POINTERS TO REVIEW IN MATH 10 2ND QUARTER

➢ A polynomial function is a function which mainly involves positive or non-negative powers only.
Consider the example 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 12
o Coefficients are classified into two types namely numerical (numbers) and literal (letters/variables).
o Leading term is the term that contains the highest power of x. 2x3 is the leading term.
o Leading coefficient is the numerical coefficient of the leading term. 2 is the leading coefficient.
o Degree of the polynomial function is simply the highest powers among the terms of x. 3 is the degree.
➢ Points to remember in classifying polynomial and non-polynomial functions:
o Powers of any term of a polynomial function must not be negative.
o Powers of any term of a polynomial function is neither a fraction nor a decimal.
o Variables must not be placed on the denominator.
o Variables must not be placed inside a radical symbol (√) or act as a radicand.
➢ Terms of polynomial may be written in no particular order. However, if terms of x are written in decreasing powers, we can
say that the polynomial function is in standard form. For example: Write y = -7x3 – 7x2 + 16x4 – 3x + 8 in standard form.
Answer: y = 16x4 – 7x3 – 7x2 – 3x + 8.

Graphing Polynomial Functions

Graph the polynomial function y = (x + 3)(x + 2)(x – 1).
Solution:
1. Equate the given function by 0. (x + 3)(x + 2)(x – 1) = 0
2. Equate each factor by 0. x+3=0 → x = -3
x+2=0 → x = -2
x–1=0 → x=1
The x-intercepts are -3, -2, and 1. Thus, the graph will pass through (-3, 0), (-2, 0), and (1, 0).
3. To get the y-intercept, simply let x = 0. y = (x + 3)(x + 2)(x – 1)
y = (0 + 3)(0 + 2)(0 – 1)
y = (3)(2)(-1)
y = -6
The y-intercept is -6. Thus, the graph will also pass through (0, -6).
4. Other points of the graph must also be considered. Use the assigned values in the table below.
x -4 1 2
y

5. Substitute the assigned values in the given function y = (x + 3)(x + 2)(x – 1).
If x = -4, then If x = -1, then If x = 2, then
y = (x + 3)(x + 2)(x – 1) y = (x + 3)(x + 2)(x – 1) y = (x + 3)(x + 2)(x – 1)
y = (-4 + 3)(-4 + 2)(-4 – 1) y = (-1 + 3)(-1 + 2)(-1 –1) y = (2 + 3)(2 + 2)(2 – 1)
y = (-1)(-2)(-5) y = (2)(1)(-2) y = (5)(4)(1)
y = -10 y = -4 y = 20

Other points of the graph are (-4, -10), (-1, -4), and (2, 20).
6. Use the table of signs to locate the position of the curve relative to x – axis. In the given example y = (x + 3)(x + 2)(x –
1), if the roots are x = -3, -2, and 1, this means that the graph will cross the x – axis only to these values of x. After that,
test values are selected within each interval.
7. Using the Leading Coefficient Test, the end behaviors (left-hand and right-hand) of the graph will be determined.
The polynomial function is y = (x + 3)(x + 2)(x – 1) or y = x3 + 4x2 + x – 6 in expanded form.
The numerical coefficient of the leading term x3 is 1; which is greater than 0 (n > 0).
The degree of the polynomial function is an odd.
The end behaviors of the graph: Falls to the left and rises to the right.

CIRCLES
For you to understand the terms related to circles, use the at the right.
o A circle may be defined as the set all points that are fixed from a point called the center.
o In naming a circle, we use its center denoted by a single capital letter. We name the circle as ⊙O.
o A radius is a line segment from the center to any point around the circle. Radii are OP, OU, OR, and OD.
o A diameter is a line segment that passes through the center of the circle. Also, it is considered as the longest chord. The
diameter in the figure is UR.
o A chord is a line segment whose endpoints are on the circle. Chords are PR, UR, and DR.
o A semicircle is exactly half of the circumference of a circle which measures 180°. Semicircles are UPR and UDR.
o A minor arc is an arc of a circle which measures less than a semicircle. Minor arcs are UP, PR, UD, DR, and PUD.
o A major arc is an arc of a circle which measures greater than a semicircle. Major arcs are PRD, PUR, DPU, DRU.
o A central angle is an angle formed by two rays whose vertex is the center of the circle. Central angles are ∠POU, ∠POR,
∠POD, ∠UOD, ∠UOR, and ∠DOR.
o An inscribed angle is an angle formed whose vertex is on the circle and whose sides contain the chords of the circle.
Inscribed angles are ∠PRD, ∠PRU, and ∠URD.
o An intercepted arc lies in the inner portion of an inscribed angle/ a central angle and whose endpoints is on the angle. The
intercepted arc of the central angle POU is PU. On the other hand, UD is the intercepted arc of the inscribed angle
URD.
DEGREE MEASUREMENT OF ARCS AND ANGLES
o The degree measure of a minor arc is equal to the measure of the central angle which intercepts it.
For example: If m∠POU = 40°, then the measure of its intercepted arc PU is also 40°.
o The degree measure of a major arc is equal to 360° minus the measure of the minor arc with the same endpoints.
For example: If mPUD = 100°, then the measure of the major arc PRD = 360° - mPUD = 360° - 100° = 260°.
o One half the measure of the central angle is the measure of the inscribed angle.
D
THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
o Congruent circles have congruent radii. W
S R O E
U N A I
M Y S G
A T
G Y E N
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
o FIGURE 1: In a circle (or of congruent circles), if the corresponding central angles are congruent, then we can say that the
two minor arcs are also congruent. If ⊙M ≅ ⊙U and ∠SMA ≅ ∠RMT ≅ ∠GUY, then AS ≅ RT ≅ GY.
o FIGURE 2: In a circle (or of congruent circles), if the corresponding chords are congruent, then we can say that the two minor
arcs are also congruent. If ⊙M ≅ ⊙U and OE ≅ WY, then OE ≅ WY.
o FIGURE 3: In a circle, if a diameter is perpendicular to the chord, then it bisects the chord and its corresponding arc.
If DN ⊥ SG, then SI ≅ IG and SN ≅ GN.
Application:
a. If DN bisects SG at I and SG = 18 units, then SI = _______. (SG = SI + IG) 9 units
b. If DN ⊥ SG and IG = 13 units, then SG = _________. (SG = SI + IG) 13 units
c. If DN ⊥ SG and mSNG = 100°, find mSN. 50°
d. If DN ⊥ SG and mGN = 52°, find mSNG. 104°
e. In ⊙E, DN ⊥ SG at I. What is the measure of ES if SI = 4 units and EI = 3 units?
Answer: 5 units (Use Pythagorean Theorem a2 + b2 = c2)
Solution:
In ⊙E, ES will serve as the hypotenuse (c) while SI and EI are the legs (a and b) of the right triangle.
Using Pythagorean Theorem, a2 + b2 = c2 Write the formula.
(EI) + (SI)2 = (ES)2
2

(3 units)2 + (4 units)2 = (ES)2 Substitute the given.

9 units2 + 16 units2 = (ES)2 Square both sides.
25 units2 = (ES)2 Add.
√25 units2 = √(ES)2 Extract the square root of both sides.
ES = 5 units
SECTORS OF A CIRCLE
o A sector is like a slice of a pizza. It may be defined as a part of a circle enclosed by two radii and an arc.

TANGENT LINES AND SECANT LINES

Figure 1 Figure 2A & 2B

o FIGURE 1: If a line intersects a circle in exactly one point, then it is tangent line. It does not pass through the interior of the
circle. The intersection point of the circle and the tangent line is called point of tangency.
If EG is tangent to ⊙ D at F, then it is perpendicular to radius DF.
o FIGURE 2A & 2B: Common internal tangents are tangent lines that intersects segments joining the centers of two circles.
Otherwise, tangent lines may be classified as common external tangents. Below are examples of common internal tangents
and common external tangents.
o

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

o FIGURE 1: A secant line intersects a circle in two points. Unlike tangent lines, secant lines pass through the interior of the
circle. In addition, a secant line contains the chord of a circle. As shown below, HI and KL are secant lines that intersects
⊙J. HI and KL are the chords of the circle. Note that chords are only line segments of the circle as compared to secant lines
and tangent lines.
o FIGURE 2: AD and BC are two intersecting chords. These chords intersect at E which divides them into segments. The
segments of AD are AE and ED while BE and CE are the segments of BC.
o FIGURE 3:
A tangent segment is a line segment that touches a circle at one point in particular. QS is a tangent segment.
A secant segment is a line segment whose one endpoint is on the circle while the other endpoint is outside the circle known
as external secant segment. Based from Figure 3, QU is a secant segment and its external secant segment is QR.

THEOREMS ON ANGLES FORMED BY SECANT LINES AND TANGENT LINES

THEOREM 1: INTERSECTING SECANTS THEOREM.
The measure of the angles formed by two secants that intersects outside the circle is half the absolute value difference of the two
intercepted arcs.

THEOREM 2: INTERSECTING SECANT AND TANGENT THEOREM.

The measure of the angle formed by a secant and a tangent that intersects outside the circle is half the absolute value difference
of the two intercepted arcs.

THEOREM 3: INTERSECTING TANGENTS THEOREM.

The measure of the angle formed by two tangents that intersects outside the circle is half the absolute value difference of the two
intercepted arcs.

THEOREM 4: INTERSECTING SECANTS INTERIOR THEOREM.

The measure of the angle formed by two intersecting secants inside the circle is half the sum of the measures of the two
intercepted arcs and its vertical angle.
THEOREM 5: INTERSECTING SECANT AND TANGENT AT POINT OF TANGENCY THEOREM.
The measure of the angle formed by a secant and a tangent that intersects at the point of tangency is half the measure of its
intercepted arcs.

THEOREM ON INTERSECTING CHORDS

In a circle, when two chords intersect, the product of the measures of one chord is equal to the product of the measures of the
other chord. PE intersects HN at O. Based from the definition of the theorem, PO ∙ EO = NO ∙ HO.

THEOREM ON INTERSECTING SECANT SEGMENTS

In the given figure at the right, SO and EO are secant segments drawn to a circle from an external point O. In addition, TO and
RO are external secant segments. Based from the given theorem, SO ∙ TO = EO ∙ RO.

THEOREM ON INTERSECTING SECANT SEGMENT AND TANGENT SEGMENT

When a tangent segment and a secant segment are drawn to a circle from an external point, the square of the length of the
tangent segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the secant segment and its external secant segment.