7 Methods of Separating

Mixtures

Subject: Chemistry
Class: 9L
Date: 16/1/2024
Author: Marvell Service

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement................................................................1

Distillation............................................................................2

Evaporation..........................................................................3

Filtration...............................................................................4

Decantation...........................................................................5
Centrifugation.......................................................................6

Sublimation..........................................................................7

Crystallization......................................................................8

Appendix..............................................................................9

Reference............................................................................10

Acknowledgement

I would be grateful to thank all the authors of the websites in the

references whose posts and information were vital to the creation and

completion of this project.

Distillation
Distillation is a process involving the conversion of a liquid
into vapour, that is then condensed back to a liquid. An
example is when steam from a pot becomes drops of water
on a cold surface.

The basic principle behind the distillation is that different

liquids boil at different temperatures. Therefore, when a
mixture is heated, the substance with lower boiling point
starts to boil first and is converted into vapour which can be
then collected separately.

Evaporation
Evaporation is a process that involves separating a mixture,
usually a solution of a solvent and a soluble solid. In this
process, the solution is heated until the solvent evaporates
where it turns into a gas and mostly leaves behind the a
solid.

Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. It works on the

principle that liquids vaporize easily while solids do not.
The conversion of the surface liquid particles into vapours
is spontaneous.

Filtration

Filtration is a process in which solid particles in a liquid or

gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter that permits
the fluid to pass through but holds back the solid particles.
Either the fluid or the solid particles removed from the fluid
may be then contained separately for their intended
purpose.
The principle of filtration is that substances with particle
size larger than the pore size of filter paper are held back on
the filter paper and the rest of the fluid passes through it.

Decantation

Decantation is the process of separation of liquid from a

solid and or other non mixable liquids, by removing the
liquid layer at the top from the layer of solid or liquid
below. The process can be carried out by pouring out the
top layer.
Decantation works on the fundamental idea that heavier,
denser materials sink, while lighter, less dense materials
float. Decantation is a method of using gravity to separate
two non-mixable liquids or a mixture of a solid and a
liquid. The mixture's lighter component is dumped or
sucked off the top.

Centrifugation

Centrifugation is a process of separating molecules that

have different densities by spinning them in solution around
an axis at high speed. It is one of the most useful and
frequently used methods in the molecular biology
laboratory.

A centrifuge operates by using the sedimentation principle,

the substances are separated based on their density under
the influence of gravity. When spun rapidly, lighter particles
stay at the top and heavier particles go to the bottom during
centrifugation.

Sublimation

Sublimation is used for the separation of a solid and solid

mixture where one of the components sublimes upon
heating, leaving behind the other components that are not
able to undergo sublimation.

Sublimation is based on the principle that solids have a

weak intermolecular force, resulting in a higher vapour
pressure, which changes them to a vapour state directly.
Which allows the non-sublimable solid to be collected and
stored separately.
 Crystallization
Crystallisation is a method of separating a solid from its
liquid solution in the form of pure crystals. It can be done in
two ways, by the evaporation method or by the cooling
method.
In crystallization, the impure compound is converted into
its crystals. It is based on the difference in the solubilities of
the compound and the impurities in a suitable solvent.
 Appendix
Crystallization
The evaporation method of crystallization involves the
solvent causing the molecules of the soluble compound to
separate out as crystals due to the higher concentration
exceeding the chemical compound's solubility. The cooling
method of crystallization is flash cooling, in which a part of
the liquid is evaporated, thus removing the latent heat and
allowing for cooling. Warm feed solution is circulated and
cooled over time by progressively reducing the pressure in
either a batch or continuous fashion.
 Reference
Britannica.(n/a).Science-Tech. https://www.britannica.com/Science-Tech

Byjus.(n/a).Question-Answer.
https://byjus.com/question-answer

ScienceDirect.(n/a).Topics-Biochemistry-Genetics and Molecular Biology

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-
molecular-biology

ETH Zürich.(n/a).Crystallization.
https://ethz.ch/de.html

Aakash Institute.(n/a).Important Concepts-Chemistry

https://www.aakash.ac.in/important-concepts/chemistry

Thermal Kinetics.(n/a).Chemistry Industry

https://thermalkinetics.net/industries/chemical