics Heat Hydrostatics

Sources of Eneergy Electromagnetism

11 9 7
10 8
Electronics Modern Physics Electricity
This page is intentionally left blank
Chapter

1 Measurements

reMeMBer
Before beginning this chapter you should be able to:
• Understand physical quantities
• Discuss the units for time, distance, weight, etc.

Key Ideas
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
• Study physical quantities and systems of units; measure-
ment of physical quantities
• Difference between mass and weight
• Understand density, determination of density of a solid
and liquid, variation in density of liquids and gases with
temperatures and its consequences
• Learn triangulation method to measure large distances
1.2 Chapter 1

Introduction To Physical Science

The word science means to know. It is derived from Latin word ‘scire’. The Science attempts
to know the unknown and during this process great discoveries are made. Physical sciences
deal with the study of inanimate objects in nature. Physics and chemistry are its main
branches.
Physics deals with the properties of matter. For example, it talks about how dense and
elastic a matter is. It deals with external behaviour of matter. For example, how a matter
behaves when force is applied on it. It also deals with interaction between matter and
energy.
Physics explains the day-to-day phenomena happening around us. It explains, why lightning
occurs during rainy days. Why we wear light coloured cotton clothes in summer and woollen
clothes in winter. It also helps us to know the working of various electrical devices such as
incandescent bulb, fluorescent tubes, electric motors and how X-rays can be used to detect
fracture in a bone. It explains how ventilation in a room is achieved. Chemistry deals with
transformation of substances. It classifies the substances into elements and compounds. It
studies the process involved when compounds are formed from elements. It also studies the
decomposition of compounds into simpler substances.

• Method of Application of Science: Science attempts to find the cause of an

event. This is called the aim. To achieve this aim, various phenomena taking place in
inanimate and living world are observed. The reasons behind a given phenomenon is
determined and its correctness is verified in different situations. The science is applied
through the following steps.
• Aim: A phenomenon is chosen to determine its cause.
• Observation: It involves noticing the phenomenon attentively in different conditions.
For observation, sense organs as well as different instruments are used. In most cases, a
phenomenon similar to the one observed in nature is created in the laboratory, which
is called an experiment.
• Measurement: It involves a comparison with a standard measure known as unit.
There are two systems of standard units, one is CGS (centimetre, gram, second) and
the other is SI system (System International). In CGS system, the unit of length, mass
and time is centimetre (cm), gram (g), and second (s) respectively, and in SI system
they are measured in meter (m), kilogram (kg) and second (s), respectively.
• Measurement of volume: The volume of a body is the space occupied by it. The
volume of regular shaped solid bodies can be determined easily by applying appropriate
formula. For determining the volume of an irregular solid, a measuring cylinder is
used. The measuring cylinder is also used to measure the volume of a liquid.

A measuring cylinder is a cylindrical vessel with graduations in millilitre or cubic centimetre.

In order to measure the volume of a given liquid, it is poured in an empty cylinder and the
marking corresponding to the upper surface of the liquid is noted, which gives the volume
of the liquid.
The volume of an irregular shaped solid can be determined by immersing it into water,
contained in a measuring cylinder. For example to measure the volume of a stone, the stone
is tied with the thread and is lowered into the measuring cylinder. The water level rises. The
 Measurements 1.3

volume of the stone equals the difference between the volume of water before and after the
stone is immersed.
• Systematization: After measuring the physical quantities, they are arranged in a
specific way. This is called systematization. A conclusion is then drawn after studying
the measurements, which is called inference. The following table gives the CGS and
SI units of some of the physical quantities.

Physical Quantity CGS Unit SI Unit

Area Square centimetre (cm2) Square metre (m2)
Volume Cubic centimetre (cm3 or cc) Cubic metre (m3)
kilogram per cubic metre
Density gram per cubic centimetre (g cm–3)
(kg m–3)
Velocity or speed centimetre per second (cm s–1) metre per second (m s–1)
centimetre per second per second metre per second
Acceleration
(cm s–2) per second (m s–2)
Force dyne newton (N)
kilogram weight (kgwt) or
Weight gram weight (gwt) or gram force (gf)
kilogram force (kgf)
dyne per square centimetre (dyne newton per square meter
Pressure cm–2) or gram weight per square (N m–2) or kilogram weight
centimetre (gwt cm–2) per square metre (kgwt m–2)
Temperature Degree centigrade (°C) kelvin (K)
Energy erg joule (J)

A simple example where the method of science is applied

• Aim: To show that the volume of a liquid displaced by a solid, which is insoluble and
completely immersed in a liquid, increases with increase in the volume of the solid.
• Observation: Different objects such as stone, glass, plastic, etc., of different volumes
are immersed in different liquids (taken in overflowing jars) such as water, kerosene,
alcohol, etc. The phenomenon is observed at different places and different times.
• Measurement: The displaced liquid is collected in a beaker and its volume is
measured with the help of measuring cylinder.
• Systematization: The volume of displaced liquid of each kind is arranged in
increasing or decreasing order.
• Inference: From studying the measurements arranged systematically, it is concluded
that the liquid displaced by a solid increases with increase in the volume of the solid.
This holds good for all kinds of liquids.

Measurement of Some Physical Quantities

Measurement of Mass
Mass is defined as the amount of matter contained in a body. In SI system, the unit of mass is
kilogram (kg). The multiple units of mass are quintal and metric tonne and submultiple units
1.4 Chapter 1

are gram (g) and milligram (mg) where,

1
1 quintal = 100 kg; 1 tonne = 1000 kg; 1 gram = kg
1000
1 1
1 milligram = g = kg
1000 10,00,000

Mass of a body does not change with place or time. It remains constant. Mass is measured by
using a physical balance or a beam balance.
The weight of a body is the force of gravity exerted by the Earth on it. The weight of a
body depends on its mass as well as acceleration due to gravity. The weight of a body changes
from one place to another place as acceleration due to gravity on the Earth changes from
place to place.
The weight of a body also changes with altitude as acceleration due to gravity changes with
the altitude. The SI unit of weight is newton (N) and the CGS unit is dyne. One newton of
force is approximately equal to the force of gravity on a body of mass 100 g. The other units
of weight are called gravitational units. They are kilogram force (kgf) and gram force (gf).
One kilogram force is the force exerted by the Earth on a body of mass 1 kg. One gram
force is the force exerted by the Earth on a body of mass 1 gram. The weight of a body is
measured by a spring balance.

Differences between Mass and Weight

S.No. Mass Weight

It is the amount of matter contained in It is the gravitational force exerted by the
1.
a body. Earth on a body.
It is a constant anywhere in the It varies according to the variation in the
2.
universe. acceleration due to gravity.
3. Its SI unit is kilogram. Its SI unit is newton.
It is measured using a common
4. It is measured using a spring balance.
balance.
The mass of a given body cannot be The weight of a body can be zero when no
5.
zero. gravitational force acts on it.

Density: If we compare the masses of different substances of the same volume, we find the
mass to be different. For example, the mass of a certain volume of iron is greater than the mass
of the same volume of wood. Why is it so? This is because the atoms in iron are more densely
packed than the atoms in wood. In other words, density of iron is more than the density of
wood. The density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance. Thus
mass(m)
Density (D) = . The SI unit of density is kg m–3 and CGS unit is g cm–3.
volume(V)

Determination of Density of a Solid by Using a Measuring Cylinder

Dividing the mass of a solid by its volume gives its density. The mass of a solid can be
determined accurately by using a physical balance. The volume of an irregular shaped solid
can be determined by using a measuring jar (cylinder).
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