Body, Brain, Behavior : Three Views

and a Conversation Tamas L. Horvath

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Body, Brain, Behavior

Three Views and a Conversation

Tamas L. Horváth
Departments of Comparative Medicine, Neuroscience and Ob/Gyn, Yale
University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine,
Budapest, Hungary

Joy Hirsch
Departments of Comparative Medicine, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale
University School of Medicine, New haven, CT, United States
Department Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University
College London, United Kingdom

Zoltán Molnár
Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford Martin School
and St John's College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Einstein Visiting Fellow, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin,
Germany, Visiting Professor at Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar
Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgments

Introduction—Zoltán Molnár

How did we end up with the views we have today?

Current scientific focus

Introduction—Tamas L. Horvath

How did we end up with the views we have today?

Introduction—Joy Hirsch

How did we end up with the views we have today?

 Current scientific focus

Chapter 1. Zoltán Molnár: the developing brain

Abstract

1.1 The Blind Men and the Elephant

1.2 Building the brain is like a house of cards

1.3 Your brain is comprised of different cells with various

birthdates, but most of your neurons are as old as you are

1.4 Importance of connectivity in brain function

1.5 Generation of neuronal diversity

1.6 Migration is key to newly born neurons to reach to the

proper destination

1.7 Brain evolution is the evolution of brain development

1.8 Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of

development

1.9 Origins of the mammalian cerebral cortex

1.10 Conservation and divergence during development and

evolution

1.11 Evolution of neuronal types

1.12 The brain is a computer that is switched on while it is

constructed

1.13 How to link cognitive conditions to their developmental

origins?
 1.14 Mother and baby form a unit during and after pregnancy

1.15 Influence of maternal environment on the baby’s prenatal

development

1.16 Functional localization in the brain

1.17 Remnants of the developmental scaffold have an important

role in the adult, linking brain, body, and behavior

1.18 Summary

References

Chapter 2. Tamas Horvath: The hunger view on body, brain and

behavior

Abstract

2.1 What is the brain?

2.2 Conceptual framework

2.3 Eating: linking the environment to the body and brain

2.4 Plasticity beyond the arcuate nucleus and the hypothalamus

triggered by metabolic changes

2.5 Cellular metabolic principles of neuronal responses to the

changing metabolic environment

2.6 The conundrum of interventions based on metabolic

principles to fight obesity and aging at the population level

2.7 Hunger promoting NPY/AgRP neurons affect higher brain

functions and brain disorders
 2.8 The metabolic concept of higher brain functions

2.9 Summary

References

Further reading

Chapter 3. Joy Hirsch: Brain-to-Brain

Abstract

3.1 Full circle

3.2 The transparent black box reveals the single brain

3.3 Dyads in agreement and disagreement

3.4 Two brains from different social worlds: high and low
disparity dyads

References

Discussion 1—20th November 2020

1 How to transcribe the Zoom discussions?

2 The brain as a “black box”

3 Buildings to bricks as brains to ion channels: what does the

ion channel tell us about the brain?

4 Eye-to-eye contact and social consequences

5 Eye-to-eye contact, blindness, and other deficits

6 Brain development and adaptations to sensory deficits

 7 Atypical development and brain

Discussion 2—27th November, 2020

1 Many points of view: the “elephant” and what is a brain?

2 The whole body is part of the brain

3 How was the brain put together?

4 The brain needs a body

5 One brain–two bodies versus two brains–one body

6 Lot of ways to make a brain

7 Cortex may be overrated

8 Cortex gathers information from outside

9 Cortex organization remains flexible across the life span

10 Cortical cells are relatively slow to turn over

11 Cell replacement in other body parts

12 Two systems of replacement and regeneration

13 C14 and evolution

14 Neurogenesis and injury

15 Fine-tuning the “black-box”

16 Humans have a very long period of postnatal development

17 Humans versus crows

 18 Alternative brains

19 Function versus structure and form

20 The big question for evolutionary neurobiology

21 Principles of connectivity

22 Abnormal brain development: consequences

23 Fetal alcohol syndrome

24 Induced changes to brain development during pregnancy

25 Potential effects of early interventions during periods of

plasticity

26 Social interventions to achieve social adaptations

Discussion 3—22nd January, 2021

1 A silver lining from hardship to wisdom

2 What is wrong with the typical human brain?

3 Coincidence detection and the developing brain

4 Single-event food aversions

5 Cerebellum and single-event learning

6 The vestibular system and single-trial motor learning

7 Languages and the roles of supplementary hand gestures

8 The brain and acquired versus native languages

9 Different languages/different brains?

 10 Does dancing protect against Alzheimer’s disease?

11 The food axis connects brain to body to mind

12 What is this book about?

13 Synergy to creativity

Discussion 4—10th February 2021

1 Individual variations in tolerance of food shortages

2 Puberty and energy metabolism

3 Genes for anorexia

4 Metabolism and the migration out of Africa

5 Metabolism for long distance running

6 Oxygen and metabolism

7 Why are there 6 layers of cells in the cortex?

8 Neural rehabilitation

9 A role for neuroplasticity

10 Longevity and neuroplasticity

11 Human humor

12 Effects of social reciprocity

Discussion 5—17th February 2021

1 “Gut” and brain interface

 2 Ascending signals of the autonomic nervous system and brain
functions

3 “Gut” control of eating behavior: a paradigm shift

4 Where are the models to connect brain function and body

signals?

5 Developing models and findings to connect brain function

(learning) with real faces

6 Is learning better when hungry?

7 Beyond the hypothalamus and receptors for orexin

8 Bottom-up influences on top-down processes

9 Attention and arousal

10 Linking hypotheses between brain function and behavior

11 The role peripheral tissues (such as liver), arousal, and high

level perception

12 Variations of social behaviors based on arousal and context

13 Beyond hypothalamus to cortex or is it the other way

around?

14 Many working parts become one brain

15 Hypothalamus as a radio station

Discussion 6—22nd February 2021

1 Reviewing grant applications based on a holistic view

 2 Fast and slow decision-making

3 Personality and spending decisions

4 Soap and far-away hotels

5 Multi-generational effects of food shortages

6 Effects of pandemic isolation in science

7 Our brains during agreement and disagreement

8 Disagreement versus social harmony

9 “On-line” versus face-to-face disagreements

10 Social “change blindness” and iPhones

11 Social cues for rituals compared to novel situations

12 Writing is creative

13 Plagiarism or not?

Discussion 7—3rd March 2021

1 Core temperature and longevity

2 Bio-markers for major depression

3 How do we measure the success of neuroscience?

4 The big problem of understanding long-term cause and effects

5 Conventional wisdom versus energetic naiveté

Discussion 8—10th March, 2021

 1 Input to the brain is gaited and selected

2 Thalamus “listens” to the brain and not very much to the

outside world

3 The whole brain is somatosensory cortex?

4 Functional specificity versus distributed processes

5 Functions assigned to brain areas?

6 Does the inner life of the brain need a body?

7 Brain to brain, body to body: how separable?

8 The adaptable brain

9 The “black box” and the interaction between brains

10 Three views of the brains and conversations to bring it

together

Discussion 9—17th March, 2021

1 Pandemic effects: is communication altered by online (Zoom)

compared to face-to-face communication?

2 Student admissions procedures during the pandemic

3 How do we evaluate our institutions?

Discussion 10—7th April, 2021

1 A book review

2 The neuroscience of yesterday versus the neuroscience of

tomorrow
 3 Laboratory architecture and creativity

4 Creative synergy versus isolated intelligence

5 The fundamental social unit and the collective behavior of ants

6 Collective intelligence of multiple brains

7 Collective intelligence without any brain

8 The “data-dump” and micro-views

9 What is your 5-year plan?

10 To plan or not to plan

11 Function or structure?

12 What is “normal”?

13 How do we teach creativity?

14 The academic ladder and war

Discussion 11—14th April, 2021

1 The Eureka moment

2 How do we structure education for science?

3 Objective measurements and facts versus objective measures

and promise

4 The “bridge” between data, findings, and interpretation

5 From data to interpretation: a slippery slope

6 The power of a personal connection

 7 How do we measure the ability for interpersonal interactions?

8 The development of the ability for interpersonal interactions

9 How are dyadic interactions affected by physiological

variables?

10 The fear of public speaking and physiological variables

11 How are dyadic interactions developed?

12 Distractions and competing forms of input information

13 Variations in dyadic connections

14 The effects of the absence of live interactions

15 Pandemic-related changes in how we connect

Discussion 12—28th April, 2021

1 The making of brains

2 Nature, compensation, and nurture: separate or a mix?

3 Many competing points of views about brain and behavior

4 Predictions for criminality and a mechanism for fetal alcohol

syndrome

5 Placental effects on development

6 The placenta to brain connection

7 Social interactions begin in utero

8 Sleep, brain, and lots of other

 9 Sleep and longevity

Discussion 13—10th May 2021

1 Bad things matter in our lives

2 A well-hidden dark side: is it predictable?

3 Memory enhancement during traumatic events

4 Trauma in medical school and in academics

5 Pros and cons of peer review

6 Imagine if editors competed for papers to publish

7 Peer review: pros/cons and practice

8 A paper review: the most popular brain areas

9 Dejavu all over again

10 Isolated parts versus the integrated whole

11 The symphony analogy

12 We are sculpters of our own brains

13 Asperger’s and brain plasticity

14 High versus low pathways leading to social malfunctions

15 Empathy: an exaggerated social function

17 Narcisism

18 Anatomical substrates of psychiatric conditions

 19 Is the isolated brain conscious?

20 The neuroscience department of the future

21 What about this emerging book?

22 The parabol of many blind people and the elephant

23 The person in the science

Discussion 14—Monday, 17th May, 2021

1 On talking about interdisciplinary departments

2 Two brains and one dyad

3 Leader and follower brains

4 Interpersonal interactions and the autonomic nervous system

5 Our background statements: Zoltán started as a neurosurgeon

in Hungary

6 Neurons aren’t even the major part of the brain

7 Friends and science

8 When friendship fails

9 Cross-disciplinary collaborations: strengths and weaknesses

10 How do we know what is an important question?

11 The compass going forward: uncharted territory

12 Most important papers and the life span of a scientist

13 Scientists and transitions

 14 Vitamin C, the Nobel Prize, and the Hungarian crown (you
can’t make this up!)

15 Books not brains are repositories of information

16 Evolutionary influences on the human brain

17 The “zero” cranial nerve

Discussion 15—20th May 2021

1 Various roads to becoming a neuroscientist

2 Introduction to the hypothalamus

3 Cellular physiology of sleep

4 Ablation of layer 5

5 Layer 6b neurons

6 Inhibitory signals

7 What does the cortex do?

8 Physiological homeostasis

9 Global versus local effects

10 Resting state signals and their interpretation

11 The value of understanding single cell types

12 The development of inhibitory neurons

13 The impact of “data dump” papers

14 Can perceptions be read from the brain?

 15 The binding problem

16 Classification of cells in the mouse brain

Discussion 16—3rd June 2021

1 Does “normal” mean the absence of antisocial behavior? How

do we separate unusual behaviors into normal or mental illness
categories?

2 What role does genetics and development play in health and

disease?

3 Is mental illness a common mental state? Where is the

threshold between “normal” and “not-normal”?

4 How valid is our current information about the effects of diet

on development and mental illness?

5 Human development is so complicated, how does it ever turn

out right?

6 The concept of a spectrum for behaviors is useful in

describing clusters of social qualities such as is autism spectrum
disorder

7 Antisocial behaviors can be self-promoting and reinforcing for

some people

8 How much of our behavior is modulated by our genes? It is an

enigma that our genes are so similar and our behaviors are so
diverse. Can genes give us information about susceptibilities to
conditions, such as alcoholism, heart disease, and dementia?

9 The problem of sharing medical information and records

 10 Prediction of risk factors from SNIPS can be dangerous and
contribute to unnecessary concerns or worries because the
probabilities are not well-applied to individuals

11 Normative versus idiopathic information

12 Information gathered from vaccinated people would have

been very informative. Should we vaccinate children?

13 How do we understand cognitive side effects following

COVID vaccination and consequences for development?

14 When we consider the possible physiological substrates that

underlie behavior, health, and disease, we have to consider
nonneural mechanisms including the microglia

15 The brain is like a garden and there are many reasons why
the flowers do and do not grow

16 Where do all the strains of mice and other animals come

from? Why are there so many?

Discussion 17—17th June 2021

1 Individual differences: savants and the biology of special

talents

Discussion 18—17th June 2021

1 Study section blues

2 What is a brain?

3 Diversity of the microbiome

4 Diet, behavior, energetics, and microbiota

 5 Neurons in the stomach: are they part of the brain?

6 Enterotypes and behavior

7 What does the intestinal autonomic system have to do with the

substantia nigra?

8 Where does the gut bacteria come from?

9 Dementia, chronic inflammation, and the mouth

10 A science hero: Katalin Kariko

11 To be a scientist …

Discussion 19—24th June 2021

1 What is dance?

2 Why do we dance?

3 Can we study the dancing brain?

4 The magic of music

5 Social partnership and couples dancing

6 Everybody can dance: a Nobel dance story

7 Learning to dance

8 Possible opinions about our book

9 Core problems in neuroscience

10 Science is what we measure

11 Fitting the pieces together

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August 5, 1897.
Death of James Hammond Trumbull. American philologist.

August 8, 1897.
Assassination of Señor Canovas del Castillo,
Prime Minister of Spain.

August 25, 1897.

Assassination of President Borda, of Uruguay.

August 29-31, 1897.

Meeting of the first congress of the Zionists at Basle.

August 31, 1897.

Speech by the German Emperor at Coblenz, asserting
"kingship by the grace of God," with "responsibility to the
Creator alone."
Death of Mrs. Louisa Lane Drew, actress.

September 10, 1897.

Death of Theodore Lyman, American naturalist.

September 11, 1897.

Death of Reverend Abel Stevens,
 American historian of the Methodist church.

September 12, 1897.

Ending of a great strike of coal miners in the United States,
which began in July.

September 16, 1897.

Death of Edward Austin Sheldon, American educator.

September 17, 1897.

Death of Henry Williams Sage, American philanthropist.

September 18, 1897.

Signing of a preliminary treaty of peace
between Turkey and Greece.

September 20, 1897.

Death of Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian.

September 22, 1897.

Meeting at Washington of a commission on monetary reform,
appointed by the Indianapolis Convention of January 12.
Death of Charles Denis Sauter Bourbaki, French general.

September 28, 1897.

Vote on proposed constitutional amendments in New Jersey.

October 1, 1897.
Introduction of the gold monetary standard in Japan.

October 2, 1897.
Death of Neal Dow, American temperance reformer.

October 4, 1897.
Death of Professor Francis William Newman,
English scholar and philosopher.
October 6, 1897.
The Philippine Islands swept by a typhoon,
destroying over 6,000 lives.
Death of Sir John Gilbert, English artist.

October 18, 1897.

Death of Rear-Admiral John Lorimer Worden, U. S. N.

October 19, 1897.

Death of George Mortimer Pullman, American inventor.

October 21, 1897.

Opening and dedication of the Yerkes Observatory,
at Williams Bay, Wisconsin.

October 22, 1897.

Death of Justin Winsor, American historian and bibliographer.

October 24, 1897.

Death of Francis Turner Palgrave, English poet.

October 25, 1897.

Death of John Sartain, American artist.
Death of John Stoughton, English church historian.

October 27, 1897.

Death of Mary, Duchess of Teck.
Death of Alexander Milton Ross, Canadian naturalist.

{708}

October 28, 1897.

Stormy session of the Austrian Reichsrath; twelve-hours'
speech of Dr. Lecher.
Death of Hercules George Robinson, Baron Rosmead,
British colonial administrator.
October 29, 1897.
Death of Henry George, American economist.

November 2, 1897.
Election of the first Mayor of "Greater New York."
Death of Sir Rutherford Alcock, British diplomatist.

November 4, 1897.
Seizure by Germany of the port of Kiao-chau on the
northeastern coast of China.

November 6, 1897.
Signing of treaty between Russia, Japan and the United States,
providing for a suspension of pelagic sealing.

November 10, 1897.

Adoption of plans for a building for the
New York Public Library.

November 14, 1897.

Death of Thomas Williams Evans, American dentist in Paris,
founder of the Red Cross Society in the Franco-Prussian war.

November 15, 1897.

Commandant Esterhazy denounced to the French Minister of War,
by M. Matthieu Dreyfus, as the author of the "bordereau" on
which Captain Alfred Dreyfus was secretly convicted.

November 16, 1897.

The Dreyfus case brought into the French Chamber of Deputies
by a question to the Minister of War.

November 19, 1897.

Great fire in London, beginning in Aldersgate and spreading
over six acres, destroying property estimated at £2,000,000
in value.
Death of Henry Calderwood, Scottish philosopher.
November 21, 1897.
Death of Sir Charles Edward Pollock, English jurist.

November 23, 1897.

Death of A. Bardoux, French statesman.

November 25, 1897.

Promulgation by royal decree at Madrid of a constitution
establishing self-government in Cuba and Porto Rico.

November 29, 1897.

Death of James Legge, Scotch oriental scholar.

December, 1897.
Annexation of Zululand to Natal Colony.

December 5, 1897.
Death of Mrs. Alice Wellington Rollins, American author.

December 14.
Signing of the treaty of Biac-na-bato, between the Spaniards
and the insurgent Filipinos.

December 29, 1897.

Approval of Act of Congress forbidding the killing of seals
by citizens of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean north
of 35° North latitude.
Death of William James Linton, American artist and author.

December 31, 1897.

Imperial proclamation, closing the sittings of the Austrian
Reichsrath, and continuing the Austro-Hungarian "Ausgleich"
provisionally for six months.

1898.
January 2, 1898.
Death of Sir Edward Augustus Bond, formerly principal
librarian of the British museum.

January 12, 1898.

Acquittal of Commandant Esterhazy, after a farcical pretense
of trial by a military tribunal, on the charge of being the
author of the "bordereau" ascribed to Dreyfus.

January 13, 1898.

Publication in Paris of a letter by M. Zola, denouncing the
conduct of the courts martial in the cases of Dreyfus and
Esterhazy.
Death of Mrs. Mary Victoria Cowden Clarke.

January 16, 1898.

Death of Charles Pelham Villiers, English statesman.

January 18, 1898.

Death of Henry George Liddell, English historian and
classical scholar.

January 20, 1898.

Second meeting of monetary convention at Indianapolis, to
consider the report of its commission.

January 24, 1898.

Declaration by Count von Bülow, in the German Reichstag, that
no relations or connections of any kind had ever existed
between Captain Dreyfus and any German agents.

January 25, 1898.

Friendly visit of the United States battle ship "Maine" to
Havana, Cuba.

January 28, 1898.

End of a great strike and lockout in the British engineering