CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this internship report title « REALISATION PROCESS AND
ESTIMATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB »is written and presented by
FOBASSO KOH PESSY VALEN, Matriculated : 24BST0126 and has been completed by as part
of the requirement to be award of the HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA at JACKY FELLY
NAFACK HIGH-TECH UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE in the CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT.

Academic supervisor : Professional supervisor :

Mr KUM ROMANUS CHEGHE Mr TCHINDA MICHEL
Signature ………………….. Signature …………………..
Date………………………. Date……………………….

I
 DEDICATION

TO THE KOH’S FAMILY

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMEMTS

This work is a combination of a lot of efforts and researches that will help me for my future career
in civil engineering. My appreciation goes to my academic supervisor Mr KUM ROMANUS and
Mr TCHINDA MICHEL for their constructive criticism and supervision.
Also, I will like to thank the JFN-IUT for organizing the internship program and ensuring that all
the students attain the objective. I will thank also JFN for providing classes (Research Methodology)
which greatly helped students in writing their report.
I will also thank the Almighty most especially for protecting me and giving me the strength
throughout the internship period and during the production of this report.
Finally, I will like to thank my class mates the BST2 for their collaboration and the spirit of team
work throughout the production of this work.
I thank the director of HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA and of JACKY FELLY NAFACK
HIGHTECH-UNIVERSITY INSTITUTION for making it possible for students to have intership.
I also thank the director of BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN., Eng AKEMO NGANKEU
BRAMADER and his staff for accepting receiving the intern in his company.
I recognize, appreciate and acknowledge the efforts provided by the lecturers of the department of
BUILDING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY who contributed to our training.

III
 ABSTRACT

A necessary condition for students to obtain the Higher National Diploma is to do internship. From
the 13 of July 2023 to the 13 of August 2023 we had the privilege to carry out our internship in
BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN. The aim of this internship is to apply the theory learned in class
practically on the field.
The intern’s purpose for this report, was to find a solution to an opening in a floor slab which was
firstly intended for the construction of an electrical chimney but later abandoned because of the
change in the position of the kitchen. The aim of this report is to provide a solution to the opening
present on that slab.
The intern considered the area to be covered, the accessibility, and the budget needed to finance the
project as the subject of analysis, which permitted the intern to come out with the design needed.
The design of a reinforced concrete slab was the most suitable solution based on the intern’s opinion.
Using a reinforced concrete slab will limit the rate of material transportation which will prevent
excessed material lost and labour especially when constructing a building with 3 floors, and with the
speed and ease in its construction, it makes appropriate for this situation.

IV
 RESUME

Une condition nécessaire pour que les étudiants obtiennent le diplôme national supérieur est de faire
un stage. Du 13 juillet 2023 au 13 août 2023, nous avons eu le privilège d’effectuer notre stage chez
BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN. Le but de ce stage est d’appliquer la théorie apprise en classe
pratiquement sur le terrain.
Notre but de notre rapport est de trouver une solution à ce qui peut être fait à une ouverture dans une
dalle de plancher qui a d’abord été internée pour la construction d’une cheminée électrique, mais
plus tard abandonnée en raison du changement de position de la cuisine. L’objectif de ce rapport est
de fournir un moyen de remplir l’espace présent sur cette dalle qui, si elle est faite, peut être utilisée
comme plancher pour une pièce.
Tout d’abord, nous avons pris en considération le domaine à couvrir, l’accessibilité et le budget
nécessaires pour financer notre projet comme sujet de notre analyse qui nous a permis de sortir avec
la conception nécessaire.
La conception d’une dalle en béton armé était la solution la plus appropriée sur la base de notre avis.
L’utilisation d’un béton armé limitera le taux de transport des matériaux, ce qui évitera la perte de
matériaux excédentaires et la main-d’œuvre, en particulier lors du travail d’un G+3 et avec la rapidité
et la facilité de sa construction, il convient à cette situation.

V
 PREFACE

JFN-Hightech University Institute is a private university of excellence and innovation located at

santa barbara after Groupe scolaire la Roche. It was founded next to the state degree of No 22-
02948/MINESUP/SG/DDES/SD-ESUP/SDA/AEO.
JFN-Hightech institute is made up of three different schools :
 The higher school of engineering (ESI)
 The school of digital and innovation (ENI)
 The school of management and entrepreneurship(EME)
In partnership with Google Cloud, QWASAR Silicon Valley, DUNIS, BEM Dakar, Cisco
Networking Academy, Le Pole Universitaire de Vinci. JFN-Hightech University Institute offers to
their students a complet program . JFN-HUI also train ed their candidates into domains such as :
- Preparatory classes, for students who wishes to travel after two years at JFN to countries like
France, India, United Kindom(UK), USA,etc
- Bachelors programs
- Certification
- Direct formation in LMD
- DUT
- Master degree
JFN-Hightech University Institute is an ultra-modern with (olympic swimming poles, basketball
field, football field, volleyball field, students hostels and an amphy.

VI
 TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION .......................................................................................................................... I
DEDICATION............................................................................................................................... II
ACKNOWLEDGEMEMTS ........................................................................................................ III
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ IV
RESUME ...................................................................................................................................... V
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... VI
TABLE OF CONTENT.............................................................................................................. VII
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................... VIII
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... IX
LIST OF ABREVATION ............................................................................................................. X
GENERAL INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER ONE : PRESENTATION OF ENTERPRISE ............................................................ 3
CHAPTER TWO: INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES ........................................................................... 7
CHAPTER THREE: CRITICAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 10
CHAPTER FOUR : SWOP ANALYSIS..................................................................................... 29
GENERAL CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 31
BIBLIOGRAPY .......................................................................................................................... 32
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 33
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................... 34

VII
 LIST OF TABLES
Table II. 1 INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................... 7
Table III. 2 Table of activities ......................................................................................................... 23
Table III. 3 GANTT diagram of project .......................................................................................... 25
Table III. 4 Command of materials .................................................................................................. 27
Table III. 5 Unite prices of materials ............................................................................................... 28
Table III. 6 Cost of materials ........................................................................................................... 28

VII
I
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure I. 1Organizational structure of company ................................................................................ 4
Figure I. 2 LOCATION OF ENTERPRISE (MAP GOOGLE.COM) .............................................. 6
Figure III. 1 Formwork plan showing opening (AUTOCAD 2019) ………………………………16
Figure III. 2 Reinforcement mat (Autocad 2019) ............................................................................ 20
Figure III. 3 Longitudinal reinforcement section (Autocad 2019) .................................................. 21
Figure III. 4 Transversal reinforcement cross section (Autocad 2019) ........................................... 21
Figure III. 5 Man power diagram of project (Word 2019) .............................................................. 26
Figure III. 6 Reinforced concrete slab (Autocad 2019) ................................................................... 26

IX
 LIST OF ABREVATION
 PERT: Program Evaluation Review Technique
 GANTT: Generalised Activity Nominalization Time Table
 Fbu: Ultimate strength of concrete
 Fsu: Ultimate stress of steel
 Fe: Fensil Strength of steel given by manufacturer
 Fc28: Compressive strength of concrete after 28 days
 s: Safety coefficient of steel
 b: Safety coefficient of concrete
 RC: Reinforced concrete
 HA: High Adherence

X
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ON INTERSHIP

Internship gives students exposure to the working environment often within a specific industry,
which relates to our field of study. Internship can be a short as a month but in our case as three
months. Interns can be paid or not depends on the company.
Internship should give students practical skills experience, and greater knowledge of an industry, in
exchange for the employer benefits from their labor. With the emphasis firmly on training, internship
give student real life experience of the work place and field they hope to break into. It can help
students gain critical work skills and decide if the career they are experiencing is right for them or
not, and also enable student to make valuable work contracts and act an important stepping stone to
securing a job and climbing the first rung on the career.

II. OBJECTIVES OF INTERNSHIP

The main objective of an internship is match theory with pratical
The specific objective are:
a) To expose the student to professional mentors who will provide the student with support in
the early stages of internship and provide the student with support in the early stages of the
internship and provide an example of behaviors expected in the intern’s workplace
b) To improve creativity, time management and how to work efficiently
c) To learn about leadership and take responsibility at working place
d) To train student how to work under pressure

III. DEFINITIONS OF KEYS ELEMENTS

ETS: Which is the short cut of Etablissement.
SARL: Société à Responsabilité Limitée. Which is a limited liability company hence own by an
individual.

1
IV. ORGANISATION OF INTERNSHIP REPORT
This internship report is organised into five chapters which are divided as follow : general
introduction, chapter one presentation of company, chapter two activities carried out during
internship and chapter three critical analysis, lastly chapter four swop analysis and conclusion with
reference and appendices.

V. JUSTIFICATION OF TOPIC
They are various types of upper floors with hollow block slab, reinforce concrete slab as such as
timber upper floors. For this project will focus on reinforced concrete slab.
In choosing the topic design of a proposed reinforced concrete slab as a discuss. With first objective
to provide a solution to the encountered problem which is a threat to the company is reputation ad
also working on a reinforced concrete element will help me as future engineer concrete element will
help me as a future engineer to master the behavior and all the parameter involve in the design of a
basic reinforced concrete element of a structure.

VI. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In the second week at BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN when the intern was working on the sixth
floor, and decided to walk around to take a look at how it was partition, the intern notice a room
different from others because that room was exempted when casting the succeeding slab so the was
an opening left the. When the intern made some inquiries, it was found that the opening was
purposed for an electrical chimney but was later abandon because of the change in the position of
the kitchen. As little as it may seem to be can cause havoc to the company’s reputation if nothing is
done about it because it will seem as lack of professionalism if noticed by the owner of the project.

VI. PLAN OF WORK

In order to ease the work, this report is divided into four parts:
 CHAPTER ONE: Presentation of enterprise
 CHAPTER TWO: Internship activities
 CHAPTER THREE: Critical analysis
 CHAPTER FOUR: Swop analysis

2
 CHAPTER ONE : PRESENTATION OF
ENTERPRISE

1.1 CREATION AND HISTORYOF THE COMPANY

The company was created in 2016 by the founder AKEMO NGANKEU BRAMADER
BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN is an enterprise specialized in building and public work located in
DOUALA precisely at Mason crossroads after the Neptune station. It is a dynamic enterprise made
up of a professional team that work at their best in their domain of activity thus they have been
solicited to realize building in the town of Douala.
Table I. 1 Enterprise identification

Social reason ETS BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN

Creation date 2016
Emplacement DOUALA
Juridique form SARL
Taxpayer number M0463210812Z
Activities Building and public works
Commercial register number RC/DLA/2016/B/2639
BP 18630 Douala
E-mail buildinghousedesign@yahoo.fr

1.2 THE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OF THE COMPANY

The product and service of BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN are
as follows Product:
 Building plans
 Sand
 Gravel
 Bricks Services:
BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN after legislation, offers the following services
• The construction services
• Material delivery services
• Plumbing services

3
1.3 ORGANISATION SET OF ENTERPRISE

Figure I. 1Organizational structure of company

Source: BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN, 2016

4
1.4 FUNCTION OF THE DIFFERENT DEPARTMENT OF ENTERPRISE

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS: this is made up of the elected shareholders, the adopted budget
and work plan, approve functional programs and contracts, design policies and provide the necessary
funding for all operations.
THE DIRECTOR GENERAL: The CEO implements all board decisions. He coordinates all
activities of company and ensure proper running of the components of the company. He represents
the company in all official matters in and out of the office.
SECRETARY: Carries out all administrative task and also runs errands for the entire office. He is
also directly answerable to the CEO. Acts as a receptionist to the company as a hold.
PERSONNEL MANAGER: She is in charge of the company’s personnel matters both internal and
external. Also, handle’s labour files and see into it that worker are ensured. She does recruitment
under directives.
DIRECTOR OF QUARRIES: Heads the company’s crushing industry. He lobby’s for projects for
the crushing industry. He goes on to carry negotiation contracts of supply as the representative of
the CEO.
ENGINEERS: They also act as technicians on site and assist the technical director in the realization
of the architectural plans and help project engineers in the realization of plans in to the physical
reality
ARCHITECTS: They draw project plans brought by the CEO, technical directors and clients
ACCOUNTANT: He is in charge of bills. Verifies the account presented by the supplies, gives to
the CEO the material quantities and financial reports.
RECRUITMENT/TRAINING: He assigns work and directs persons either newly recruited or
temporal workers as delegated by the CEO to their various station of work.
OPERATOR: they help in the smooth running of the company as the assist the quarry director in
administrative and field work projects. Also, they are good machine operators.
WAGES/SALARIES: The financial director is in charge of this domain.

5
1.5 LOCATION OF ENTERPRISE

Figure I. 2 LOCATION OF ENTERPRISE (MAP GOOGLE.COM)

6
 CHAPTER TWO: INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS TASK ASSIGNED DURING INTERSHIP,

WORKING HOURS AND DATE
The said company accompanied me during the period of my intership by involving me in on going
project of a G+3 building. Below is the rundown of my intership from the day we started to the
ending date. We worked from Monday to Saturday and from 8am to 4pm. The intership took place
from the 13/07/2023 to 13/08/2023.

Table II. 1 INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES

PERIOD ACTIVITY CARRIED OUT REMARK

 Presentation of company, site and work  We learn how to test
force present on site.  building tools like the
 Material transportation (sand, cement spirit level if it was ok
and block 20x40) and block laying for use in block laying.
using block (20x40) cm. Learned how to use a
July 13th to July
 Testing of tools if they are suitable for pully in material
16th
construction and material transportation in
transportation. buildings with upper
 Material transportation using pully floors.
system and block laying using block
(15x40) cm.
 Block laying using block 15x40 for Learned how to use a
partition walls for two internal toilets. water level take levels.
 Fabrication formwork for a beam using Techniques use when
boards of (20x100) mm with a length fabricating formwork
of 3m. for more speed in
 Plastering of internal partition walls construction.
July 19th to July made of block (15x40) cm.
23th  Taking of levels using a water level on
the wall so as to cast a reinforced
concrete element which will be use as
a table for a bar.
Formwork fabrication for the
reinforced concrete element and
transportation of materials.
July 26th to July We learned how to
Casting in-situ of element.
30th realize the different
 Fabrication of cement blocks using a
 layer in plastering like
mould of internal dimensions
the first layer which is
(20x40x20) cm.
the rendering code, the

7
  Plastering of columns and beams using floating code and the
boards of (20x100) mm to make sure finishing or setting coat
that the borders are straight to keep the which is the last coat.
elements aesthetic nature.
 Fabrication of reinforcement for beams
using diameter 8 for longitudinal
reinforcement and diameter 6 as
transversal reinforcement.
 Plastering of columns and beams using
boards to keep borders vertical.
 Transportation of material like wooden
boards, sand, cement, props, and
plywood to the 6th floor in preparation
for the casting of a reinforced concrete
 We learned the
slab.
complete process of
 Taking of levels using the water level
casting a reinforced
and positioning of props to support the
August 2nd to concrete floor.
formwork of the reinforced concrete
August 6th  We learned how to use
slab.
a batten to level the
 Fabrication of mesh for the
surface of the reinforced
reinforcement of slab using diameter 12
concrete slab.
rods.
 Casting of reinforced concrete slab
 Cleaning of working environment and
arranging of materials.
 Elevation of block wall with the use of
tools like spirit level, builder’s line, and
trowel using block (15x40) cm block.
 Plastering of internal wall with the help
of tools like trowel and float, using sand
 We increased our skills in
screed.
plastering of walls, beams and
August 9th to  Plastering of columns and beams using
columns. We learned how to
August 13th sand screed.
work as a team in doing work
 Transportation of materials like wooden
assigned
boards, cement bags, and cement
blocks.
 Plastering of wall, and salutation of
team mates and other workers and
preparation to leave.

8
2.2 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED DURING INTERSHIP
The intership was quit a good one but during this period we encountered some difficulties. Some of
which include :
 Insecurity on site
During dismentaling, one of the workers got injured with nails because nails were malhandled
 Improper planning
Planning of daily activities where not made. As a result we were forced to go back very late in the
evening since work started late
 Lack of equipment
Most of the equipment found were very few and insufficient and the ones present were not efficient
thus making the project to go slowly.

9
 CHAPTER THREE: CRITICAL ANALYSIS

3.1 PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT

3.1.1 REALISATION PROCESS OF COLUMS, BEAMS AND SLABS

3.1.1.1 COLUMN
It is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above
to other structural elements.

a) TYPES OF COLUMN
• Square column; They are commonly used in the construction of buildings and heavy
structures. It is more effortless to construct and cast square columns than circular ones
because of the ease of shuttering. The square column is cheap in cost.
• Circular column; they are mostly use in pilling and elevation of buildings for aesthetic
purposes. In a circular column, more than 4 longitudinal steel bars are used as
reinforcement bars and their bending resistance is generally higher than the square
column.
• L and T shape column generally; Generally, the L-shaped column is utilized in the
corners of the boundary wall and has similar characteristics to a rectangular or square
column.
The T-shaped column is utilized based on the design requirements of a structure. It is widely
used in the construction of bridges.
• Spiral Column
When spiral columns are reinforced with closely and uniformly spaced spiral reinforcement,
they are also known as spiral columns.
Mostly the spiral columns are providing to support in the transverse direction and prevent the
column from barreling. Spirally reinforced columns generally consist of 6 bars as longitudinal
reinforcement. Uniaxial Eccentrically Loaded Column

10
The axis of vertical loads doesn’t cross with the C.G. (center of gravity) of a cross-section of the
column but rather acts eccentrically either on the X or Y axis of the column cross-section, then it is
called a uniaxial eccentrically loaded column.
A column with this loading system is used in the case of columns with rigidly connected beams
from one side only such as edge columns.

b) Procedure of the realization of a column

 Column layout work; In this stage of works the location of columns are determined
practically in field. It is done by laying rope according to grids shown in the drawing and then
mark the location of columns related to rope.
 Column reinforcement work; After marking the column locations, we then start to place
reinforcement as instructed in the structural drawing.
 Column formwork; in building floor height is normally kept 10 feet. If the slab has beam,
then we have to pour concrete up to beam bottom level. Suppose, beam height specified in
drawing is 8-6. So, the casting height of our column will be 5-6. And our formwork height will
be 8-6. But one thing should be considered here is that dropping concrete from above 5 we
should make one –side of column formwork within 5feet height range. After casting 5 feet of
column, we just lift the short side up to full-casting height of column next day.
 Pouring concrete into column; Casting column is easy. For small quantity of concrete
volume normally constructors depend on machine- mix concrete and for large concrete quantity
and order ready-mix concrete.
Because, if moving pump with ready-mix concrete is used to not exceed 5feet height range for
dropping concrete that would be difficult. Leave it to dry for 3-4 days by regularly watering the
freshly casting column

IIL.1.1.2 BEAMS

A beam, in Structural Engineering terms, is a member that can be comprised of a number

of materials (including steel and wood aluminum) to withstand loads – typically applied laterally to
the beam axis. Beams can also be referred to as members, elements, rafters, shafts, or purlins.

11
 a) TYPES OF BEAMS
There are different types of beams which are classified based on the following conditions
1. Based on Support Conditions
2. Based on Construction Materials
3. Based on Cross-Section Shapes
4. Based on Geometry
5. Based on Equilibrium Condition
6. Based on Method of Construction
7. Others
Based on Support Conditions
1. Simply Supported Beam
It is one of the simplest structural elements that both ends rest on supports but is free to
rotate. It contains pinned support at one end and a roller support at the other end. Based on the
assigned load, it sustains shearing and bending.

2. Fixed Beam
It is supported at both ends and fixed to resist rotation. It is also called a built-in beam.
The fixed ends produce moments other than the reactions.

3. Cantilever Beam
If a beam is fixed at one end and set to be free at the other end, it is termed as a cantilever
beam. The beam distributes the load back to the support where it is forced against a moment and
shear stress. Cantilever beams allow the creation of a bay window, balconies, and some bridges.

4. Continuous Beam
A continuous beam has more than two supports distributed along its entire length.

12
 Based on Construction Materials

5. Reinforced Concrete Beams

It is constructed from concrete and reinforcement as shown in Fig. 5. Sometimes reinforced
concrete beam is concealed in reinforced concrete slabs and it is called hidden beam or concealed
beam
6. Steel Beams
It is constructed from steels and used in several applications.

7. Timber beams
The timber beam is constructed from timber and used in the past. However, the application
of such a beam in the construction industry is significantly declined now.

8. Composite Beams
Composite beams are constructed from two or more different types of materials, such as
steel and concrete. Fig. 8 shows Different valid cross-sections for the composite beam.

Based on Cross-Section Shapes

Several cross-sectional shapes of beams are available and used in different parts of
structures. These beams can be constructed from reinforced concrete, steel, or composite materials:

Reinforced concrete cross sectional shapes include:

9. Rectangular beam
This type of beam is widely used in the construction of reinforced concrete buildings and
other structures.

10. T-section beam

This type of beam is mostly constructed monolithically with a reinforced concrete slab.
Sometimes, Isolated T-beam is built to increase the compression strength of concrete.
Added to that, inverted T-beam can also be constructed according to the requirements of
loading imposed.

11. L-section beam

This type of beam is constructed monolithically with a reinforced concrete slab at the
perimeter of the structure, as illustrated in Fig. 10.

13
 Steel cross sectional shapes include:
There are various steel beam cross-sectional shapes. Each cross-sectional shape offers
superior advantages in a given condition compare with other shapes.
Square, rectangular, circular, I-shaped, T-shaped, H-shaped, C-shaped, and tubular are
examples of beam cross-sectional shapes constructed from steel.

PROCEDURE TO REALISE A BEAM

 Lay down the steel beam as the adjacent picture shows beams are the core of the plinth beam.
Beams have a loop every 5 that holds it together.
 Setup re-enforcement before concrete is poured, re-enforcement has to be established to
provide rectangular shape to the beam. This takes majority of effort as planks have to be nailed
properly in place and once concrete is poured they need to be removed.
 Pour the concrete next step is to pour the concrete. As concrete is poured, mason ensures
that it is evenly spread and smoothens out any edges. He also needs to ensure the height of the beam
is consistent throughout the periphery.
 Remove re-enforcement concrete turns solid 24-hours and final steps is to remove the planks
leaving the beam intact.

3.2 GENERALITIES ON SLABS

3.2.1 Definition
A slab is a structural element, made of either with reinforced concrete, hollow blocks,
or even timber, that is used to create flat horizontal surfaces such as floors, roof decks and ceilings.
A slab is generally several centimetres thick and supported by beams, columns, walls, or the
ground.

III.2.2 Types of slabs

In building construction, they are several different types of slabs which we are
going to list a few below:
Hollow block slab: This slab is formed by placing hollow blocks on rib beams, and with
reinforcement mesh placed on the blocks a thin layer of concrete is casted on it. This type

14
 • of slabs is very advantageous in that they are cheaper compared to reinforced
concrete slabs and are lighter hence better to be use in multi-story buildings.
• Hollow core ribbed slab: Unlike hollow block slab, hollow core ribbed slab is
constructed with longitudinal voids(cores) running through it, which decrease the weight of the slab.
But the difference is that with the hollow core ribbed slab the entire element is of reinforced
concrete. This type of slab requires less amount of concrete compared to a solid slab and the voids
in the element can be use as ducts that is, to transport conditioned air between heating and cooling
equipment and the occupied space.
• Waffle slab: This type of contains square grids with deep sides, resembling a waffle
shape, often used where large spans are required without the interference of columns. Waffle slabs
can be capable of supporting a great load than conventional slabs.
• Flat slab: This is typically a reinforced slab supported directly by columns or caps,
without the use of beams. This type of slabs is usually ease to construct and require little formwork.
• Conventional slabs: This type of slab is supported with beams and columns, with
the load transferred to those elements. A conventional slab is classified as either;
 One-way: This type of slab is supported with beams on two opposite sides,
carrying the load along one direction.
 Two-way: This type is supported by beams on all four sides, carrying the
load along both directions.
• Solid slab raft: This is a type of shallow foundation, typically formed by a reinforced
concrete slab that covers a wide area, often the entire footprint of a building. It spreads the load
imposed by a number of columns, walls, or beams. It is often used for highly loaded buildings on
weak soils with low bearing capacity.
In designing reinforced concrete elements cross the world various standards have been set
to provide a common approach for the design of buildings and other civil engineering works and
construction products. Some of the standards are the BAEL standard, Eurocode, and the BS (British
Standard). In our case study we are going to use the BAEL standard to design the reinforced concrete
slab.

15
3.3 CRITICAL ANALYSIS
In working with BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN, the intern came across this room with an opening
at the top as though it was for a stair case, abandon with no define purpose which can be seen by an
average man as lack of competency. To prevent such view from Est BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN
construction we propose to design a reinforced concrete slab which will close up that opening and
still serve a floor surface to the room above. The intern is going to list some advantages and
disadvantage of our proposed solution.
3.3.1 Advantages
 Using a reinforced concrete slab at position will help prevent excessive material
transportation unlike in case of a hollow block slab.
 Speed in construction. Which is a very important factor in any building project.
 Using an RC slab, durability is a sure factor.

3.3.2 Disadvantages
 It will be costly compared to a hollow floor slab
 It is very heavy compared to a hollow floor so consultation will need to be done
with the structural engineer to prevent over loading on the beams.

3.4 DESIGN OF A REINFORCED SOLID SLAB

The intern is going to design a reinforced solid slab which will is going to serve as a solution to the
problem stated above in the problem statement. The slab below shall be design in series of steps as
follow;

Figure III. 1 Formwork plan showing opening (AUTOCAD 2019)

16
 15cm 15cm

1m
8m Lx

Ly

12m

Calculating P
𝐿𝑥 8
𝑃= ,𝑃= = 0.7
𝐿𝑦 12

But 0.4 ≤ 𝑃 ≤ 1
Hence the P = 0.8 is carrying on both sense.

Determination of loads
𝛾 = 25𝐾𝑁/𝑚3 𝑓𝑐28 = 25𝑀𝑝𝑎
Sand screed = 1.25 𝐾𝑁/𝑚²
Live load = 2.5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚²

At ULS : 𝑃𝑢 = 1.35𝐺 + 1.5𝑄

G: 𝑔1 = 1 𝑥 0.15 𝑥 25 = 3.75𝐾𝑁/𝑚3
𝑔2 = 1 𝑥 1.25 = 1.25𝐾𝑁/𝑚3
𝑮 = 𝒈𝟏 + 𝒈𝟐 = 𝟓𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑

𝑸 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝑲𝑵/𝒎² 𝒙 𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑

𝑃𝑢 = 1.35 𝑥 5 + 1.5 𝑥 2.5

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑

At SLS : 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 𝐺 + 𝑄 = 5 + 2.5

𝑷𝒔𝒆𝒓 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑

17
 1
𝜂𝑥 =
𝐿𝑥 3
8 (1 + 2.4 (𝐿 ) )
𝑦

1
𝜂𝑥 = = 0.073
8 3
8 (1 + 2.4 (12) )

3
𝐿𝑥 𝐿𝑥
𝜂𝑦 = ( ) (1.9 − 0.9 ( ))
𝐿𝑦 𝐿𝑦

8 3 8
𝜂𝑦 = ( ) (1.9 − 0.9 ( )) = 0.39
12 12

𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝜂𝑥 𝑃𝑢 𝐿𝑥 2
𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 0.073 𝑥 10.5 𝑥 82 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟎𝟔 𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐

𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 𝜂𝑦 𝑀𝑢𝑥
𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 0.39 𝑥 49.06 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟑𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐

Calculating of U
𝑀𝑢𝑥 0.85𝑓𝑐28 0.85 𝑥 25
𝑈𝑥 = 𝑓𝑏𝑢 = = = 14.17
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑏𝑢 𝛾𝑏 1.5

b = 1m d = 0.9h
= 0.9 x 0.15 = 0.135m
49.06 𝑥 10−3
𝑈𝑥 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐
1 𝑥 (0.135)2 𝑥14.17

19.13 𝑥 10−3
𝑈𝑦 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒 𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐
1 𝑥 (0.135)2 𝑥14.17

Calculate 𝛼
𝛼𝑥 = 1.25 (1 − √1 − 2𝑈𝑥 ) = 0.27

𝛼𝑦 = 1.25 (1 − √1 − 2𝑈𝑌 ) = 0.096

18
Calculate Z
𝑍𝑥 = 𝑑(1 − 0.4𝛼𝑥 ) = 0.12
𝑍𝑌 = 𝑑(1 − 0.4𝛼𝑦 ) = 0.13

Calculate As
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝐹𝑐 400
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠𝑢 = = = 347.83
𝑍𝑥 𝑓𝑠𝑢 𝛾𝑠 1.15

49.06 𝑥 10−3
𝐴𝑠𝑥 = = 1.175𝑐𝑚²
400
0.12 𝑥 ( )
1.15
19.13 𝑥 10−3
𝐴𝑠𝑦 = = 4.23𝑐𝑚²
400
0.13 𝑥 ( )
1.15
Verification of condition of non fradility
0.25𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑡28
𝐴𝑠𝑡 =
𝑓𝑒
𝑓𝑡28 = 0.6 + 0.06𝑓𝑐28 = 2.1

0.25 𝑥 1 𝑥 0.135 𝑥 2.1

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = 1.63 𝑐𝑚²
400
𝐴𝑠𝑦 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡 , 𝐴𝑠𝑡 > 𝐴𝑠𝑥 condition not verified

Calculation of main support

MuAx = 0.15Mux = 7.359KNm
MuAy = 0.15Muy = 2.87KNm

d=h–3
d = 15cm – 3cm = 12cm

𝑀𝑢 𝐴𝑋
𝑈𝑥 = = 0.036
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑏𝑢
𝑀𝑢 𝐴𝑦
𝑈𝑦 = = 0.014
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑏𝑢
Calculate 𝛼
𝛼𝑥 = 1.25 (1 − √1 − 2𝑈𝑥 ) = 0.046

19
𝛼𝑦 = 1.25 (1 − √1 − 2𝑈𝑌 ) = 0.018

Calculate Z
𝑍𝑥 = 𝑑(1 − 0.4𝛼𝑥 ) = 0.12
𝑍𝑌 = 𝑑(1 − 0.4𝛼𝑦 ) = 0.13

Calculate As
𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝐹𝑐 400
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠𝑢 = = = 347.83
𝑍𝑥 𝑓𝑠𝑢 𝛾𝑠 1.15

7.359 𝑥 10−3
𝐴𝑠𝑥 = = 1.76𝑥10−4 𝑚²
400
0.12 𝑥 ( )
1.15
2.87 𝑥 10−3
𝐴𝑠𝑦 = = 6.35𝑥10−5 𝑚²
400
0.13 𝑥 ( )
1.15

𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑥 = 1.76𝑚𝑚² = 7HA6 for and area of 198mm

𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑠𝑦 = 0.635𝑚𝑚² = 6HA12 for and area of 679mm
Presentation of slab reinforcement

Figure III. 2 Reinforcement mat (Autocad 2019)

20
 Figure III. 3 Longitudinal reinforcement section (Autocad 2019)

Figure III. 4 Transversal reinforcement cross section (Autocad 2019)

3.5 PROCEDURE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A REINFORED

CONCRETE SLAB
The procedure on how to realise a reinforced concrete slab are as follows;
 Formwork preparation and propping: The formwork will be prepared using plywood, props
(Indian bamboos or other wooden elements), boards of 15 or greater, battens, nails, hammer, a
measuring tap, a water level for transfer of levels, and engine oil to give a smooth finish.

 Using the tap take the measurement form the bottom of on one of surrounding pillar
which is judge to be straight enough to the top of the beam leaving space of about
12.5cm from the extreme fibre of the beam which 10cm is for thickness of slab and
2.5 is for thickness of boards and plywood.
 Using the water level, project the measurement to the surrounding beams.
 Nail the battens on the beam where the measurements were taken and ensure that it is
level by placing a spirit level on the them.
 Place the boards of 15 transversally across the length of the slab and nail them to the
battens.

21
  Place the supports under the boards and adjust the props so that they fit vertically under
the boards without distorting the boards from their position and nail them the slab
below for better stability.
 Finally place the plywood on the transversal boards and apply a thin coat of oil on
them and nail them with nails of short length.

 Preparation and installation of reinforcement: For the preparation of the reinforcement mat
we will need a chisel or driller, a welding machine or binding wires and a pincer.
 Using a chisel or a driller excavate along the beam to expose the reinforcement so as
to create a possibility to bind the beams reinforcement and the reinforcement of the
slab.
 Place the longitudinal reinforcement and the transversal reinforcement on the
formwork and welder it to the reinforcement of the beam. But if welding machine is
not available hooks can be created to bind them together.
 Using the pincer and binding wires or the welding machine bind the longitudinal and
transversal reinforcement together.

 Casting or concreting: At this level we will need a mix to attain the specified
concrete stated in our design that is fc28 should be greater than or equal to 32MPa. So, the batching
is 1:1:3 to attain our required strength after 28 days.
 Using the batching stated above which is 1 bag of cement is to 1 wheelbarrow of sand
is to 3 wheelbarrows of gravel mix a proportion sufficient for the workers available
to mix, making sure it is well mixed due to the high presence of coarse aggregate and
begin the casting.
 After concreting is done, cure the concrete for a period of 7 days for it to acquire its
maximum strength.

3.6 PERT, GANNT AND MAN POWER DIAGRAM FOR THE PROJECT
The intern this section is going to organise the project in such a way that every
activity will have its duration, labour force and time limit for its execution with
the help of the following parameters;

22
  Table of activities
 PERT diagram
 GANTT diagram
 Man power diagram

Table III. 2 Table of activities

Duration in Number of
Preactivities Activities Description of activities Ranking
days workers
Mounting and installation
a of formwork and 2 4 1
reinforcement for pillars
Tying of reinforcements
b 1 2 1
for beams
Pre-casting of concrete
c 1 1 1
ties for slab
a d Concreting of pillar 2 5 2
Mounting of formwork
b-d e and installation of 1 6 3
reinforcement for beam
e f Concreting of beams 2 7 4
Mounting and propping of
f g 2 3 5
formwork for slab
Placing of ties and
f-c h 1 4 6
reinforcement of slab
h I Concreting of slab 3 3 7

23
(Autocad 2019)

24
 Table III. 3 GANTT diagram of project

KEY

Critical activity Non critical activity with floating

25
 Figure III. 5 Man power diagram of project (Word 2019)

3.7 COST ESTIMATE OF PROJECT

The intern in this section will compute the amount of material needed for the
realisation of the slab below and the cost for its realisation.

Figure III. 6 Reinforced concrete slab (Autocad 2019)

26
3.7.1 Calculations for the quantity of material needed for the project.
 Batching of concrete
 Cement = 380kg/m3
 Sand = 705L/m3
 Gravel = 1015L/m3
 Water = 190L/m3

Volume of concrete (V) = length × width × thickness

Surface area of formwork (A) = length × width

Table III. 4 Command of materials

Description of Volume of Surface area of Dosage of Quantity needed

material concrete formwork materials
Cement 2.4m 3 / 380kg/m 3 912kg
Sand 2.4m 3 / 705L/m3 1692L
Gravel 2.4m3 / 1015L/m3 2436L
Steel 2.4m3 / 120kg/m 3 288kg
Water 2.4m3 / 190L/m 3 456L
Plywood / 24m 2 1m2/m 2 24m 2
Wood / 24m2 0.8m2/m 2 19.2m 2
Lubricant / 24m 2 0.50L/m 2 12m 2
Nails / 24m 2 0.40kg/m 2 9.6m 2

27
3.7.2 Calculation of cost of material
 Unite prices of materials
Table III. 5 Unite prices of materials

UNIT PRICE
S/N MATERIALS UNIT
COST PRICE
QUANTITY
1) Cement kg 200frs
2) Sand m3 18000frs
3) Gravel m3 36000frs
4) Water m3 400frs
5) Steel T 138000frs
6) Plywood m² 4000frs
7) Lubricant L 500frs
8) Wood m² 5000frs
9) Nails m² 800frs

Table III. 6 Cost of materials

Description Quantity of material Unit Price Amount

Cement 1920kg 200frs/kg 384000frs
Sand 1.920L 18000frs/m 3 34560frs
Gravel 3.84m3 36000frs/m 3 138240frs
Water 456L 400frs/m 3 182.4frs
Steel 1.48T 138000frs/T 204240frs
Nail 9.6kg 800frs/kg 7680frs
Plywood 24m 2 500frs/m 2 12000frs
Wood 19.2m 2 5000frs/m 2 96000frs
Lubricant 12m 2 500frs/m 2 6000frs

TOTAL AMOUNT NEEDED FOR THE PROJECT = 8 829 024frs

28
 CHAPTER FOUR : SWOP ANALYSIS

4.1 ORGANISATION’S STRENGHTS

During the internship period some amazing factors about BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN made it
really easy for the intern to get acquainted with the working environment and to learn very quickly.
Below are some of the factors;
 Hospitability of workers: From the first day of internship at BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN
the workers where very open to questions about what they were doing and will always give
the best explanations they could. Some of the elderly workers will some time call me and
show me practically how some things which where been thought in school were done applied
on site.
 Team work: The workers at BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN work in organised mana
everybody doing what he should without been reminded of what they should be doing.
 Motivation of workers: The intern was often motivated by the company in that food was
often given after some hard task were done, and transport money was also given some weeks.

4.2 ORGANISATION’S WEAKNESSES

During the internship period the intern was faced with situations that made working conditions
exacting which the intern suggest to be taken care of. Some of the problems are;
 Poor transportation system: Using a manual pulley system in a G+3 to transport materials
is not the best because it doesn’t only stress the workers using it but it’s a high risk for every
one walking below where the material is being pulled because in case ofthe failure of the rope
used in the system, can injure a work severely or anyone found on the position where the
material is been pulled.
 Lack of work organisation: When the intern arrived, he noticed most of the walls, columns
and beams were plastered but without the electricians inserting the various cables needed for
lighting and internet connection in the which lead to the electricians excavating through the
plastered walls and pillars which damaged the plaster coating and thereby causing repeated
work for the builders.

29
  Lack of portable water: A lot of workers faced troubles concerning this aspect in that some
were forced to drink the water provided on site which was good for work but not for human
consumption. This situation caused others to buy drinking water beside the site which was a
great expense because it had to be done every time we needed water to drink and on daily
bases.

4.3 SUGGESTIONS

The intern will give some suggestion to the problems stated above which we think can solve
the issues;
 The intern thinks that if a mechanical pully is used to do the material transportation will not
only make the work lighter for the workers which reduce the rate of fatigue but will also
increase the speed of work hence reducing the duration of the building project.
 The intern also suggests that if clean water is supplied on site, it will avoid workers having to
leave the site during working hours to go look for drinking water which will not only cause
work to be slow but will also make supervision hard due to the random movement of workers
in search of water.
 The intern suggests that work programming should be done and respected to avoid situation
of repeated work which will increase the expenses in getting a single task done.

4.4 RECOMMENDATIONS
If the solution stated above are applied by the company, the intern thinks that it will benefit the
company in the following ways;
 It will speed up work hence permitting the date line of the project to be respected.
 It will prevent the company from looking for temporary labourers because of the absence of
labourers due to sickness.
 It will reduce the expenses of the company.

30
 GENERAL CONCLUSION

Overall, internship in BUILDING HOUSE DESIGN was a great time of learning not only about
what I was thought or what I learn from what I saw but also from the workers experiences in the
field of civil engineering. It been an exciting time also had challenges which made work difficult
for the workers and the intern. Working in such conditions compelled us to increase not only in
technical knowledge but also in physical strength and toughness which is essential for a civil
engineer. The intern also learned how to work as a team with other workers which is the most
fundamental skill acquired.
Working on the design of a proposed reinforced concrete slab as a solution to and opening on a slab
on the sixth floor which was interned to be use for and electrical chimney but was later abandoned
because of the change in the position of the kitchen was found to be the best option in our own point
of view thou other option are available to solve this same problem. Having the opportunity to put to
practice our technical knowledge in solving a problem was accomplished during this period.

31
 BIBLIOGRAPY

a. A past report
b. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/concrete_slab_in_buildings(definition_of_sla
b) on the 18th of January 2024 at 4:00 PM.
c. https://bpmis.gov.rw/asset_data/from_201251/files/element_49_11160a9f9e8870859159f
6460216a8ab-NOTE%20DE%20CLACUL.pdf on the 1st of march 2023 at 12:47 AM
d. WORD 2019
e. Lecture notes-unpublished
f. AutoCAD Architecture 2019

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

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APPENDICES

33
 LIST OF TABLES
CERTIFICATION ...............................................................................................................................I
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................. II
ACKNOWLEDGEMEMTS............................................................................................................. III
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... IV
RESUME........................................................................................................................................... V
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................ VI
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................. VII
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ VIII
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................... IX
LIST OF ABREVATION ................................................................................................................. X
GENERAL INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1
I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ON INTERSHIP ............................................................... 1
II. OBJECTIVES OF INTERNSHIP ......................................................................................... 1
III. DEFINITIONS OF KEYS ELEMENTS........................................................................ 1
IV. ORGANISATION OF INTERNSHIP REPORT ........................................................... 2
V. JUSTIFICATION OF TOPIC ........................................................................................ 2
VI. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ........................................................................................... 2
VI. PLAN OF WORK ................................................................................................................ 2
CHAPTER ONE : PRESENTATION OF ENTERPRISE ................................................................. 3
1.1 CREATION AND HISTORYOF THE COMPANY ........................................................... 3
1.2 THE PRODUCTS AND SERVICES OF THE COMPANY ............................................... 3
1.3 ORGANISATION SET OF ENTERPRISE ................................................................... 4
1.4 FUNCTION OF THE DIFFERENT DEPARTMENT OF ENTERPRISE ................... 5
1.5 LOCATION OF ENTERPRISE..................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO: INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES ............................................................................... 7
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS TASK ASSIGNED DURING INTERSHIP, WORKING
HOURS AND DATE ................................................................................................................. 7
2.2 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED DURING INTERSHIP ............................................... 9
CHAPTER THREE: CRITICAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................. 10
3.1 PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................. 10
3.1.1 REALISATION PROCESS OF COLUMS, BEAMS AND SLABS.............................. 10
3.1.1.1 COLUMN ................................................................................................................. 10
a) TYPES OF COLUMN ............................................................................................. 10
b) Procedure of the realization of a column ........................................................... 11
IIL.1.1.2 BEAMS ................................................................................................................. 11
a) TYPES OF BEAMS ................................................................................................. 12
1. Simply Supported Beam ........................................................................................................... 12
2. Fixed Beam ............................................................................................................................... 12
3. Cantilever Beam ....................................................................................................................... 12
4. Continuous Beam ..................................................................................................................... 12
Based on Construction Materials ................................................................................. 13
5. Reinforced Concrete Beams ..................................................................................................... 13
6. Steel Beams .............................................................................................................................. 13
7. Timber beams ........................................................................................................................... 13
8. Composite Beams ..................................................................................................................... 13

34
 Based on Cross-Section Shapes ................................................................................... 13
Reinforced concrete cross sectional shapes include: .................................................... 13
9. Rectangular beam ..................................................................................................................... 13
Steel cross sectional shapes include: ............................................................................ 14
PROCEDURE TO REALISE A BEAM .................................................................................. 14
3.2 GENERALITIES ON SLABS ........................................................................................... 14
3.2.1 Definition............................................................................................................. 14
III.2.2 Types of slabs .................................................................................................... 14
3.3 CRITICAL ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 16
3.3.1 Advantages .......................................................................................................... 16
3.3.2 Disadvantages ...................................................................................................... 16
3.4 DESIGN OF A REINFORCED SOLID SLAB ................................................................. 16
3.5 PROCEDURE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A REINFORED CONCRETE SLAB 21
3.6 PERT, GANNT AND MAN POWER DIAGRAM FOR THE PROJECT .................... 22
3.7 COST ESTIMATE OF PROJECT ..................................................................................... 26
3.7.1 Calculations for the quantity of material needed for the project. ................................ 27
3.7.2 Calculation of cost of material .................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER FOUR : SWOP ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 29
4.1 ORGANISATION’S STRENGHTS .................................................................................. 29
4.2 ORGANISATION’S WEAKNESSES ............................................................................... 29
4.3 SUGGESTIONS ................................................................................................................. 30
4.4 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................... 30
GENERAL CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 31
BIBLIOGRAPY ............................................................................................................................... 32
APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................. 33

35