GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MACHINE

FOUNDATION DESIGN

8.1 GENERAL
For machine foundations which are subjected to dynamic loads in addition to static loads, the conven.
tional considerations of bearing capacity and allowable settlement are insufficient to ensure a good de
sign. In general, a foundation weighs several times as much as machine (Cozens, 1938; Rausch, 1959)
Also the dynamic loads produced by the moving parts of the machine are small in comparison to th
static weight of the machine and foundation. But the dynamic load acts repetitively on the foundatior
soil system over long periods of time. Therefore, it is necessary that the soil behaviour be"elastic undt
the vibration levels producedby the machine, otherwisedeformationwill increasewith each cycle (
loading and excessive settlement may occur. The most important parameters for the design of a machir
foundation are: (i) natural frequency of the machine-foundation-soil system; and (ii) amplitude of ID!
tion of the machine at its operating frequency.

8.2 TYPES OF MACHINES AND FOUNDATIONS

There are various types of machines that generate different periodic forces. The main categories are:
8.2.1. Reciprocating Machines. These include steam, diesel and gas engines, compressors and pum;
The basic mechanism of a reciprocating machine consists of a piston that moves within a cylinder
connecting rod, a piston rod and a crank. The crank rotates with a constant angular velocity. Figure
shows the outline of a typical Gangsaw in which the out of balances forces may lead to vibration pr'
lems.
The operating speeds of reciprocating machines are usually smaller than 1000 rpm. Large feci!
cating engines, compressors and blowers generally operate at frequencies ranging with in 50-250 r
Reciprocating engines such as diesel and gas engines usually operate within 300-1000 rpm. ~
The magnitude of the unbalanced forces and moments depend upon the number of cylinders iD
machine, their size, piston displacement and the direction of mounting. The mechanism developiDf
of balance inertia forces for a single crank is ~hown in Fig. 8.2. It consists of a piston of mass mp~
'within a cylinder,"a connecting rod AB of ma~smr and crank AO of mass mewhich rotates abou~JI
. at ~freq~ency 00.The centre of g~avity of the connecting"rod is lo~ated at a distance L) from PO1~'
"the rotatmg masses are to be partially or fully balanced, counterweights of mass mwmay be locat~
their centre of gravity at point c"
 c~

Genel-lll P,inciples. 0/ Machine Foundation Design 341

,,' ,

" .
, '..

-
Uppu slide b ao-ck
,E
In
log teed
C
0 l Saw 'Modes
lit
C
., lower said~ block
E
"
- ... ' ,'r',
0
u c.onn~ctin9 rod
a.
>- c.ounter
~
weight Fly wheel

Foundation
. .,. .
.'" '
block ~

.. . "'.
. - " . . . '. .. .
Fig. 8.1 : Outline of a typical Gang-saw machiDe

Piston

mp,"
"'., '"

,-,
, 0, ..-

'..

""" "

'-v
COUnt,,-...~ttt

->

z
Fig. 8.2 : Crank mechanism

L
 1RUP...&4i.

GeneJ!.al,P,inciples- of Machine Foundation Design 341

,,'

" '

-
UppuSl~,de., blO'ck
,E
In
Logteed
c:
0 l. Saw 'blad~s
lit
c:
,

., Lower slide block

E
'0
- -'-0'1'
u c.onnecting rod
Q.
>- c.ounter
~
w~ight Fly whul
-.

foundation
. .'" . block ..- ~

':: : . "'.
- - '" ,..',".
Fig, 8.1 : Outline of a typical Gang-saw machiDe

Piston

mp,"
"'., ".

,',
" 0, ..

"

'-'J' ..

"-v
Count~.. '7~t

,~'

Fig, 8,2 : Crank mechanism

.".'>i
~,"C
.,
L
342
,-" .~oil Dy"ami~. -& ~a.c~i"e F,°'!"d.f!..tiO/,'s
"~

In order to simply the analysis of the motion of the connecting rod, the mass mr is replaced by two
equivalent masses; one rotating with the crank pin A, the other translating with the wrist pin B. The
inertia forces can then b~ e~pre~sed in.t(:OI1sof thtHotal rotating 'mass (mrot)and the total reciprocating
mass (mrec)'The total rotating'mass is a'ssumedto be con~entrated at the crank pin A.
r2 L2' r;'
m =,--'-me+ - mr~- mw ...(8.1)
. rot. - "i ' -L ,ri'
'
. .' ' LI
== +~
mrec mp L mr ...(8.2)

I '

F: (m rot:+: mrec ),,~1~2c:,os "'t,

C .'

Jt r. 2CJ:)
2
F : mre c: 1 cos 2 u.J t
L

F y : mro t r1",2sin u:>t ",

'.
~

0./
.-
';~

0 1r 2'1r '
.. 00'
-31T "
L.1T
.'

Fig. 8.3: Variation ofinertiaJorces with time

,:,,;.' . ' ...\ ,.' ,. ;; ~:!'~

'"
-
 r!ral Principles of Machine Foundation Design 343

The inertia force (Fz) in the z direction may be shown to be

2 ,

2 '~ ' 2
L
'

F~ = (mrot + mrec) r} 0> cos (0 t + mrec (0 cos 2 0> t, " ..,.(S.3)

lchhas a primary component (F1 acting at the frequency of rotation, and a secondary component (F")
[ng at twice the rotation frequency.
Fz = Ft + F" ...(S.4)
And in the y direction
2 . . , ,,':- -,,' , ""'-' I
Fy = mrot . rl 0> sm 0>t .,.(S.5) '

The time variations of these inertia forces are illustrated in Fig. S.3. ,,',',

If . the rotating mass is balanced, the inertia force in the y direction disappears and that. in the z
' " -, '1
ectlon becomes ' -,
.'
,
"
"
',: -."
"
'

,- ..' - 0' '-," "' -

F; = mree r 1 ,.,2
"

COS Cl) t + rl cos 20) t ( S, 6)

VJ
( L' ) ..,

The amplitude of the primary (F:nax)and secondary (F;ax) inertia forces are then relat~da~J.ollQWs'
r,
F" = ~ Ft '; ..:(8,7f
max L max .

The preceding development relates to a single cylinder machine, which possesses unba~ancedpri-
ary and secondary forces. As more cylinders are added the unbalanced forces and couples are modified
shown in Table 8.1 (Newcomb, 1951). With a six cylinders machine complete balance is achieved.
Different crank arrangements pertaining tot,able S.l are shown in Fig. S.4.

x ~
In-tincz cytindczr Qpposczd
~ cytindczr
lM
(a) (b) (c)

y (d)
~
(e)
h1u-
(I)

1~ 0
+~ 0 A J:m,1;t
Cranks at 180 C ran ks at 90
(g) (h)

Fig. 8.4 Different crank arrangements: (a) Single cr;ank(b) Two cranks at 180°(c) Two cranks at 90°
(d) Two cylinders at 90° on one crank (e)T,io'op~s;d ~yllnders ~~one crank (g) Four cylinders (h) Six cylinders
-', .".. ...:\
, .!
~..:. :_--~,-~
1 .' ,-"
.", ,,-..
-",!}",'1-..t"'.'"."'l't';.

-
 """""~>""">"';";""';""'. "i"

:C
"
:If'
j

,
344 Soil Dynamics & Mac/,ine Foundations
,~, "

,.

Reciprocating machines are very frequently encountered in practice. Usually the following two types
of foundations are used for such machines:
," ; (a) Block type foundation consisting of a pedestal of concrete on which the machine rests (Fig. 8.5).

; "Cb) Box or Caisson type foundation consisting a hollow concrete block supporting the machinery on
;

, its top (Fig. 8.6). " ':

',..., .

Fig. 8.S : Block type foundation Fig. 8.6 : Box type foundation

8.2.2. Impact Machines. These include machines like forging hammers, punch presses, and stamping
machines which produce impact loads. Forge hamIners are divided into two groups: drop hammers for
die stamping and forge hammers proper. These machines consist of falling ram, an anvil, and a frame
(Fig. 8.7). The speeds of operation usually range from 50 to 150 blows per minute. The dynamic load~
attain a peak in a very short interval and then practically die out. '

Anvil

Fig. 8.7 :Dro'p biu~~er wit" frame mounted-on anvil

---
 :etll!rilf'Principles 'ofMddtitte'Ft1tIiidation Design '345

:able' 8.1 : Unbalanced Forc:esalid Couples for Different CFank Arrangements (Newcomb, 1951)
Crack arrangements
-------------------------
,
Forces --- '

.
Couples

(Fig. 8.4) Primary Secondary ,Primary , :-Secondary

l. --Single 'crank ..F' without counter wts. Fit 0 :0

(0.5) F' with counter wts.
7. Two cranks at 1800 F' 0 without cou~terwts.' " 0
In-line cylinders 0 2F" { (0.5) F' 0 with counterwts. :0
Opposed cylinders 0 0 0 0
... Two cranks at 900 (1.41) F' without counter wts. 0 (1.41) F' 0 without counter wts. E" 0
(0.707) F' with counter wts. (0.707) F' 0 with counter wts.
1. Two cylinders on F' without counter wts. 1.41 F" 0 0
, one crank, cylin- 0 with counter wts.
ders at 90°
-, .
e. Two cylinders on 2 F' without counter wts. 0 0 0
one crank, F' with counter wts.
,'opposed cylinders
r Three cranks at 1200 0 0 (3.46) F' 0 without counterwts. (3.46) F 0 11

(1.73) F' 0 without counterwts.

g. Four Cylinders ,-
Cranks at 1800 0 0 0 0
Cranks at 90° 0 0 (1.41) F'O without counterwts. '(4.0) F" 0
(0.707) F' 0 with counterwts.
h. Six cylinders 0 0 0 0

F' = primary force; F" = secondary force; 0 = cylinder-centre distance

Impact machines may also be mounted on block foundations, but their details would be quite differ-
ent from those of reciprocating machines.

8.2.3. Rotary -Machines. These include high speed machines such as turbogenerators, turbines, and
rotary compressors which operate at frequencies of the order of 3000 rpm to 10000 rpm. Associated with
these machines there maybe a consider~ble amount of auxiliary equipment such as condensers, coolers
and pumps witl1connectingpipework and ducting. To accomodate theseauxiljary 'equipments a common
foundation arrangement is a two storey frame structure with the turbine located on the upper slab and 'the
auxiliary equipment placed beneath, the upper slab being flush with the floot .level of machine ?all
(Fig. 8.8).
~

._- -,", -"~, '... 0" '0'" .. 0',.

,0, .' ~--"" ,.__'0' '0'-. eo "-'

i +.tt~JJ\;
. ,> r+,.I,~I':"'," 0./ '
0.) , , + '

'1I)'J£:nh;£!"!l1l{~~,,!. n ;!' ,uP '> \' ,it

- Co< .-. .~.. ~

346 SoU Dynamics & Machine Foundatiolls

Turbin~ G ~ n ~ ra tor . "....

Floor

==:J L1m~ c::.

Upper
stab

u ': -: ::. - '0"' ",

':-:';.'~'::
.. --, ,. . .:' . :.':"'"
'-,.

Base stab
Fig. 8.8 : Concrete frame turbogenerator foundation
Rotating machinery is balanced before erection. However, in actual operation some inbalance al-
ways exists. It means that the axis of rotation lies at certain eccentricity with respect to principal axis of
inertia of the whole unit. Although the amount of eccentricity is small in rotary machines the unbalanced
force may be large due to their high speed. Figure 8.9 a shows a typical rotating mass type oscillator in
which a single mass me is placed on a rotating shaft at an eccentricity e from axis of rotation. The
unbalanced forces produced by such a system in vertical and horizontal directions are given by
Fy = me e ol sin rot ...(8.8 a)
FH = me e cos rot ... ...(8.8 b)
3
c
In
U- F :: me ~(A)l
N
/ '
F::me~w2
F( , f .)F
/

(a) Single shaft (b) Double shaft

Fig. 8.9 : Rotating mass type oscillator

 "" ,.c.

meral Principles of Machine Follndation Design 347

Figure 8.9b shows two equal masses mounted on two parallel shafts at the same eccentricity, the
1aft rotating in opposite directions with the same angular velocity. Such an arrangement produces an
;;cillating force with a controlled direction. For the arrangement shown in Fig. 8.9b, horizontal force
)mponents cancel and the vertical components are added to give
F = 2 me e 002 sin 00t ...(8.9)

.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

or the satisfactory design of a machine foundation, the following requirements are met:
1. The combined centre of gravity of the machine and foundation should as far as possible be in the
same vertical line as the centre of gravity of the base plane.
2. The foundation should be safe against shear failure.
. 3. The settlement and tilt of the foundation should be within permissible limits.
4. No resonance should occur; that is the natural frequency of the machine-foundation-soil system
should not coincide with the operating frequency of the machine. Generally, a zone of resonance
is defined and the natural frequency of the system should lie outside this zone.
If 00represents the operating frequency of the machine and oonas the natural frequency of the
system, then
(a) In reciprocating machines (IS: 2974 pt 1-1982)

For important machines: 0.5 > ~ > 2.0

(On
"
(0
For ordinary machines: 0.6 > - > 1.5
(On
(b) In impact machines (IS: 2974 Pt 11-1980)
(0
0.4 > - > 1.5
(On
(c) In rotary machines (IS: 2974 Pt 111-1992)
(0
0.8 > ;- n > 1.25
It may be noted that where natural frequency of system oonis below the operating frequency of
machine 00,the amplitudes during the transient resonance should be considered. For low speed
machines, the natural frequency should be high, and vice versa. When natural frequency is
lower than the operating speed, the foundation is said to be low tuned or under tuned, when the
natural frequency is higher than the operating speed, it is high tuned or over tuned.
5. The amplitude of motion at operating frequencies should not exceed the permissible amplitude.
In no case the permissible amplitude should exceed the limiting ampli~~e of the machine which
is, prescribed by the manufacturer.
. . . .
6. 'The vibra'tiOli~must not be amloying to the persons working in the fact~iy or be damaging to
other precis;.on machines. Th~ '~ahiie 'of vibrations that are perceptible, -annoying, or harmful
depends on the frequency of the vibrations and the amplitudes of motion. Ri~rt (1962) devel-

˘Ê{Ê
~-~~":"-.:,.':;;;:';';;"';":,:";::,L_:~,_-':"'".:1:L'-'~U:t "'" " '";,,, ."", ; ,""" "

348 Soil Dy",a,mics &. Machine. FollndationS"

oped a plot for vibrations (Fig, 8,10) that gives various limits of frequency and amplitude for
different purposes, In this figure, the envelop described by the shaded line indicates only a limit
for safety and not a limit for satisfactory operation of machines,

Disp la c.emen t ampl i tude AI mm

0. 0 0
0 ,0 0 '-/ A
.
0 0 0 0
. .
0 0
-
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0, 0
0 0 0..... 0 '"
.....g N U1 ..... N U1 N
0
o.
"o
0 r ') ,o, '1»-oCO
0.<> \--':'
'b" .0
0" ,,0 ,'"
tJ1 0 ')', \--,'
)"D -0'1>
"'rig
""I 0; 0
~ q.;>0 "D
""- ",
1")'
.D )( 0" "D
C ..... 0 &>
~ 0
::J 0 '" )"D "D"""
n
'<
'"
0
",>0 )"D
0
0"
n N
" 0 0'"
3 00 ",Y>

V'1
0
0
0
.....
..0
0
0
0

Fig, 8,10 : Limiting amplitudes ofvibratlon for a particular frequency (Richan, 1962)

8.4 PERMISSIBLE AMPLITUDE

For the design of machine foundation, the values of permi~sible amplitudes suggested by Bureau
Indian
,t,
St~ndards
-'i'
for the foundations
"," -,.
'of different typ~s
"',;', ",.
of~chines.are
',"",','"
given:"",
in Table 8,_2,' ,
,x/A (~,N~ ;: :~ " ,.,; '," '0 . - . .' -, ., ..", .

,.
 eral Principles of Machine Foundation Design 349

Table 8.2: Values of Permissible Amplitudes for Foundations of Different Machines

, No. . Type of machine Permissible amplitude Reference

mm

I. Reciprocating machines . 0.2 IS: 2974 (Pt - I)

2, Hammer.
(a) For foundation block 1.0 to 2.0 IS: 2974 (Pt - 11)
(b) For anvil 1.0 to 3,0
3. Rotary machines
(a) Speed < 1500 rpm 0.2 IS: 2974 (Pt - IV)
(b) Speed 1500 to 3000 rpm 0.4 to 0.6
Vertical vibration
0.7 to 0.9 IS: 2974
Horizontal vibration (Pt -III): 1992
(c) speed> 3000 rpm 0.2 to 0.3
Vertical vibration
0.4 to 0.5
Horizontal vibration

Permissible amplitude dependents on the weight of tup, lower value for 10 kN tup and higher value for the tup
weight equal to' 30 kN or higher. ..

,5 ALLOW ABLE SOIL PRESSURE

he allowable soil pressure should be evaluated by adequate sub-soil exploration and testing hi accor-
mce with IS: 1904-1978, The soil stress below the foundation,s,hallnot exceed 80 percent of the allow-
)le soil pressure. When seismic forces are considered, the a1f6wablesoil pressure may be increased as
~ecified in IS: 1893-1978.

.6 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES OF CONCRETE AND STEEL

or the construction ofthe foundation of a machine MI5 or M20 or M25 concrete in accordance with IS:
.56-1978 shall be used. The allowable stresses of concrete and steel shall be reduced to 40 percent for
oncrete and 55% for steel, if the detailed design of foundation and components is limited to static load
)f foundati'Jn and machine. Considering temperature and all other loadings together, these assumed
,tresses may be exceeded by 33.5 percent. Alternatively, full value of stresses for concrete and steel as
;pecified in IS: 456-1978 may be used if dynamic loads are separately considered in detailed design by
lpplying suitable creep and fatigue factors.
The following dynamic moduli of concrete may be used in the design:
Grade of Concrete Dynamic elastic modulus (kN/m2)
MI5 2.5 x 107
M20 3.0 x 107
M25 3.4 x 107
M30 3.7 x 107

"',
..... '--~"'--"'- "'-"""-'-""--'---'-' '--' """'-" '-"'- '-,..""
 (~~.

- -~
350 SoU Dynamics & Machine Foundatioll$
'"-.
8.7 PERMISSffiLE STRESSES OF TIMBER
The timber is generally used under the anvil of hammer foundations. Grade of timber is specified accord--\'>
ing to the size of defects like knots, checks etc. in the timbe~ Timber is thus classified into three grades."
Select, Grade I and Grade H. The best quality timber having minimum or no defects at all is of the select
~rade. ?rade I timber is one hav~g. defects not larger than the ~peci~ed ones. Grade H t~mberi.spoore~
In quahty than grade I. The permissible values of stresses are given IDTable 8.3 for species of timber of
grade I. In machIne'foundations timber of select grade is used. The permissible stresses of timber given
in Table 8.3 may be multiplied by 1.16 to get the permissible stress of timber of select grade.
t
Table 8.3 - Minimum PermissibleStress Limits (N/mm2)in Three Groups of Struc,turalTimbers
(For Grade I Material)
S.No. Strength Character Location of Use Group Group Group
A B C

(i) Bending and tension along grain Inside(2) 18.0 12.0 8.5
(ii) Shear(I) 1.05 0.64 0.49
Horizontal All locations
Along grain All locations
(iii) Compression parallel to grain Inside(2) 11.1 1.8 4.9
(iv) Compression perpendicular to grain Inside(2) 4.0 2.5 1.1
(v) Modulus of elasticity (x 103 N/mm2) All locations and grade 12.6 9.8 5.6

(I) The values of horizontal shear to be used only for beams. In all other cases shear along grain to be used":
(2) For working stresses for other locations of use, that is out side and wet, generally factors of 5/6 and
2/3 are applied ~

The permissible bearing pressures on other elastic materials such as felt, cork and rubber are gener-.J
ally given by the manufactureres of these materials. No specific values are recommended here since theY4
vary in wide limits. .
, 1
...
.. .

", "'~
}
- .
.I;
..

~~J
""'1
<-
-J

i
 - ,

'
Û ˘˛ÙÚ˛ÙÊÙ˘Ù˘˛˘¨˘Ù¢Â˛˘Ê˘‚˛ÙÊ˘ÂÙÙÙÙ˘ÙÚ˛˘Ù Ú˛Ù˛˘˛
Ú ÓˇÂÙ

’˘

FOUNDATIONS OF RECIPROCATING MACHINES

..

9.1 GENERAL
Reciprocating machines are common in use. Steam engines, internal combustion engines (e.g. diesel,
and gas engines), pumps and compressors fall in this category of machines. Block type or box type
foundations are used for reciprocating machines.
For the satisfactory performance of the machine-foundation system, the requirements given in sec.
8.3 should be fulfilled. For this, one has to obtain (i) the natural frequency of the system, and (ii) the
amplitude of foundation during machine operation. In this chapter, methods have been presented to
obtain these two parameters in different modes of vibration. The basic assumptions made in the analyses
are: (i) the foundation block is considered to have only interial properties and to lack elastic properties,
and (ii) the soil is considered to have only elastic properties and to lack properties of interia. Design steps
and illustrative examples are given at the end of the chapter.

9.2 MODES OF VIBRATION OF A RIGID FOUNDATION BLOCK

A rigid block has, in general, six degrees of freedom. Three of them are translations along the three
principal axes and the other three are rotations about the three axes. Thus, under the action of unbalanced
forces, the rigid block may undergo .vibrations as follows (fig. 9.1) :
1. Translation along Z axis - Vertical vibration
2. Translation along Y axis - Longitudinal or sliding vibration
3. Translation along X axis - Lateral or sliding vibration
4. Rotation about Z axis - Yawing motion
5. Rotation about Y axis - Rocking vibration
6. Rotation about X axis - Pitching or rocking vibration
The vibratory modes may be 'decoupled' or 'coupled'. Ofthe six modes, translation along Z axis and
rotation around the Z axis can occur independently ot any other motion and are called decoupled modes.
However, translation along the X or Y axis and the corresponding rotation about the Y or X axis, respec-
tively, always occur together and are called coJlpled modes. Therefore the dynamic analysis of a block
foundation should be carried out for the following cases:
(i) Uncoupled translatory motion along Z axis i.e. vertical vibration.
(ii) Coupled sliding and rocking motion of the foundation in X- Z and Y - Z planes passing through
the common centre of gravity of machine and foundation.
(iii) Uncoupled twisting motion about Z axis.
oundatiQns of .Recip~oCQtingM achines 353

A rigid block being ~ problem of six degrees of freedom has six natural frequencies. The natural
requency is determined in a particular mode (decoupled or coupled) and compared with the operating
requency. Similarly, amplitude is worked out in a particular mode and compared with the permissible
~. '

vczrtical

Rocking

~--', ~ +X

Latczral

/ "

Fig. 9.1 : Modes ofvibration oh rigid block foundation

9.3 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

The following two methods are commonly used for analysing a machine foundation:
(i) Linear .elastic weightless spring method (Barkan, 1962)
(ii) Elastic half - space method (Richart, 1962)
In the first method which is proposed by Barkan (1962), soil is replaced by elastic springs. In devel-
oping the analysis the ,effects of damping andpartidpating soil 'mass are neglected. Damping does not
affect the natural.frequency of the-system appreciably, but. it affects resonant amplitudes considerably:
Since the zone of" resonance is avoided in designing !I1achinefoundations,the effect of dampingon '

amplitudes computed at operating frequency is also $mall. Hence neglecting, damping may not affect the
design apPI:eciably,and if any that on the conservative side. Empirical methods have been suggested to
obtain the soil ma~s ,participating'in vibration. ' . ,

In the elastic half-space method,;:,!he"machine:foundation is idealised as a vibrating mechanical

oscillator with.a circular' base resting ~Il,the~surface;ofgroumLThe .ground is assumed to bean elastic,
homogeneous, isotropicf;semi~infiriit~ody~~whichis referredto.asanelastic half-space. This approach
is apparently more rational, but relatively more complicated.

'-"','
.,"'.
 . >i

354 Soil Dynamics & Machine Foundations

In the above two methods, the effect of side soil resistance is not considered that is the foundation is
assumed to rest on the ground surface.

9.4 LINEAR ELASTIC WEIGHTLESS SPRING METHOD

Barkan (1962) has given the analysis of block foundation in following modes of vibration:
(i) Vertical vibration
(ii) Pure sliding vibration
(iii) Pure rocking vibration
(iv) Coupled sliding and rocking vibration
(v) Yawing motion

Machinq;

Fou ndation

Ground L<zv<z1
'"

Of
-L
Soil
Fig. 9.2: Block foundation

Let us consider a block foundation of base contact area A placed at a depth Dfbelow the ground level
(Fig. 9.2). Neglectingthe effect of side soil resistance and considering soil as weightless elastic material,
the machine - foundation soil system can be idealised to mass-spring system shown in Fig. 9.3 a to 9.3 e
for different modes of vibration. Barkan (1962) had introduced the following soil parameters which yield
the spring stiffnesses of soil in various modes:
(a) Coefficient of elastic uniform compression (C,) : It is defined as the ratio of compressive stress
applied to a rigid foundation bl~ck to the 'elastic' part of the settlement induced consequently. Thus

Cu =!!.L (Fig. 9.3 a) ...(9.2)

Sez
It is used in vertical vibration mode. From defmition, spring constant Kz
Load qz A
K= . =-=C.A ...(9.3 )
z elastic deformation Sez u

.-
 ""datioilS of ReCiprocating Machines 355

.1 Fz<t) t Fz(t)

-- ---------
m Fz
K.Z = Se2

L-- -- -- ~~. S
f
J
ez

(a) Vertical vibration

..,
I
I
I
I m
I
I I
I Fx
I
I
I
Fx (t)
. . . I
I
I
. .. . ..
Fx (t),
KX = Sex
I I
I I , .'

, -+I~'Sex
I I Kx
I ,. I
--. -"'7jN...-

....
I ---- --- (b) Pure sliding vibration

I
I
I My(t) ---"""" -'"7
I
My(t)
I

I
I
I
f:\ I
I
I
I
F:)
K,=
My
T
I I
I I
'--....
-""-....
'U:{f

rp'
K~

(c) Pure rocking vibration

Fig. 9.3 : Types of motion of a rigid foundation (...Contd.)

 356 , ';Soil"'vDymnnics-'>& ~Mfld,ine '-Fl1wuJtltions

, 'i = Angle ot
, nMZ{t) . torston ot ~MZ{t)
toun'da tier.
(not shown)

/ /

(d) Yawing vibration

r- Fd (t)
, a.... ...
Fd (t)
. ..
, ......
....
I , ,
/ ,
I , "
,
,,I
,,
I

i., .... ,,
.... ...
.... I
I - 'Kx
'... '. Kx
'-.~"'-. >."'"
tSex
-i 'r' ~~
"...,
,"
K~
(e) Coupled slidding and rocking vibration

'. Fig~'9.3': Types of motion of a rigid foundation

(b) Coefficient of elastic uniform shear (Cr): It is defined as the ratio of the average shear stress a
the foundation contact area to the elastic part of the sliding movement of the foundation.
q
Ct = Sex
x (Fig. 9.3 b) ...{9.4

It is used in analysing sliding vibration mode. The spring constant Kx is given by

. K = Shear load = qx .A = C . A "
x t ... (9 "-
Sex Sex .

(c) Coefficient of elastic non-uniform Compression (C~ : It is used in rocking vibratic

(Fig. 9.3 c). In this case the elastic settlement of the block is not uniform over the base. It
defined as the ratio of intensity of pressure at certain location from the centre of the base of bloc
to the corresponding elastic settlement. If cpis the angle of rotation of block, then at a distaD-
I from the centre of the base of block, the elastic-deformation will be I cp.Taking the intensity ,
pressure at this location as q, C. is given by
q
...(9.
C~ =[cp
F oLlm/lIlilJl;,. (~r J:ecfproclItillg Machines J57

The sllj},:f.::';sKIj>is'defil1E".1as the motnent per unit rotation,a~d is given by

M
K =-=C .1 ...(9.7)
<jI <I> cp

where, J = Moment of irf'rtia of the base of block about the axis of rotation
M = Moment caused due to soil reaction

(d) Coefficient of elastic non-uniform shear (CljIJ: It is used in yawing motion. If a foundation is
acted upon by a moment with respect to vertical axis, it will rotate about this axis (Fig. 9.3 d).
Tests have shown that the angle of rotation \j/ of the block is proportional to the external mo-
ment.
Therefore, M z =K 'I' \j/ ...(9.8)
where K =C .J ...(9.9)
'I' 'I' z
J - = Polar moment of the intertia of contact base area of foundation.

In the rotation of a' foundation around a vertical axis, the base of the foundation undergoes nonllni-
form sliding, hence the term "Coefficient of elastic nonuniform shear". is applied to the Coefficient C IjI.
Barkan (1962) derived the £q. (9.10) for determining
-. the value of CU . It is based on theory of elas-
ticity. .

1.13£ 1
Cu=I-~2'JA ...(9.10)
where, £ = Young's modulus of soil
, .'

~ = Poisson's ratio
A = Area of base of the foundation

He also developed the relationships between Cu' Ccp'Ct and C'I" For analysis and design of machine
foundation, he recommended that

Cu=2Ct ...(9.11)
Ccp=.2Cu. ...(9.12)
Ct = 1.5 C'I' ...(9.13)
For preliminary design, Barkan (1962) recommended the values of ClIas listed in Table 9.1.
The procedure of determining th.evalues of cu' Ct £ and G have been given in detail in sec 4.3 of
chapter 4. As discussed in that section; dynamic elastic' constants depend on (i) base area of foundation,
(ii) confining pressure and (iii) strain level. The method of converting the value of adynamic elastic
constant obtained from a field test for using in the de~ign of actual foundation has been illustrated in
examples 4. 2 and 4.3.

j . .,'... ,..:-: " , U, !' " ',. ~ c :".; r . ~.

. .~,~. ,t. "': . n.!,

i;.'. -I
358 Soil Dynamics & Machine Foundations

Table 9.1 : Recommended Design Values for the Coeficient of Elastic Uniform Compression Cu
2*
for A = 10 m
3
Soil Soil group Permissible static load, Cu' kN/m
kN/m2

2 3 4

4
Weak soils (clays and silty clays with sand in plastic up to 150 up to 3 x 10
state; clayey and silty sands; also soils of categories II
and III with laminae of oraganic silt and of peat)
11 Soil of medium strength (clays and silty clays with sand 150 to 350 (3 - 5) x 104
close to the plastic limit; sand)
III Strong soils (clays and silty clays with sand of hard con- 350 to 500 (5 - 10) x 104
sistency; gravels and gravelly sands; loess and loessial soils)
IV Rocks > 500 > 10 x 104

* After Barkan (1962)

9.4.1. Vertical Vibrations. For the purpose of analysis, the machine -foundaton-soil system shown in
Fig. 9.3a is represented by the idealised mass-spring system shown,in fig 9.4. Let the unabalanced force
is representd by
Fz.(t) = Fz sin rot (91.4)

„ ”ø of machine
plus foundation

Kz = Cu.A

Fig: 9.4 : Equivalent model for vertical vibration

If the centre of gravity of the foundation and machine and the centroid of the base area of the foun
dation in contact with the soil lie on a vertical line that coincides with the line of action of the excitint
force Fz, then foundation will vibrate vertically only.
The equation of motion of the system is
mz + Kz' Z = Fzsin IDt' (9.15

where, M = Mass of machine and foundation

Kz = Equivalent spring constant of the soil in vertical direction for base area A of the foUl
dation = CuA
 ., ,-,

,tidaiiiJns of Reciprocating' MaCih;n~ 359

;.
Cu = Coefficient of elas~c uniform compression.
, .

Therefore, the natural frequency IDnz of the system is

(9.16)
ID.z = ~~z =r~ A.

The amplitude .of motion Az is given by

. Fz sin IDt Fz sin 0)t
A = = 2 (9.17a)
. Z . K -m0)2 C A-mO)
z Il

Fz sin 0) t
or A = 2
m ( 0) nz -
2 (9.17b)
Z
'
0) )
Maximum amplitude of motion Az is given by
- Fz (9.18)
Az - 2 2
. .' m (Ct>nz.-ro ) . .
3.2. Sliding Vibrations of a Block. In practice, rocking and sliding occur simultneously. But if the
bration in rocking can be neglected ,then only horizontal displcement of the foundation would occur
tderan excitingforce Fx(t) on the block of area A (Fig.9.3b). This system can be indealised as shown
Fig.9.5.
-,. I
I
I
I m
,
I
I
I
I
I

~x ~/ ,\..
Fig. 9.5: (a) Block foundation in pure sliding vibration
(b) Equivalent model
The equation of motion of the system is'
mx + K.~ = Fx sin rot (9.19)
vhere, x = Sliding displacement of,the foundation
Kx = Equivalent spring c~nstap.t of the soil in sliding for base area A of the
foundation = Ct. A, '",

Ct = Coefficient of elastic uniform shear. :

Therefore, the natural frequency Ct>nxof the system is

~;',~ fKX; =' rc;A
: '

nx" f;; v-;;- q : (9.20)

Maximum amplitude of motion

. A x is given by

. '~"-'..'>;:).,:' """:~:':,'-:I:A l_~I"'-<'Fx":. .,.; ,:~f':, ,. ", ....(9)J)

. . .. ",
", ,.1, .. " x'~'~~;x'_~2)"""'J"_: '."

,
360 SoU Dynamii;s ~,Mac;4,ine, Found~tiof}s.

9.4.3. Pure Rockmg Vibrations of a Block. Consider only the rock~ngy~bri,J,tionsin~uced in a founda-
tion block by an externally exciting moment Mv(t) (FIg. 9.3c). this "isalso a hypothetical case as
rocking vibrations are coupled with sliding vibrations. Let the unbalanced moment be given by -
My (t) = My sin IDt -- (9.22)

where, My = Moment acting in the X - Z place'

At any time t, considering that the applied moment is actIng in clockwise -direction the"displaced
position of the block will be as shown in Fig. 9.6. In ~achine foundations, as the rotation <pis small,
tan <p= <pin radians. The equation of motion can be obtained by applying Newton's second law of motion.

My (t) = My Sin GJt

~'
(
'-,- "

...

-----x
~
( a)

qst

I
Elem<znt dA

(b)

Fig. 9.6 : Block foundation under pure rocking vibrations

The various moments acting on the foundation about the centre of rotation are obtained as descri
below:
(i) Moment MRdue to soil reaction: Consider an element dA of the foundation area in contact'
the soil and located ar ..: :..tance / from the axis of rotati~n (Fig. 9.6 b). At any time, the soil wil
 361
.ndations
. ' '"
of Reciprocating
1>."
Machines
"-", .

npressed nonuniformly. From t~e de~n~t~on of ~oef5cient of dastic un}form compression, ,C~ ~s
d R I dA
C~ = 14> ...(9.23 a)
.ere, d R = Soil reaction force acting on dement dA
cl> = Angle of rotation
I~~hefoundation does not lose contact with soil, then the soil reaction will be as shown in Fig. 9.6 b.
le total reactive moment MR against the foundation area in contact with soil is given by ,

A '

...(9.24 )
MR = J C~.l~dA.l ==C~.cI>JPdA = C~ I <\>

here, I = Moment of inertia of tpe foundation area in contact with the soil with respect to the axis
of rotation. .

This moment acts is the anticlockwise direction. '

(ii) Moment Mw due to .the displaced position of centre of gravity of the block: As shown in
ig. 9.6 a, the centre of gravity of the block is shifted from point 0 to 0' . As angle of rotation <\>
is small,
:le moment Mw of Weight W will be ' .
Mw =WLti\ 't' ...(9.25 )

vhere, L = Distance between the centre of gravity of block and axis of rotation.
This moment acts in the clockwise direction.

(iii) Moment Mj caused by intertia of foundation: , "

It is given by Mj = Mmo ~ . . ...(9.26)

.vhere, Mmo =; Moment of inertia of the'mass of the foundation and machine \"":"ith
respect of axis of
rotation. '

This moment acts in the anticlockwise direction. .

The equation of motion can be written by equating clockwise moments to anticlockwise moments
Therefore, My sin' (tJt + WL cl>= c cl>14> + Mmo ~

or , Mmo 4> + (C~ 1- WL) <\>= My sin Cl)t ...(9.27)

The natural frequency wn«/>

of this system is given by

wn4>-_,t.l- M mo ...(9.28)
WL
and maximum
.
displacement
. . A
' ~ i~ given, by
. '. . ,
. My
A = 2 2 ...(9.29)
~. Mmo(ron,~ro) ".

. '. "", .' .' . ,--" .'

l
 -- .-'-

362 Soil Dynamics. &Mac1iin~ Foundatiolt/;

'.0;, 'l
In practice, C. I is many times WL ; hence Eq. (9.28) may be written:'

con.=I Mmo ~ .I
If the dimensions of the footing at the base are a and b in the X andY direction~, respectively,
...(9.30)
,;~

ba3
1=- , ...(9.31)
12 , -.

Cell ba3
conI/! = "MU
/nO
Y
...(9.32)
It is seen from Eq. (9.32) that the linear dimension of the contact area perpendicular to the axis of
rotation exercises a considerably greater effect on the natural frequency of rocking vibrations than the
other dimension. This principle is sometimes used in proportioning the sides of the machine foundation
undergoing predominantly rocking yibrations. , '

The amplitude of the vertical motipn of the edge of the footing is

Azr = ~xA,
Mya/2
...(9.33'
= Mmo(O)~'- 0)2)
Similarly, the contribution of rocking, towards the horizontal amplitude is
Axr = h. A, ...(9.34
where, h = Height of the point above the base where amplitude is to be determined.
Azr and Axr are added to Az (Eq. 9.18) and Ax (Eq.9.21) respectively to obtain total vertical an
sliding amplitudes when rocking is combined with vertical and sliding vibrations.
9.4.4. Yawing Vibrations of a Block. A foundation is subjected to yawing motion if it is subjected to
torsional moment Mz (t) about Z-axis (Fig. 9.7a). The position of the foundationat any time t mayt
defined in terms of angle of rotation "'.
Let the unbalanced moment is given by
Mz(t) = Mzsin (J)t ...(9.3
As explained in Sec. 9.4, the resistive moment due to soil is C'II'Jz "'.
The equation of motion is written by taking moment about Z- axis. It gives

Mmz iV + C'IIJ z '" = Mz sin rot ...(9.:

, ~~
where, Mmz = Mass moment of inertia of the machine and foundation about the axis of rotat
(Z-axis)
Jz = Polar moment of inertia of foundation contact area
C1jf = Coefficientof elasticnonu~iformshear
t

,.
'4
,~1
'.."i
.-
 ÛÛÛÚÛÛÛ

Foundations of Reciprocating Machines 363

z
'.

v (a) Isom~teric vi<zw

" .'

,
,
"

.'

( b) pia n

Fig. 9.7: (a) Yawing motion ora rigid block .

(b) Development of non-uniform shear below the base

The' expressions' for natural, frequency an{ma~imux:n angular displacements are as follows:

- tw
(J)nl/f- Mmz ...{9,37)
J,
Mz
,A = M .
2 2
mz( IDnljl-
.

'I' CD )

The horizontal displacement AhlJlc~used, by .t,orsion is

Ah'l' = r A'I' ...(9.39)
where, r = Horizontal distance of the point on the foundation from the axis of motion (Z-axis)

'9.4.5. Simultaneous'Vertical, Sliding and Rocking Vibrations. In general, a machine -foundation is

subjected to time dependent vertical force, horizontal force and moment, and therefore it simultaneously
slide, rock and vibrate vertically. In Fig. ~.8, a foundationblock subjected to a vertical force (Fzsin 00I),

....
 i:
,~

~\
364 SoU-Dynamics & Machine Foundations

a horizontal force (Fx sin (J) t) and an oscillatory moment (My sin (J)t) is shown. These forces and moment
are considered to act at the combined centre of gravity 0 of the machine and the foundation, which is also-
taken as the origin of coordinates. At any time t, considering the vertical force acting in downward
direction, horizontal force in right-hand side direction, and moment in the clockwise direction, the foun-
dation block will be displaced as shown in Fig.'9.8. It is therefore subjected to (i) displacement z, in the
vertical direction (ii) displacement Xo in the horizontal direction at the base and (Ui) rotation <1> of the
base.

z
I '

Fz Sin C.Jt

Initial position

~ z

Fig. 9.8: Block foundation subjected to simultaneous vertical, sliding and rocking vibrations

The equations of motion can

- be written by evaluating the resisting and actuating
- forces
, and.moment
acting on the foundation in the displaced position. These forces and moments are obtained as give:
below: .

(i) Upward soil reaction Rv due to vertical displacement z :

Rv = Cu A z ...(9.4(
(ii) Horizontal soil reaction Rx due to horizontal displacement xo:
Rx = C't A Xo ...(9.4
As the origin is at 0, Xo can be expressed in terms of x and 4>as below:
xo=x-Lcp ..,(9.4
where L = Height of Centre of gravity 0 from base of the block
(tU) Moment MRdue to resistance of soil induced by rotation:of the foundation by $ : jJ

The MR about point 0 is given by + .-

MR-=C .'""'I .:.(90'

 --"

, ' , '<, ',' , "," . ,

365
uni/ations of Reciprocating Machines

(iv) Moment Mw due to displaced position 'of the centre' of gravity of block :
The moment Mw about point 0 is given by
Mw = W L <I> ..(9.44)

(v) Moment MxRdue to horizontal resisting force Rx :

Moment MxRabout point 0 is'give~ ~y .
MxR = Rx . L = C~ A (X - L"'
~)
.L ...(9.45)
(vi) Interial forces and moment:
(a) In the Z - direction Fiz = mi ...(9.46)
(b) In the X - direction Fix = mx ...(9.47)

(c) In the rotational mode Mi$ = Mm ~ ...(9.48)

"here' M m = Mass moment Of inertia of the machine and foundation about an axis passing through '

combined centre of gravity 0 and in the direction of Y-axis

Cheequations of the motion 'can now be written as below: .,
In the Z - direction:. mi + Cu Az = Fz sin cot ...(9.49)

In the X - Direction: mx + CtA Xo= Fx sin cot ...(9.50)

Substituting the yalue of Xo from Eq. (9.42) in Eq. (9.50), we get

mx + Ct A (x --L<I» = FX sin COt ...(9.51)
In the rotational mode.. , "

Mm <i>+ C$ <I>I - WL <I>

- Ct A (x - L<I» = My sin cot
.. 2
or
Mm <I>- Ct A Lx + (C$ I - WL + C~ AL ) <I>= My sin COt ...(9.52)
Equation (9.49) contains only the terms of z, therefore the motion in Z - direction is independent of
any other motion. The solution of this equation is already given in Eqs. 9.16 to 9.18. Equations (9.51) ,

and (9.52) contain both x and <I>and are interdependent. Therefore, sliding and rocking are coupled
modes. A solution for simultaneous rocking and sliding vibrations is presented below.
9.4.5.1.Naturalfrequencies of coupledrocking and sliding.The systemrepresentedby Eqs. (9.51) and
(9.52) is a two-degree-of-freedom system. The solutions for natural frequencies are obtained by consid-
ering the free vibrations of the system.
Hence, =0
mx + C~ Ax - c.~ AL<I> ...(9.53)
, '

and Mm ~ - Ct A Lx + (C$ I - W L + C~A L2 ) <I> ==0 ...(9.54)

Particular solutions of these equations may be assumed as
x = xI sin (co n t + ex) ...(9.55)
and
<I> = <1>1sin (cO n t + ex). ...(9.56)
in which x I' <1>1
and exare arbitrary constants whose values depend upon the initial conditions of motion.
 *
i::~

I.',

366
Soil Dynamics &I,M~chine Ft!""~

By substituting Eqs. (9.55) and (9:56) into Eqs. (9.53) and (9.54) and dividing by sin (con t + a), we get,
2
-mOOn Xl + Ct A xl - Ct A L<I>I = 0 ".,
:"
2
or Xl (CtA -moon)-CtAL<I>1 =0 , ...(9.57)
~

and -Mmoo~<I>1+<I>I(CtAL2+CcpI -WL) -C'tALxI =0 ...(9.58)

CtAL<I>1
From Eq. (9.57), xl = 2 ...(9.59)
CtA -mOOn
By substituting the value of xI from Eq. (9.59) into Eq. (9.58), we get

<1>1
[-C~ A 2 L2+ (Cc!>I - WL + Ct AL2 - Mm oo~)( CtA -m oo~)] = 0 ...(9.60)

For a nontrivial solution, <1>1

can not be zero. Hence the expression within the parentheses mu~tJ)(
zero, This gives' , I ~

2 2 2 2 2 2
-CtA L + (C. I Û…‘ı›¨fl‘ Û” ‹ ˜¯›¨fl-mOOn) =0 ...(9.6~

The term (On'which represents the natural frequency in combined sliding and rocking, is the onI
,unknown in Eq. (9.61), which can now be solved. Equation (9.61) may be rewritten as follows:

-C~A2L2+C~A2L2+CtA(C.I -WL) -CtAMmoo~-CtAL2moo~-(C.I-WL)moo~+Mm1nro: =

...(9.6
By dividing by mMm and rearranging, one obtains

4 2 CA.I-WL C A(M +mL2) C A CA.I-WL

00 -00 'f + t m +-L- 'f =0 ...(9,(
n n [( Mm ] mMm ] m ( Mmb )
By definition, the quantity (Mm+ mL2) is the mass moment of inertia of the foundation and mach
about an axis that passes through the centroidof the base contact area and is perpendicular to the'~1:
of vibrations. This is denoted by Mmo. Thus, , ij~
2 ,M I
Mmo = Mm + mL .:;t9. '

M ~
Further, by denoting
Mmo
m = r where 1 > r > 0 , ,
.(1~
-.J
.~.
'~

Equation (9.63) may be rewritten as h

.',.:
,c

4
OOn--
oo~ C.I-WL CtA
+- +-
CtA C.I- WL
=0 .t't.;.(S
' "

)
,

r ( Mmo m m tMmo 'i ,,

'i 'f~i
CtA 2 ,.~
'4
Now, - = 00nx ,\,
"'
m ~,~f:' ..
"~,,"
:0',
"

C.I-:-WL: 2
~, ""
M' mo '; ~ OOn,
 ~ --- .. --.

Foundations of !leciproC/lting Machi,!es 367

'2y writting the Eq. 9.66 in terms of OOn,and CJ)n~we ?et

2 2 2 2
2 0>nx + 0>ncp 2 0>nx Cl)n+
0> - 0> + =0 ...(9.69)
r
,

n r n
( )
.

The Eq. (9.69) has two positive roots, CJ)nland CJ)n2'

which correspond to two natural frequencies of
the system: The ro~ts of Eq. (9.69) are:
.
2 '2 2 2 2 2 2
0>2
nl,2
=1.2 O>nx + O>nq,:t
r
(Onx+ O>nq,
r
- 4(J)n."(J)ncil
r ...(9.70)
J ( J
[( ]
, Equation (9.70) may be rewritten as .

2 I 2 2 2 2
) 4 ...(9.71)
(J)nl.2= 2r [( (J)nx+(J)ncp +7"~ (O>nx+(J)ncpo
2 2 ,2 - r(J)nx (J)nq,)1

From the property of a quardratic equation:

, 2 2
. 2 2 - 0>nx + 0>ncp
...(9.72)
O>nl+O>n2 - r

2 2 0>2 0>2
=~ ...(9.73)
(J)nl x (J)n2
r ncp.
22-1. 22_"221/2
and (J)nl-(J)n2 - r [«(J)nx+ (J)ncp) 4r(J)ncp(J)ncp] ...(9.74)

It can be proved that OOnx and 00 ncpwill always lie bet~~en limiting natural frequencies 0001and 0002'
9.4.5.2. Amplitudes of coupled rocking a,nd sliding. The amplitudes of vibration are determined in the
following three cases:
Case I. If only the horizontal force Fx sin ootis acting: Eqs. (9.51) and (9.52) may be rewritten as
follows: ' .

mx + Ct Ax - Ct AL~ = Fx sin (J)t ...(9.75)

- 2"
...(9.76)
Mm~+ ~(Ct AI.: + Ccp1- WL)-Ct ALx = 0
Assume that the particular solution to these equations are
, x ~ Ax'sin (J) t
~ ::;: Acp sin (J) t

in which Ax and Acpare the maximum sliding and rocking amplitudes respectively. By substituting these
solutions into the above equations, we get ,

. 2
Ax (Ct A - moo) - Ct ALA. = Fx ...(9.77)
-Ct A LAx + A. (Ct A L2+ C. I - WL - ~m 002),= 0 ...(9.78)

or - (C~L2 +C.I-WL-Mmoo2)
Ax - .A. ...(9.79)
CtA~

~
 ~~'
:' (~
,.t~
368 SDi/Dynamics '& Machine FtiuiidQiio~
«i

." .~
~

By substituting for Ax in eq. (9.77), we get ~~~

"

2 2 2
(Ct A L + C, 1- WL-Mm 00 )(CtA-moo ) - . . "
A~ -Ct ALA, - 0
CtAL
., ):'j
. . " C AL' . '.

A~ =.. CtA+(C",I-WL) 2 C tA(mL2+M ) (C",I-wt) 4 x.~t'f";.;". t.

mM . 't' -00 t m + 't' . +00
. m[ mMm [ mMm Mm ] ] .('.
= ...(9.80)
FX
2 2 Ct~L
-~ ( 2 + 2 )+ 4
mM m
OOIlX 00 Il~
r r 00Il~
.
00n.l.
't'
00
.
[
'

]
-:-':--~-By using the relations gives in (9.72) and (9.73) into'Eq. (9.80), we get
C AL ,..
A - t xF x
~ - 2 2 2 2 2 4
mMm [ oon1 oon2 -00 (oon1+oon2)+00 ] "

2 2 2
CtAL2 x
F ...(9.81)
mMm(OOn1-OO )(OOn2 -00 )

2 2 2 2 2
Let, mMm(OOn1 -00 )(OOn2 -00 ) = ~(oo ) ...(9.82)
C AL
A = t F ...(9.83)
~ ~ (00)2 x

By substituting for A~ in Eq. (9.79), we get

A = Ct AL2 +Cq. I -WL-Mm 002F ...(9.84)

x ~ (002) x ,.v

Case 11. If only moment My sin rot is acting: Eqs. (9.51)

. and,(9.52) may be rewritten as ,

mx + Ct Ax- Ct ALcp = 0 ...(9.85'

.. ..,
and Mmlj>-Ij>(CtAe+C4»I-WL)-CtALx =Mysinrot ...(9.86
By assuming solutions as for Eqs. (9.75) as (9.76), it can be shown that the following expression
hold:
'. ,'. . . '. 11.
CAL
t
My ..:(9.B';
Ax = ~ (002) - -
2
and - Ct A-moo
2
My ...(9.B'
,
A. - ~ (00.)
, ,
'i.
 .. .. .. - --oii

Poundations of Reciprocating Machines 369

Case Ill.
: If both the unbalanced force Fx aJ:?dmo~ent MJLare acting, the ~plitudes of m~tion are
determined as follows:
0 - 02 0 0 0 0 . 2 . 0 -

A=
x.
(C'tAL + CtPI-:WL-Mm(O
0 A 2 )Fx + (c.~) My ...(9.89)
L.l( (0 )
0 0

0 0 0 0 0

. 2
and (CorAL)Fx+ (CorA -mm) My
A - ...(9.90)
" 4>- oL\(ro2)
The total amplitude of the vertical and horizontal vibration are given by
a
. Ay = Az+2A~ ...(9.91)
and Ah = Ax + h ArpH__,__- ...(9.92)
where, h = Height of the top of the foundation above the combined center of gravity.
In foundations with two degrees of freedom, specific forms of vibrations correspond to the frequen-
cies (0/11and (0112'These vibrat~ons are characterised by a certain interrelationship between the ampli-
tudes Ax and A.pwhich depends on the foundation size and the soil propet:t~es,but does not depend on the
initial conditions of foundation motion. ..- ..

Let us examine the case when the foundation is subjected to exciting moment My only. The ratio of
amplitudes Ax and A4>obtained using Eqs. (9.87) and (9.88) is given by
. 2
Ax CtA L ronx L
p = -= 2 = 2 ...(9.93)
AA'I' Cor A - m ro «)nx - «)
2
0

, o'

z z ..."\
I ",/ \
--- I ,. \

,,,
:\
\ ..."\
v
,
\
0

-- ' )
..J ....

L \
-- \

--- -- / ~
(
\

/
\ ",/
V

(a) (b)
Fig. 9.9: (a) Rocking and sliding in phase with each other
(b) Rocking and sliding In opposite phl1se

The following cases are important for consideration of form of vibration:

(i) If (0 « (Onx'then p ==L . It means that the.-.foundationrotates about an axis that passes through
the centroid of the base contact area and slidi~g is absent!

~
370 v Soil Dynamics & Machine Fou"datiol

'(U) If 00'= (On2' (O~2 being the lower limiting natural frequency, then oo~ - 00;2> 0 . It m~ans that
during vibration at frequency (0 n2' when the centre of gravity deviates from the equilibrium
position, for example, the positive dir~ction of the X - axis, the rotation of the foundation will
also be positive, and changes of amplitudes Ax and A, will be in phase. The form of vibration
will be as shown in Fig, 9.9 a, i.e. the foundation will undergo rocking vibrations with respect
to a point situated at a distance PI from,the centre of gravity of foundation, The value of PI is
determined by the absolute value of expression (Eq. 9.93) if 0>n2 is substituted for O>n'

(Ui) If 0> = O>nl then oo~ - 00;1< 0, P will be negative, and Ax and A~ will be out of phase, Figun
9.9 b illustrates the form of vibrations around,a point which lies higher than the centre of gravit;
and at a distance P2 determined from expression (Eq. 9.93) if 0>nl is substituted for O>n'
9.5 ELASTIC HALF-SPACE METHOD

F (t)
. . ,r<tJ .
. ' " .-4, pe .
'., ; " ~':~~':.:::::,',::~,..': ':::.:'~":','. :':'::':~"""':;"~::',<;,
G G
p P
)J JJ

(a) (b)

Fig. 9.10: Oscillating force on the surface of elastic half-space

9.5.1. Vertical Vibrations. Lamb (1904) studied the problem of vibration of a single oscillating fon
(Vertical or horizontal, Fig, 9,10) acting at a point on the surface of an elastic half space. Reissner (193.
developed the analysis for the problem of vibration of a uniformly loaded flexible circular area (Fig. 9,1
by integration of Lamb's solut~on for a point load, Based on his work; the vertical displ<icementan]
centre of the circular area is given by
Foe ;rot I' '
Z0 = Gr (J 1+ I f 2) ,..(9.9
0

where, F0 = Magnitude of oscillatory force

0> = Forcing frequency, rad/s
G = Dynamic shear modulus of the medium
r0 = Radius of the footing
/1' /2 = Displacement functions ,..,
i=H "
 III .
Fountiatitins '0/ Rlc;procatin'g"Mai:h in iii 371' '-

'",.., ,
, .j:" , . ,-:,-;,-; ~ -: .', ::-,: -' ,- -
F.0 - (Zi
(..;t 'r ,: .-""
, o':! i: ;

.
__

- - ' .>-.

f
Û–¢˝ÒÒ¢ '-
" ~

",-,-.':, - .: .-, :.i??//(/4

: . .' ~,. ~ '. -"-
,"
, ,

Go '00'0" '0 l°":::"-:':

p load
unit or(Zo
p(Zr
=
F. (ZiG.)t
~
)J 11"r20

Fig.9.11: Vibrationora uniformlyloadedcircular flexiblearea

Reissner introduced following two non-dimensional tenus :
(a) Mass ratio, b : It is given by
m W ,.
b=~=~ ..,(9,95)
pro yro
It describes the relation between the mass of vibrating footing and a certain mass of the elastic half-space.
(b) Dimensionless frequency, ao : It is given by
a =00 r Jp = Cllr Iv ...(9,96)
° ,
,oVa.. ,
O,S_,
where, m = Mass of the machine and foundation
Vs = Shear wave velocity
y = Unit weight of soil
p = mass density of soil
Using the displacement Eq. (9.94), and solving the equation ofeguilibrium forces, Reissner obtained
the following expression for the amplitude of foundation having circular base:

Az = fl2 + f22
2 2 2 2 ...(9.97)
Azn ~. ,(FofG ro) (~-:-~ao 11),.+, (bao f2)
where; ,Az = Amplitude of foundatiQn,.> ' " ' :,
. , ,,' : .., '.1 : i

,'A zn = Dimensionless
. amplitude; i ; ,::; ,', ;,
,
: ,':' i .. {J':.."
"'" , """:"',""""")"':""'j"'.'", ,", "'"",,,"

. V~lue,s,of disp~a~einentlu~ctio~fi'ai!2f2 ~~ ~o.~d dep~~dien(op. P~is~o~~sr,a~o ~..an~ ~~~~.~n~i?~~

less frequency factor a '.Their~values fo~"f1exible'"'circular'
foUndation are' giveIi'iii Table 9.2:;:'.' :-'-'.,,J!
0 . '.-it';~. ,:.[
372
SoU, DJ!n.am.ics.&, M.~~hine Fou~d~tion~;~

Table 9.2 :Values of Displacement Function 'of Flexible Foundations (Bowles, 1977}

Poisson's Ratio J.1 Valus of(fl)

0 0.318310 - 0.092841 a/ 1-0.07405 a04
0.25 0.238733: - 0.{)59683'a02 + 0.004163 a04
0.5 0.159155", 0.039789 a/ + 0.002432 a04

Values of (- 12)
0 0.214474'ao'~'. 0.029561 'a03+ 0.001528 a05
3 5
0.25 0.148594 Go- 0.017757 Go + 0.000808 Go
3 5
0.5 0.104547 Go- 0.011038 Go + 0.000444 a0

The classical work of Reissner (1936) for circular loaded area was extended by Quinlan (1953) and
Sung (1953) for the following three contact pressure distributions:
F e;w/ :
(i) Rigid base (Fig. 9.12 a), fz =
2rrr0 r0 ~-
O
r
2 for r::;; ro ...(9.98)

.. F e;w/
(ii) Uniform (Fig. 9.12 b), I~ = 0 2 for r ::;;ro ...(9.99)
~ rrro'

It is the same as considered by Reissner i.e. for flexible foundations with circular l>ase
2 (r2 - r2) F iwt
(iii) Parabolic (9.12 c), f = .0 4 0 for r ::;;ro ...(9.100)
Z : 1t ro , I

Cl ~ ~
/'

. ~-d'

(0) (b) (c) ~

.j

Fig. 9.12: Contact pressure distribution under a circular foundation

In the above equations, fz is the contact pressure at a distance r measured from the centre of foun,tf
dation. Equation (9.97) holds good for all the three types oJ conta9t pressure distributions with change4:
val~es of/l a~d/2. The v~lues off} an4/2f~~ rig~dbas~ foundatio;nswere comp~ted by Sung (19~~)?Jt1l/
'~A
the assUinpt~o!l~at the.press.ur~.di~~b~~~~ri:r~ma,in unchang'e~ with,frequency. Their values ~re ~~v , ' . .

in Table 9.3. . . .,' '" . . ~~~ ...'r'~

.,;.I. ..
datio/fs o/,Reciprocating M/lcMnes 373,

{-; ,": ',: ',' '.. . , ': , ,'-: "',. i ' " . .: -. "." '-', ' ", " , .,. , ~'; -

0.7
poisson's ratio) j.J = 0.25
,',
,

0.6

O.S

c:
N
<t

c:,I ,0.4
'U
;:)
+'
,,-.

a.
E
0

\11 0.3
-c
VI
c:,I

0
1/1
C
tI
E 0.2
b

0.1

0 ~

0, ,
0; S '. a ,-' 1.0,'
1.S
. 0
.
.. "f.. ',', : ,- , "

,
"

. .'
>\'
Fig. 9.13: Plot of AZAversus ao for a rigid circular foundation subj~te~ to:constantexcitati.on,r~rce (Ric~art,I,962)
.r' ',', ;, i. , ,
.. ,

-- ,--
 ,~

374 Soil Dy,u,inics-&' Machilre -Fourrdations \,

Table 9.3 : Values of Displacement Functions for Rigid Foundations

~'.'<' ..' '-~'-"'-(Bowres~"f977r-'--'- 0'0 .",- .

Poisson's ratio J.1. V alues' of 11

0 2 4
0.250000 - 0.109375 ao + 0.010905 ao
0.25 0.187500 - 0.070313 a02 + 0~006131a04
0.5
0.125000 - 0.046875 a/ + 0.003581 a04
Values of -/2
0 3 5
0.21447 ao - 0.039416 ao + 0.002444 ao
0.25
0.14894 ao - 0.023677 a03 + 0.001294 a05
0.5 3 5
0.104547 ao- 0.014717 ao + 0.00717 ao
Figure 9.13 shows a typical plot of Azn versus a0 for various
. values of mass ratio b for a rigid base
circular footing subjected to a constant force excitation F0 e/(JH. A high mass ratio (greater height of
footing and smaller contact radius) implies a large amplitude of vibration for a given set of conditions.
Manytimes foundations are subjected to a frequency dependent excitation (Fig.2.1~). The amplitude
of the external oscillating force is given by
2
F=2m
0 e
em ...(9.101)
where, 2 me= Total rotating mass
For this condition, the amplitude of vibration Aze is given by
2 2 2
2 me e CO I1 + 12
...(9.102)
Aze= Ora (l-ba~/I)2+(ba;fz)2
2 2
or Az I1 + 12
:..(9.103)
Azen = (2meero2)/Oro ~ (l-ba; 11)2 + (ba; 12)2
where, Azen = Non-dimensional amplitude in frequency dependent excitation
. .

Figure 9.14 shows a typical plot of Azenversus ao for various values of mass ratio b for rigid base
circular footing subjected to frequency dependent excitation.
It may be noted that the curves shown in Figs.9.13 and 9 .14 are similar to the frequency-amplitude
curves shown in Figs.2.13 and 2.16 resp~<::tively.
Richart and Whitman ( 1967) have studied the effect of the shape of contact pressure distribution and
Poisson's ratio on amplit~d'~'~freq~en~y;esponseof rigid circular footing ~~bjectedto frequency depen-
dent excitation.Figure9.15 demonstratesthenatureof variationof Azenwith ao for three types of contact
pressure distribution; i.e. uniform, rigid and parabolic. Parabolic and uniform pressure distributions
produced higher displacement than a rigid base. The effect of Poisson's ratio on the variation of Azencap
be seen in Fig. 9.16. The peak value of Azendecreases with the increases in the value of J.1.;but the
corresponding value of ao increases with increase in J.1.. . i'

l
;.4
",
 "daiions ut Reciprocating' MilChin~s 375
"--"--""'-"""""""'-'-""'-""""-'- "-'.-- '~.
0.28
poisson'5 ratio, ).J = 0.25

.'....

0.24

0.20

c
~
N
«
... 0.16
~
"0

::::J
....

0-
E
0

III
0.12
III
"
C
0
III
--
C
~
E 0.08
(:)

0.04

0 -
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
°0

Fig. 9.14: Plot of AzcDversus.o for. ~igid ~in:ular foundation subJ,ectedto frequencydependentexcitation
. "" . ", ... (Rlchart,1962)
" "

-..
-- --
.. .- -, -_~_::c,i:-
- .---'-<-':":' ~'-- -'- ;-
-------- -
376
Soil Dynamiq_&Machine,Founda.(~(Jf3

0,6
b :'5
c:
~ O.S J.l : 0.25 parabolic
<t pnz ssu rq ,

~ distribution
-
-g 0.41,-

a.
E
0 0.3
U1
U1
b.I

C
0 0.2
U1
C
\:11

E
'0
0.'

0-
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
°0
Fig. 9.t 5 : Effect of c~ntact pressure distribution on the variation of Aze,nwith ao (Richart and Whitman. 1967)
c
~ 0.4-
<t
~
...
Rigid basq
"U
b : 5
~ 0.3
a.
E
0U1 0.2
III
~
0.5
c:
0
'jA 0.1
c:
~
E
0 0...
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
°0
Fig. 9.16 : Effect of Poisson's ratio on the variation of Ann with ao (Richart and Whitman, t 967)

F~omthe amplitude~frequencycurves.in,Figs.9.J3 ,and 9,.14,on~can obtain:-(i)~axffI1um amI

tude, and (ii) value of ao for maximum amplitude (i:,e;.resonance condition) for different values 01
Richart (1962) have plotted this data in graphical form as shown in Figs. 9.17 and 9.18 which
convenient for design use. -
',dations of Reciprocating Machines
100

Rotating maS5
Constant forc(Z

.£)
.
Rigid bas(Z
.-0
...
0
.... 10
III
III
0
:--.......
'....... = 0.5
"""'.......

"""'0

<,

1-
0 .2 0.4- 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
ya lu (Z of ao at r (Z50 no nc (Z
Fig. 9.17 : Plot of mass ratio b versus ao for reso!,ance condition for vertical vibrations (Richart, 1962)
100
r
\ '\
\ '\
\ \,
, \\
\"
, \\
\ \\
.£) I \ \\
\ \\
0 \ \\ ,
.;: ," Rigi d ba C;(Z
10 '\ \\

0 fJ Ji< \
=0.5
"
0.25
Rota'ting ma5S
. .
0 . ",

..~ Con s'tant" torc(Z

. .
,-
,,; 1-
-.0 1.0 1.2 '1.4
. ~. Dim(lnsio'rde-ss',,:omplitude ot re5.0nanC(l ..~
Fig. 9.18: Plot of--;)""\"";*~;,'J..~.~,
mass ratio bversus, dim~nsio.nless~mplitude
~'",
at resonance (Ricbart, 1962)
,
"'.." '.~\!;,A ,~,{~,:'H"...;,,~) ':!l~t:...n~iv~ir~l1'i' ~(1'i 'r,;',,~~ ~, 1r~ Q...(m'\\i<l~}{ : 1l1'" ,,~4 {
 '.f-
,,<'"

378
Soil Dynamics & Machine Found4ti.o.,
ÛÛ¢˛Ú¢˘ ˘Ú˘ Ê˛˛˘Û˘¢˘Â¢ˆÙ
Lysmer and Richart (1966) propose4 a .siplplifi~dmass-~pring-dashpot analog foL-calculating,the
response of a rigid circular footing subjected to vertical oscillations. The values of spril1gconstant It
and damping constant Czwere taken as giv~n ~elow :" :
. , 4Gro
K=- ...(9.104)
z I-J.t
2
and 3.4 ro er;G
C = -vpv ...(9.105)
z I-J.I.
The equation of motion may thus pe written as
2 -
.
.. 3.4 ro er;. 4 G ro iwt
mz+-vpG.z+_.z =F e ...(9.106)
I-J.i. I-J.i. Z

Lysmer and Richart (1986) also suggested the modified mass ratio as
"

1-J.I. I-J.I. m
~.-
B -- b - 3 ...(9.101'
z - 4 - 4 pro
.The damping ratio; z is obtained as
C C 3.4 r; JPG ,
...(9.108

~, ~ C: ~ 2J~, m
Putting the value of m in terms ofBz from Eq. (9.107), Eq. (9.108) becomes
~ Ó¯ÔÛÒ¥˜˘ to To m
I-J.I.

; - 0.425 ...(9.t'0'
z - ˘÷–ÊÊ
The response of the system can be studied using Eq. (2.58).
The dashed curves in Fig. 9.19 illustrate how well the response curves for the analog agree with t!
response curves for half space method. The derivation of magnification factor, Mz is given below.
'3
}J = 1/3

Halt-space theory

H - --- - Si mptitied ono log

:E .1
~ 2 Bz :: 5
L-
e Constant torce excitation '"
....

-
u
0 ',1 ~
~J
-)
c Z
0
....
0

-uc
(JI
0
~
-..0
...

."I!.
:t!?
..",

0
0.5 . L0 1.S ~,
, Dimen'sioritesS' freq"uency, 'cro" "l , "
- , ~
Fig. 9.19: Response of a rigid circular footID ' for vertical vibrations (Lysmer and Rlchart, 1966) " "i
~ ",~-'
"
~:
1
.I
 lions of ReciproCllting Machines 379

e natural frequency of the system described by Eq. (9.106), i.e.

ri
"" '."

.
.
<.0
',".K'

m
= -L. m ~l-~
~ 2"

.
...(9.110)

tting the valu'e~'of Kz, ;n a~d~~zfrom-Eqs:' (9.104), (9.107) and (9.109) into Eq.(9.110), we get

<.0
nz' ~ f(Bz - 0.36)
0
'.
0 .~B r
z 0
...(9.111)

Id at resonance the amplitude is given by Eq. (2.61). i.e.

2
Fo / Kz
...(9.112)
(Az)max = 2 ~~ 1-~z
2
utting the values of ~z from Eq. (9.109) into Eq. (9.112), we get
Fo Bz
...(9.113a)
(Az)max = Kz 0.85 ~Bz - 0.18
Fo.(I-J.1) Bz
...(9.113b)
"

r (Az)max= 40'0 . 0.85 ~Bz - 0.18

. (A) .4G, B
vlagnificationfactor, M- = z max . 0 = z
"- Fo(1-J.1) 0.85.JBz-0.18
~or a frequency - dependent excitation ,the resonant frequency and the maximum amplitude are
1 by : H

0.90 1 -,
...(9.114)
<.onz = ,/(Bz - 0.45)P . '0
and 2 mee Bz
...(9.115)
(Az)max = -;;;- .0.85~Bz- 0.18
B'
(Az)max - z
Magnification factor, ...(9.115 a)
Mze = 3mee - 0.85~Bz-0.18)
m
:re 2 me = Unbalanced rotating mass
e = Eccentricity of mass from the axis of rotation
.2. Pure Sliding Vibrations. Amold et at. (1955) have obtained theoretical solutions for sliding
rationsof rigiq circular foundations(Fig. 9.20) subjectedto an oscillatory horizontalforce F0 ei(J)(.
~y have presented the solutions for two cases namely (i) constant force excitation, and (ii) frequency
)t:nderit excitation.

In constant force excitation (F0 = constant), the amplitude Ax is gi~en by

. . - . 'F. .. ... -"' .
...(9.116)
Ax = O~0 Axn
" ..
lere, Axn = No!1-dimensional amplitude factor

.-
~- "~ --. ., ."" ... """'-' -=.""---==~ ;;:;;~
380 Soil Dynamics & Machine ,Eo. .

... .. F""(Z
0 iQt
otT f

Foundation
f<i
x s.t
,
'

:~'"
- -.' --:-.,-, ~. ;.:,\':'"
I

.;"-,~': -",-,...,-
-'". -. . "-' I
" .' f ., , ,..' ",

1}\ ,
G I

P r0 1 1.S
f
}.J

-h'J'
J.'I..~;

Fig. 9.20: Rigid circular foundation subjected to sliding oscillations ";J

The variation of amplitude versus frequency is shown in Fig. 9.21 by dotted lines. The envelop <Jrav.T
to these curves is used to define the frequency at maximum amplitude, The definition of mass ratio.b 1
same as given in Eq. (9.95). The plot of b versus Go for resonant amplitude is given in Fig. 9.22~
:xi
10 f-
t,
~

ti }J = 0
"0
::J
....
--- - Axn ..~,
a.
E
fl®ª
0 c
ti ~"~

,
0'1 x '":I-
"I
.= <{ 1 it
1:) ....
.- 0
III C ~I
)( '"
T'
III ƒ‰•
ti
C
0
III
C
ti

,-E
c 0.1-
0.2 1.0
°0
Fig. 9.21 : Plots of AsDand AscIIversus ao for sliding vibrations (RIchart, 1962)
 tionsof ReCiprocating Machines ÌËÔ

£Ú÷„—

Eccentric ø
Ô oscillator

÷
Û

›± ¢¨ø ¨

Ô
ÚÓ ÚÏÚ ÚÍ ÚË ÔÚ ÔÚÓ ÔÚÏÚ ÔÚÍ
p
⁄ Ú ÁÚÓÓÊ Plot of mass ratio. b versus a 0 for resonance condition
.
for sliding vibrations (Richart. 1962)

For the case Fo = 2 mex.e ci ,the value of A is given by: /,

.
- 2 me e
Ax - -rAxen ...(9.117)
pro
The firm line in Fig. 9.21. shows the envelop of Axenversus ao for resonant condition. The variation
he mass ration b versus ao for resonant condition is given in Fig. 9.22.
Hall (1967) propos~d a simplified mass-spring dashpot analog for calculating the response of a rigid
:ular footing subjected to sliding vibrations. The values of the spring constant Kx and damping con-
1t Cx were taken as given below. ;

32(1-J.1) G
K = ro ...(9.118)
. x . 7-8J.1

ro vPuo
and 18.4 (1 J.1) 2 c:;:;
C =
~

...(9.119)
x 7-8J.1
The equation of motion thus can be written as
.. 18.4 (1-J.1f 2 ' 32(l-J.1) G - F e;CJ)l
mx+ r JPG.
P .x+ r .x - ..,(9.120)
7 - 8J.1- 0 . . 7 - 8J.1 0 0

He also suggested the modified mass ratio B -for sliding vibrations as

. \. " X '..
.
B = 7 -8J.1
- m
...(9.120 a)
x
".',.,..".."",J,,'I,
32 (1- Ji) pr3
"O,,}.
'.' "".
.
382
Soil Dynamics &: ,Mllchine Foundlltitt~ 1

The damping ratio ~x is given by

. I

~ - Cx - Cx ...(9.121)
x - Cc - 2 ~kx m
Putting the values of Cx and kx from Eqs. (9.118) and (9.119) in Eq. (9.121), we get
I

~ - 0.2875 ...(9.122)
x- Fx
I

Figure 9.23 illustrates how well the response C\lrvesfor the analog agree with the response curves for
the half space model.
4
Bx = 5
Exact solution
- - -Analog solution
3

x
::E
L-
... I I \ 2
-
0
.....
u
0
.....
c 2
0
.-
.....
0
u
.-
..... It
.-
C
0'1
0 i1~.j
::E .' T.:!i;

"

..

tii.
.,'
",'

0 ,:;,,
.~.~~

0.5 1.0 1.5 (1

/1.1'
~.
~
,°0 ,J'
'1i~;r
jI.,.~
Fig. 9.23 : Response of rigid circular footing for pure sliding (Hall, 1967)
 ˘ÔÔ‰•˘

,dotions -of RecipI'ocatingMachines

383

The natural frequency <.olltand maximum value of amplitude (Ax}m~ can be' computed using Eqs.
23) and (9.124) respectively. . . .

<.0
nx
= f-: -2.. 1-~
m g 2
x
.
...(9,123)

.
= Ft / kx
and (AJ X
...(9,124)
" ma 2 ~x .R1- ~x
,2. Pure RockingVibrations. Amold et al. (1955) and Bycroft (1956) have obtained theoretical so-
ons for rigid circular foundations subjected to pure rocking vibrations (Fig. 9.24). The contact pres-
~ below the foundation is varied according to
. . 3 My r cosa. ejro(
q -- 3~
(for r ~ ro) ...(9.125)
27tro 'Vo -r
ere
My = Exciting moment about Y -Y axis
a = Angle of rotation

\ /
I

\rjJ I fJ /
\~I
- I Footing,
i\T7\
\ ~ / My Cli~,t
i

L
.~
, "
' ',,' .,...
- /"",

~
1I
~:, ':"',:" ,'"
, "
'. ., ,..' ., " -: r
0
.". ."" , . G'. .' . '"', . . - I-' - ,

p
}J

. ~
,;" " y ,t'
. "'"~~~-~ptali~;bt
1..1 ; ';} ,
tootin9'~ .~.., : ....~ i .

Fig. 9.24 : Rigid clrcuJar foundation

"
subjected to rocking oscillations
'.;." ;,I':(V;.t.~'H;tL""'i 4;':' ,.)"~:;> ּ
384 Soil,Dynamics &:.Machine Fou"dtltioM .
Borowicka (1943) gave the following equation for computing static rotation of the foundation under
the static application of moment My'
3(1-J.l) Mmo
...(9.126)
A~ = 8 ~pro
Under dynamic conditions the amplitude of rocking is a function of the inertia ratio B. which is
given by
3(1-J.l) Mmo
B. =8 ...(9.127)
pro5
where, Mmo = Mass moment of interia of machine and foundation about the axis of rotation
For the dynamic moment My, the amplitude of angular rotation A. can be expressed as

A. = MY3 'A,n ...(9.128)

( Gro )
where A.n = Non-dimensionalrotational amplitude
Fig. 9.25a shows the variation of A.n with dimensionless frequency ao for various values of inertia
ratio B.. The envelop curve shown by the flfm line can be used to define the relation between ao at
maximum amplitude (resonant condition). The plot of inertia ratio B. versus ao for resonant amplitude
is shown in Fig. 9.25 b. .

Hall (1967) proposed an equivalent mass-spring-dashpot analog for calculating the response of a
rigid circular footing subjected to rocking vibrations. The plot of spring constant k. and damping con-
stant C. were taken as given below:
3
8 G 1~
...(9.129)
K. = 3(1-J.l)
0.8r: ,fGP
...(9.130)
Ccp= (l-f.l)(I+B,)
'" 40
't)
:I
..
a. 'f '
E :' JJ = 0
-
0
10
11
,I
"
,
0 -
c 1I
0
.. c ,I ,, ,

'I'I ,\,
0"6- \ ,
+-4
0 '\
/
~

" " \
0
c
, \ I \ I \
0 '\ I \ 1\
'"
, " \
C I 20 \ I 10 \ I S\
tII I \1 \I
\
E
0 1 ,
I I
1\ (

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.4

°0
Fig. 9.25 : (a) Plot of A." versus 10 (Richlrt. 1962) (...Contd.)
'j
.j...
 H'I\!~

Foundations of Reciprocatipg Machines 385

60

-e.
m )J = 0
...
.-
0
....
10
0
....
.-
0
.....
L..
C

1
0.2 0.4 0.6 1.2 1.4
°0
(b)
Fig. 9.25: (b) Plot of B. versus. ao for resonance condition for rocking oscillations of rigid circular foundation
(Richart. 1962),
/-
The equation of motion can be written as
4 ~ 3
;j, 0.8ra "Gp .h 8Gra '" _ i(f)/
M ",+ '",+ '", - M e ...(9,131)
m$ (l-fl)(l+B~) 3(1-fl) Y
For critical damping,

c~c = 2~K~Mma ...(9.13'2)

Therefore damping ratio ~~ will be
C~ = 0.15
~~ = -c ) In ..,(9.133)
~c (1+ B$ "B~
Figure 9.26 illustrates how well the response curves for the analog agree with the response curves for
the half space model. The undamped natural frequency ron~and amplitude A$ in rocking vibrations are
givenby .

ro =
n~ ~Mina
~

My . ..
...(9.134)

...(9,135)

A. ~ k'[{l-:~r+~'ro:ni

1
 386 Soil Dynamics & Machine Foundations ".
50

B~=S Exact solu tio n

20
- -- Analog solution

9-
-
-.. 10
-)
J
-:)
-- 5'-
:>
0
-u
+-
-
c:
0\ 2
0
z

0.5
0 0.5 1.0 t.'
"
°0 l<

Fig. 9.26: Response of rigid circular foundations subjected to pure rocking vibrations (Hall, 1967)

9.5.3. Torsional Reissner and Sagoci (1944) have obtained theoretical solutions for rigid
Vibrations.
circular foundations subjected to torsional vibrations (Fig. 9.27). The variation of tangential shear stress
is given by
3 Mr
't 9 ...(9.136)
41t 3 2 2
- r.
Z 0
. = -:-.~ro ro for 0 < r < r "'.
~
where 'tz9 = Tangential shear stress I>
Wo

M = Mz ei(J)( = Moment at any time t 'if.

"!

Mz = Maximummomentabout Z-axis
~
For a static moment Mz.the angle of rotation A'IIsis given by

A -
3
M
~
",s ~[ 16G r;] z .u(9.I31~i .,.
~,.
c"'
":"
~.
 ---------..-.
'j'

Foulidiltions '6/ Ri!~iprdcating 'Mai:htnes 387

The amplitude of the angle of rotation Av can be expressed as

.-"-"" '-',"'. "-"'--'."-"-~"'""

'. M
Av = ~Awn ...(9.138)
Gro
where Awn = Non-dimensional amplitude factor
Under dynamic condition the am~litude' of torsion is a function of inertia ratio Bw which is given by
Mmz
Bw = -S ,..(9.139)
pro
where Mm= = Polar mass moment of inertia of the machine and foundation about the' axis of rotation .

.( Footing
TZ9

: ...""."r,
-. ,"'00"'- ',_..
:', :,,~(,::::~(~<'<~
G "
z'
- ro ~
.
, ,
.,
"

Flaxibl<z
foundation

,, ro
(b)

Ize

Rigid
to undat ion

ro
--'.. - -.. , ,.,..,-,,-'"
(c)
(a ).-
~'
Fig. 9.27: Rigid circular foundation subjected to torsional vibrations

Figure 9:~8 _ashows the ~ariation of Awn with~ime,n~ionless frequency ao for ~~rious values of
inertia ~atioB",:'~e' ~nveIop'cur~f's,ho~'~y !~~,:~~..lirie'c~n'~.~.~s~ato,defme 't~e relation between ao
at maXimum amplItude (resonant condItion) ana the'values of Intena ratio B", (FIg. 9.28 b)

-,
 388 Soil Dynamics & Machine F:oulldatioRS

-~.
~,,--

tII
'0
::J
10
, "-
....
"-
Co
E
0
II
1\
" , .
Flczxiblcz
0
I1
rI I
"V'.......
,
c
, I "
.~ c
"
,
'" r I I Rigid"
0
... <t \ I' .......

.... 1 B4' = 10! \ 5, \

I \,' \ .-
\)/ /'
'"
'"
to' / \,
C . /;\
0 / / \ / \
'"
C
/ / \ /' \
tII / // ~;.\./ \
E /./ "'" \ \
0.2 ÒÒ¢ÛÛ˛˘˛ I \ I \
Q
0 0..4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
(a) 00

60

7
m

.~
.... 10
0
L.
'"
'"
0
~

1
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
00
(b)

'.
Fig. 9.28 (a) Plot of ~ versus ao; (b) Plot of B. at resonance versus ao for torsional oscillations of .,'f;'
a rigid circular foundation (Rlchart,1962) 'w

."
iO'
~
 ",. .......

FiJundlltions of ReCiprocating Miichines 389

":;;-~~_'d

Richart and Whitman (1967) propose~ an equivalent mass-spring-dashpot analog for calculating the
response of a rigid circular footing subjecred to torsio~al vibrations. The values of spring constant kw and
damping constant CIjIwere taken as below;

= 16 G r3
,

~ J 0
~ ,

~::
...(9.140)

',.'"

and
...(9.141)

The equation of motion can be written as

.. 1.6ro4.Jp G." 16 3 - ;m(

M III + . \V + - G r. \V - M e, ...(9.142)
I+B 3-:
mz 'Y
IjI .
1
"", 0 Z

The damping r~tio ~1j1~ili be ,

,"

C,o.s
,..(9.143)
~1j1 = 2 ~K: .m = (1 + 2 BIj1)

The undamped natural frequency wnlj1and amphtude AIj1of the torsional vibration are given by

'K " ,
...(9.144)
wnlj1= vM:;

A = Mz ...(9.145)

W " KW[{I- ~:r +~Wro:Jr

9.5.4. Coupled'Rocking and Sliding'Vibrations. Figure 9.29 a shows a rigid circular foundation rest-
ing on the surface of elastic half-space and subjected to an oscillatory moment Mv /(JJlan a oscillatory
horizontalforce Fx e,m{.The sign convention chosen is illustrated in Fig. 9.29 b, which indicates that + x
and + F act to the right and that + 4>and + Mare clockwis'e.Figure9.29c showsthe motionof the footing
when both translation of the e.g. and rotation about c.g. are positive (i.e. in phase). In this case. the centre
of rotation lies below the base of the footing, and the motion ,is termed as first mode of vibration. If the
translation is positive while the rotation is negative, then the centre of rotation lies above the e.g. and the
motion is designated as the second mode' of vibration.
': "',1/ ,~}') ,/1' "

Nl J > 1t

."
..
390 Soil, Dynamks " ,Milehine
FOUIIdtltions I
J

My (l iwt
I
I I
I !. I Fx(li6.>t
... ~

I IL
m Er MR +x
, .. Fx ~+Fx
fMR ( b)
(a)

r ,
I I
I I ~
I 1
/:[1
1-.-
/
I
= II I +

--r I-- x
Xo1r- ' I : ~~
leA]
Lc,&

(c)

Fig. 9.29 : Coupled rocking and sliding vibrations of a rigid circular block on an elastic half space
(After Richart and Whitman, 1967)

From Fig. 9.29a

x 0 = x - L<\> ..,(9,146)
where XO = Displacement of base
x = Displacement of c.g,
<\> = Angle of rotation in radians
Therefore Xo = x- L <I> ...(9.14'n
The equations of motion are written in terms of x and <\>.The equation of motion for sliding is ~ ,
.. .
m x + Cx + Kx Xo = Fx eirot
.
.1 ~I.
Xo
~4
or m x+ Cx (x- L~) + Kx(x- Lcp)= F.tirot r
or mx+C x x +K x -x-LC x'fd.-LK x'f'" =F .t irot ...(9:148
, .[)"\Or
The equation of motion for rocking'is
, '
.,.1~aiJ
.. . irot
., ~:y;t
Mill cp+C~ <\>+K~ <\>+C:c,xo'L+Kx,xo.L = M.ve ,
.,;,
Sustituting the value of Xo from Eq, (9.147), the above equation simplifies to ,<:;
...(9,Jf~
Mm ~+(C~ +L2tx) ci>+(K~+ L2K:c}cp- L Cx x- L Kx'x = My irol '::
''~:r
.
:".,
..t~

'~:',;~!
 'Idations of Reciprocating~Machines 391

The natural frequencies of coupled rocking and sliding are obtained by putting forcing functions in
, (9.148) and (9. 149) equal to zero. Thus
¢ı› x ®ı’ x ®Û‘› x n.-LK
'I' x .n.
'I' =0 ...(9.150)
"
2 . 2
Mmcp+ C.+L ( ) (
Cx cp+ ’Úı‘’® cp-LCxx-LKx'x ) =0 ...(9.151)

The solutions of above equations can be obtained by substituting

x = A eiCiJndt ...(9.152)

cp = B eiCiJndt ...(9.153)
which A and B are arbitrary constants. By doing this the Eqs (9.150) and (9.151) become
A - LKx +i LCx,oond
B-2 -m OOnd+ Kx + I. c x OOnd ...(9.154)

A -Mm OO;d+(KcjI+L2 Kx)+i(CcjI+L2 Cx)OOnd

d ...(9,155)
B L Kt, -i Ct- OOnd#.'
Equating Eqs. (9.154) and (9.155), and substituting

if x - ff. x =~ ~= ~ Cx
oonx = -,m oonq» - M'mo r M mo ' x 2 vL'\o.x rH

C .
,d
~4I = 2 ~ K. xMmo , on simplification we get
2
2 2 22
4 roncP+ronx 4~x~~ronxron~ 2, roncpron..t
rond- r - ~. rond + r +
[ ( ) 1
J

(ro~2 - ro~2.)+ 2- 2
4 ~xronxrond ~~ron~rond 2-
[ r r (ronx ro~ -0 ...(9.156)
)]
It may be noted that Eq. (9.156) reduces to Eq. (9.69) when ~x = ~cjI= O.As the effect of damping on
laturalfrequency is small, the undamped natural frequencies for coupled sliding and rocking vibrations
an be computed using Eq. (9.70). .

The damped amplitudes of rocking and sliding of a foundation subjected to a horizontal force For/°)1
aregiven by
lfJ

A xl ~
- Fr ¯Û” ƱÓı¢ı’Æ‘Ó˜Ó +4ro2(~,,~KrMmo+L2~x~Kxm)2 ] - ...(9.157)
m Mm, ~ (002)
2' 2
112

and A =--L- (
F L ronx ronx+4~x ro ) ...(9.158)
.1 Mm ~ (ro2)

...
392 Soi/Dynamics.& Machine Foun
2 ;~
, 2 2 2 2 '." '
where
lI. (CO2)~ [ ",4_",2 { '" ,+ :"'M 4 ~x~+;M '" ,+} + "',. r"'M ]
,

~
2 ln ~I
.,
,

+x m"; m (m~ -m2)+ ,.

" 't

+[ ~.m~.. m(m;. -m2)} ,

] "
...(9-.IS~~
"':'
,

The
iw
dampedamplitudesof
.
rocking and slidingof the foundationsubjectedto an excitingmoment ,c

M, e are gIven by '$I

:4
2 2 2 1/2
Mv [ (OOnx) +(2;x OOn.t) ] ,
A-'
x2 -. MIII "
D. (00
2
)
."(9.Jf~1
",
iI
!I1'r

2 2 2 2 112 t
- My [ (OO"x-OO) +(2;xoo/lxoo) "' "

]
and
A<j>2 - -Mm 2 ...(9.1~!
~,,
, ,

f.. (00 )'.

When a footing is subjected to an oscillatory moment Myirot and a horizontal force Fx im/ simulb-
neously, then the resultingamplitudesof sliding and rocking are . "j

Ax = Ax1 + Ax2 ...(9.162

A<1> = Acjll + A<1>2 ...(9.163

9.6 EFFECT OF FOOTING SHAPE ON VIBRATORY RESPONSE fy

Elastic half-space theory was developed for a footing with circular contact area. Response of a footing~1
influenced by the shape of contact area. The usual practice is to transform area of any shape to an equjy:
lent circle of same area (for translational modes) or equivalent moment of interia (for rocking and)b
sional modes) (Richart and whitman, 1967 ; Whitman and Richart, 1967). Thus
~'
b
For translatory vibrations: r0 =
i!- 7t
..(9.U
,;;:.1
1/4
3 ~~~1.
.:~(~~t
For rocking vibrations: ro = ( b3: J
~aj,yt
~ ..
114 ",./I
ab (a2 +b2)
For torsional Vibraf .ns : ro =[ 61t
]
, " ~.j91,
'. ~'.~if

where ro = Equivalent radius tt'

a = Width of foundation (parallel to the axis._ofrotation for rocking) t" ,1

' '
b = Length of foundation (perpendicular to the axis of rotation for 'rocking) -
"

d1 ,
,,,, ,

I
["'~
.'' "
"'
,~,
i<) "4!t"l:'1
,,

~~.h..
'
'' '
,5' " .''
~ 't\', """ ,
, ,
, 'ft,
'"r",~,
394 Soil Dynamics & Machine Foun~
,.
9.7 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF EMBEDDED BLOCK FOUNDATIONS - - ~i
For an embedded foundation, the soil resistances are mobilised both below the base and on the sides. Th~
additional soil reaction that comes into play on the sides may have significant influence on the dynamit
response of embedded foundations. Typical response curves showing the effect of embedment are pre~
sented in Fig. 9.30. It gives that as a result of embedment, the natural frequency of the foundation- soil,
system increasesand the amplitude of vibration decreases (Novak, 1970, 1985;Beredugo(1971) ; Beredugo
and Novak, 1972; Fry, 1963 ; Stokoe, 1972 ; Stokoe and Richart, 1974 ; Chae, 1971 ; Gupta, 1972 i
Vijayvergiya,1981).
. The problem of embedded foundations has been analysed by both linear elastic weightless spring
approach (Prakash and Puri, 1971, 1972 ; Vijayvergiya, 1981) and elastic half-space theory (Anandkrishan
and Krishnaswamy, 1973; Baranov, 1967; Berdugo and Novak, 1972; Novak and Beredugo, 1971).Th~
analysis developed by Vigayvergiya Cl981) is simple and logical, and therefore selected for presentati9P
here. On the basis of theoretical analysis, he had recommended the.equivalent spring stiffnesses in dif-
ferent types of motion as given below: .

9.7.1. Vertical Vibrations (Fig. 9.31)

¢

! Fz5in 6>1

Machin<z
¨ ⁄¶ Õ Í‚˘

~,~
-
Foundation
h
¯±® bxh)
0

1
’¶‰¶

1
f.. a
~
Fig. 9.31 : Embedded block foundation subjected to pure vertical vibration

„ ›´‹ flıÓ›¨ø™¯æ‹ıø‹˜
’¶ª ...(9.!
where ’¶ª „ ¤Ø´ ßø¥ª ¨ spring stiffness of the embedded foundation
›´‹ „ Coefficient of elastic uniform compression obtained at the base of foundation
›¨ ı›¨‹
›¨ø™= Averagevalue of coefficientof elasticuniformshear =-
2
Ct = Coefficient of elastic uniform shear at the ground surface
›¨ ‹ „ Ceofficient of elastic uniform shear at the base of foundatiqn
D = Embedment depth
b = Width of base of foundation
a = Length of base of foundation
~

d
 . ~""
.
..
... ....""..
~.."L... .

Foundations of Reciprocating Machines 395

The equation of motion will be

mz+Kze'z = Fzsin rot ...(9.168)

The natural frequency oonzeand maximum amplitude Aze of motion are given by

fK: ...(9.169a)
oonze = v--;;;
Fz
Aze = 2 2 ...(9.169b)
. m (
ronze - ro )
9.7.2. Pure Sliding vibrations (Fig. 9.32)

Machin<z

. ,,

Fx Sin wt
- FxSin wt ’®‰¶
...-. ~ ~ .. m
h

Foundation 0

1
¯ø®æ® h)
1 '.

~ a -i
Fig. 9.32: Embedded block foundation subjected to pure sliding vibration

Kxe = Ct D A + 2 Cllavb D + 2 Ctav aD ...(9.170) .

where Kxe = Equivalent spring stiffness of the emebedded foundation

C +C
Cl/a v = Average value of coefficient of elastic uniform compression = !!.-
2 uD

CII = Coefficient of elastic uniform compression at the ground surface.

Similarly, the equation of motion will be
mx + Kxe ..i = ~t sin rot ...(9.171)

The natural frequency and maximum amplitude of vibration are given by

fK:: ...(9.172)
oonxe = v--;-
Fx ~.
A = 2 2 ...(9.173)
xe m (ronxe - ro )
..

~
396 Soil Dynamics & Machine Follndatioi;.\
- - -,

9.7.3~ Pure Rocking Vibrations (Fig. 9.33)

,.
Machinq

My Sin GJt m
-::.'\\,:
-
0
Foundation ~

Ô
(axbxh)

a ./
1
I.. r
Fig. 9.33 : Embedded block foundation subjected to rocking vibration
f
-t
C~av b 3 2 Db a2
...(9.£7<
:1
Kljle =C~D.I-W.L+ 24 (16D -12hD )+2C~avlo+Ctav 2
,"1l
where Kljle = Equivalent spring stiffness of the embedded foudation
CIjID= Coefficientof elasticnon-uniformcompressionat the base levelof foundation

Cljlav= Averagevalue of coefficientof elasticnon-uniform compression= C~+2C~D

CIjI = Coefficient of elastic non-uniform compression at the ground surface
L = Height of the combined e.g. of machine and foundation from the centre of the base J

W = Weight of foundation ,
b 3,
I=~ '~J
12
3
,
I = aD
0 3
The equation of motion will be .,.

MI1IO«\>+Kljle.$ = My sin rot ...(9.I

The natural frequency and maximum amplitude of vibration are given by J';J

Ct)lIljIe=
~ ~e
M mo

My
...(9.,.

-- i
}

A = 2 2 ..~t}
:ce M",O ( ro119- ro ) ~,
,I

.i;J
.-;i'
,.
f
j.
 ~ IJI
~

f'
'"
Foundations ,.Fo/llldatiolls of Reciprocating Machines 397 ~I'

.
" 9.7.4. Coupled sliding and rocking Vibrations. The equations of motion in coupled vibrations are
given as
-::.
11.
, 411
I
mx+K.u,x+Kxtp'<I> = Fx sinrot ...(9.178) I
and ,'1
Mm~+KcI><I>'<I>+Ktpx'x = My sin rot ...(9.179) I

]
}\There Kxx = C'tD A + 2 Cl/aVbD + 2 C'tav aD ...(9,180)
I
Kxtp = Ctpavb (D2 - 2 DL) - C'tD . AL ...(9.181) I
I
2 . a2 2 3 3 , ,
Kq,tp = CtpD1+ C'tD AL - WL + 2 CljlavIy + C'tavbD 2 + 3' Ctpav[L + (D - L )]
...(9.182)
~
>
...(9.183) I
~K~t2 Ktpx = - [ C'tD AL + 2 Cl/a v bD ( L- ~ ) + 2 C'ta v ( L - ~ ) aD]
~ 1'1
.
where CljIlIV = Average value of coefficient of ~Iastic nonunifonn shear
~ I ~\j
ly = Moment of inertia of area a x Dlying in the plane of vibration about axis of rotation I '11
.
Da3 aDb2
=-+- . .
12 4
,..(9,174) JI
1'he natural frequencies of the system can be obtained by solving Eq. (9,184)
d.
m Mm co~e- (r:zKtptp+ Mm Kx.~)co~e+ (K~~K~ - K~x x Kxtp)= 0 ...(9.184)
on
The amplitudes of vibration ofthesystem can be obtained as below:
D . (a) Only the horizontal force Fx sin ootis acting: The equations of motion will be :
m x + Kxx . x + Kfttp . <I> = Fx sin 00t ...(9.185)

the base Mm ~i + Ktptp. <I>+ ~tpx X = 0 ,..(9.186)

The solution of the above equations can be represented by I
tl I
x=Adsinoot ...(9.187)

l <I>= Atpfsin 00t ...(9.188)

F t j
By substituting x and <I>
from Eqs, (9,187) and (9. 188) in Eqs, (9.185) and (9.186), we get

t (Kxx - m 002) Axl + Kxtp Atpl = Fx sin 00 t ...(9.189)

2
I KtpxA.d + (Ktptp- Mm 00 ) Atpl =0 ...(9.190)
,..(9)75) By solving Eqs, (9, 189) and (9,190), we get
2
. - .(K~~- Mm 00 )
Q,
Axl - 2 2 Fx ...(9.191)
...(9.176\ '" (Kxx-moo )(Ktp~-Mmoo )-KxtpK<I1~

- -K~ '.,
Atpl - 2 2 / r. ...(9.192)
(K.n-moo ) (Ktptp-Mm 00 )-KxtpK<I1'
...(9.
I
I
I~
.I

...
~
O//II~
""i"'""
~
u
----

cl!
~
~-
 Û¢˘Û±

ÌÁË Soil DYllamics & Machifle Foufldatiofls

(b) Only the moment My sin cot is acting: The equations of motion will be :
11
m x + Kxx . x + Kcpx<I>= 0 ...(9.193)

I.i Mm ~
+ K.p.p . <I> + K.pxx = My sin COt ...(9.194)
The solutions of the above equations can be represented as:
X =Ax2 sin COt ...(9.195)
1I

f.i
<I> = A.p2 sin co t ...(9.196)
;. Substituting the values of x and <I>
from Eqs. (9. 195) and (9.196) in Eqs. (9. 193) and (9.194), we get
2
(Kxx - m CO) Ax2 + Kx.pA.p2 = 0 ...(9.197)
2
K.px' Ax2 + (K.p.p - Mm CO) A.p2 = My ...(9.198)
4:
By solving Eqs. (9.197) and (9.198), we get
I
,f' --
Ad - 2
-Kx.p
2 My ...(9.199)
(Ku-mco )(K.p.p-Mmco )-KcpxKx.p
2
~" I
and
(Kxx -m CO)
A.p2= 2 2 My ...(9.200)
I~ (K,X,X- m CO ) (K.p.p- Mm ro ) - KcpxKx.p
If both Fx sin cot and My sin cot are acting simultaneously, then
Ax = Axt + Ax2 ...(9.201)
H:
A.p = A.pl + A.p2 ...(9.202)
Sometimes to screen the vibrations, some .air gap is left between the pit and the foundation block
ÔÔ
ÂÙ
(Fig. 9.34). Figure 9.35 shows the comparison between the response of embedded foundation with air gap
Æ and without air gap. From this it can be concluded that if air gap is provided around the foundation the
amplitude of vibration increases whereas the natural frequency decreases when compared with corre-
Ù sponding foundation with no air gap around it. The response of embedded foundation with air gap can
be obtained by analysis given in sec. 9.4 by using CuD' CtD,C.pDand C",Din place of CII'Ct' CeI>
and CIjI
respectively.
Ù

Machinq
Ù

Ú
'" ..,\ ..//..
Ê Foundation
˘ h
(axbxh)
li Ai r gap
¨

ÔÔÊ
t- a ~
¨
Fig. 9.34 : Embedded block foundation with air gap

III
 u
w
1111
~
III !Ill,
Ill!
~

I!!
,..

Ii

'1111 da tio 11 s Foundations of ReciprocatillgMacltines 399

0
L.()
I
.(9.193)
I
~ i:
.(9.194)
t, L.()
--.j' I
I

-
~
..(9.195)
f
..(9.196) QC)
'"
), we get 0 ..
--.j' ,.,
..(9.197) .....
... r"
...
>
1:1
..(9.198) :;
C-
I c.
'" ~
.. ~!
L.() ...
...(9.199)
M '"
I
0 Ill'
,~
:: 11
'i
'0
...(9.200) 1
c
'"
I 0 c.
'"
M tf) OJ)
c- ...
'"
V ::
...(9.201) ... 1,\
i >- 'i"'
-
...(9.202) I v
L.() c f
lion block ('4
c "
,~
::J ';...
ith air gap c- er .Q
L.()
I
.
L.() Cl 01
.dation the j N N. l-
'>
vith corre-
c- C7) '"
,;:
,I
0 Cl 0 LL
l- t:...
ir gap can
II C1 " .- 0 >
m CD Cl N
CQ>and C'v
1
......
L..
...... 0 ~ \I

0« 0' Z ~
:=
u
u" 11
C
...
L.() :::!
0'
c Cl ...
.::
'-0 ...-
Cl ,/,
L.. 'C
0 ...- B

~ Ln c.
a
> "'Cl 0 «!'.
- C or,
~
Cl Cl 0-:
v tf) ..
..... ~
L.. >-
01 ...-
> :::
(/) L.()

I
0
0 0 0
0 r.f)

I'

-'i
,..'
SUOJ:>!W c apn~!ldwV'
.. -- -- ,
~

(
~

~,.. ~"'--" ~~ - ..- ~'" ,-

 400 Soil DYllamics & Mac/lille Foulldatiolls

9.8 SOIL MASS PARTICIPATING IN VIBRATIONS

In both the methods of analysis and design of foundations of reciprocating machines described in sec. 9.4
.,
and 9.5, the effect of soil mass participating in vibrations has not been considered.
J!
~I

I:

;1 .
'f
,

Fig. 9.36 : Stress distribution in soil mass

Pauw (1953) developed equations for the apparent soil mass by equating the kinetic energy of the
i
11
11
affected zone to theCkineticenergy of a mass assumed to be concentrated at the base of the foundation. He
. gave the following expression for apparent soil mass ms for translatory modes of vibration:
t If
b3
m =Lc ...(9.203)
P ga.
, where
s m
a. = Factor which defines the slope oftnincated pyramid (Fig. 9.36). It is generally taken'unity.
Cm = Function which dependson sand r
~=- a.he
. b
j a
r="b
he = Equivalent surcharge defined by the ratio of foundation pressure to unit weight of soil.
ij For non-cohesive soils, Cmis obtained from Fig. 9.37 (a). No graphical data is suggested by Pauw for
cohesive soils.
The expression for mass moment of inertia of soil in rotational vibrations is given by
r
,.
J~ 'Yb5C.
M =---'- ..(9.204)
iI ms 12g a.
. whereC.I can be obtainedfromFig . 9.37 b to e. In these fi gures, C~,
I C~
r and c~I denote the factors of mass

I moments of inertia about X, Y and Z axes respectively. These factors can be obtained from Figs. 9.37b
'I. to d for cohesionless soils and from Fig. 9.37e for cohesive soils.
.,

"'I

- - - -- -, --~ "-'---~ ~~---'

~--- -.'- ~'. ._-,-,

'Ill

IJI
 -

Ï Ô
Foundations of Reciprocating Machines

›± ¨ ± ¥¨ soil
0.2 0.2

"' -ÛÛ›
'tb3 Mmz = )f'b5 CX
0.5 gJ- m 0.5 5 12g-" i

I.a 1 0 1.0
'""6. - - - - - -- -- - -.\"'&.a
1 - - -- -- ---
-11
11 2.0
Cl)
Cl) 2.0

5.0 S~O
r=12JLr
0 J 0 0:6 . 0~8
Cm Cb)
(Ca)
r
0.2 0.2
;rh 5 CY
. 5 z
0.5 Mm ys
--I
- 12'3 aC.. 0.5 ,Mmzs- 129cl Cj
- rJL

~'1.a1.0
I.a 1.0
11 2.0 V) 2.0
Cl)

5.0 5.0

--'--
r::1
0 0.5 1.5
Cc) CjY 0.5 cf
--;:-3 rJ+r

¥b5 x
M.mx$-= 12 gel Cj
2
Yb5 Y
Mmys= 1290£ ›
CJI.a
,"
...
5

Cj

(t)

Fig. 9.37: Apparent mass factors for horizontal contact surfac£..>

-' :.,' '
I';. ' ;

L
402 Soil Dynamics & Machine Foundations

Balkrishna (1961) has developed the following expression for the apparent soil mass in vertical
vibrations:
3/2

m = ~3
0.4775 Q . 1t P ...(9.205)
.. s 4 P) (
where Q = Sum of the static and dynamic load
Barkan (1962) has suggested that the apparent soil mass may be taken as 23% of the mass of machine
plus foundation.
Hsieh (1962) gave the expressions for getting apparent soil mass as given in Table 9.9.

Table 9.9 : Effective Mass and Mass Moment of Inertia for Soil below a Vibrating Footing
(Hsieh, 1962)

Effective mass or mass moment of inertia of soil

Mode .of vibration
ÔÔ„ 11 = 0.25 11= 0.5
3 3 , 3
Vertical translation 0.5 pro \.0 pro 2.0 -p ro
Horizontal translation 3 3 3
0.2 pro 0.2 pro 1.0 pro
5
Rocking 0.4 pro

Torsion (about vertical axis) 0.3 P r5 0.3 P r5 0.3 pr50

0 0

The apparent soil mass/mass moment of inertia is added to the mass m/mass moment of inertia Mm
or J0 to get the natural frequency and amplitude of vibration.
.
9.9 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR A BLOCK.FOUNDATION
The design of a block foundation provided for a reciprocating machine may be carried out in following
steps:
9.9.1. Machine Data. The following information shall be obtained from the-manufactures of tl:1ema-
chine for guidance in designing: -

(a) A detailed loading diagram comprising the plan, elevation and section showing details of con-
nectionsand point of applicationof all -loads on foundation; -

(b) Distance between axis of the main shaft of the machine and the top face of foundation;
(c) Capacity or rated.output of machine; -
(d) Operating speed of machine; and
(e) Exciting forces of the machine and short circuit moment of motor, if any.
9.9.2. Soil Data. The following information about the subsurface soil should be ~own :
(a) Soil profile and data (including soil properties generally for depth equal to twice the width of ;;
the proposed foundation or up to hard stratum). ~
(b) Soil investigation
. to ascertain allowable soil pressures and to determine the dynamicproperties 4
'it
of the sOIL.. ,>1

(c) The relative position of the w~ter tablebelo~'-g~o~nd ~t differe~t times of the year. 'J
The minimum distance to any important foundation in the vicinity of the machine foundation should,

alsobe accertained. .. - }I
 -, ~,~-

Foundations of Reciprocating .Machines 403'

9.9.3. Trial size of the Foundation. '.

Area of Block-The size of the foundation block (in plan) should be larger than the bed plate of the
machine it supports, with a minimum all-round clearance of 150 mm.
Depth- In all cases, the depth of foundation should be such as to rest the foundation on good bearing
strata and to ensure stability against rotations in vertical plane.
Centre of Gravity"::
The combined center of gravity of the machine and the block shall be as much below
the top of foundation as.possible, but in no case it shall be above the top of foundation.
Eccentricity-The eccentricity shall not exceed 5 percent of the least width in any horizontal section.
Sharp corners shall be avoided, whenever possible, praticularly in the openings.
9.9.4. Selecting Soil Constants. The values of dynamic elastic constants (Cu' Ccfj1 Ct' C'V'G, E and J.l)
are obtained from relevant tests and corresponding strain levels are noted. ,These values are reduced to
10m2 contact area and 10 kN/m2 confining pressure. A plot is then prepared between dynamic elastic
constants and strain level. The value of dynamic elastic constants are picked up corresponding to the
strain level expected in the actual foundation. These values of dynamic elastic constants are then cor-
rected for the actual area of the foundation (if < 10m2), and confining pressure. The details of this has
alreadybeen discussedin illustrativeexample4.2 ,.-' .

9.9.5. Centering the Foundation area in Contact with Soil. Determine the combined center of gravity
(Table 9.4) for the machine and the foundationin X, Y and Z planes and check to see that the eccentricity
along X or Y axis is not over 5 percent. This. is the upper limit for this type of analysis. If eccentricity
exceeds 5 percent, the additional rocking due to vertical eccentric loading must be considered in the
analysis (Barkan, 1962) "

The static pressure should be checked; it should be less than 80 percent of the allowable soil pressure
under static conditions. This condition is met in most practical foundations. .

Table 9.4 : Determination of CG of the System

Coordinate e.g. Static moments of
Element Dimensions of the element mass of elements
of Weight of Mass of
system a.t ay az element element Xj . Yj Zj mjXj mjYj mj

2
3

9.9.6. Design Values of Exciting Loads and Moments. The fmal values of force and resulting moments
are now obtained with respect to the combined center of gravity of the system. The relative magnitudes
of the unbalanced forces and moments will decide the nature of vibrations in the block foundation.

9.9.7. Determination of Moments of Inertia and mass Moment~' of Jnertia. The moments of inertia
and mass moments of in~rtia may be obtained using the formulae given in Tables 9.5 and 9.6.

.
404 Soil Dynamics & Machine Foundllliolls

Table 9.5 : Moments of Inertia

Formula for
Shape of the area Figure
Ix ~ Iz
,

ffi " I Y T
--f::.G. b ab3 ba3 ab(a2 +b2)
Rectangle
X I
y
X Jl 12 12 12

1---0 ~

y
T....
N
X X 11 1td4 1td4
Circle '0 .!!:...ct
64 64 32
J..

Table 9.6 : Mass Moments of Inertia '1;1

Formula for
Shape of Elements Figure ,
MmT Mmy Mm:
""-.
z 1'J'

m 2 m m
Rectangular block
-- 12 (b + h2) 12 (a2 + h2) 12 (i + b2) ~
"t
!j
"
.""1

z ,.~
'" f'

X
T
h
Circularblock 1/ 1- !!!-3d2 + h2 !!!- 3d2 + h2

y,u 1 12 ( 4 J 12 ( 4 )

t-d-j
Foundations of Reciprocating Machines- 405

-
-:Mmo- M m + m L2
where Mmo = Mass moment of inertiaof machineand foundationabout the axis of rotation passing
through base.
L = Distance of combined centre of gravity above base.
Mm
r=-
Mmo .

9.9.8. Determination of Natural Frequencies and Amplitudes

Linear weightless spring approach
(i) Vertical Vibration

(0 nz =
W ~
m
.A
.-,.

Fz
Az = 2 2
m (OOnz-00 )
(ii) Torsional Vibration

.(On",-~cw
- Mmz
J,
Mz
and A = 2 2
'" Mmz,,(OOnw-00 )
(iii) Combined Rocking and Sliding
Sliding and rocking are coupled modes of vibration. The natural frequencies are determined as
follows:

conx ~ ~c, mA

<.oncp -- ~C.I-
Mmo WL
2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
and OOnl,2 = 2; OOnx
[(
) (OOnx+OOn,) -4r
+OOn+:t OOnxOOn,
]
The amplitudes of vibration can be computed with the following equations:
2 2
(Ct AI.;+C.I- WL- Mm00 ) FJ:+(Ct AL) M
A - v Y
x - ~(oo2)
2
(CtAL)Fx+(CtA-moo )My
A -
~- ~ (002)
'lihere, Ax = Linear 4orizontal amplitu_de of the combined center of gravity
Acp = Rotational amplitude in radians around the combined center of gravity. -
2 2 - 2 2 ,. 2 '-
((J)nl-(J) )((J)n2-~ )
,
L\«o)=mMm

.
I
j
ill..
406 Soil Dynamics & Machine Fou1Jdatio"s

The amplitude of the block should be determined at the bearing level of the foundation as
a
~~~.,,~~:E-C';:,;z::..;~~;_.-,,-~..,_. ... ..'-~." '.' Av = Az+ '2 A.
Ah = Ax + h A.
where Ah = Horizontal amplitude at bearing level
h = Height of the bearing above the combined center of gravity of the system
Av = Maximumvertical amplitude
Elastic half-space approach
Equivalent radius, mass ratio, spring constants and damping factors are listed in Table 9.7
Table 9.7 : Values of Equivalent Radius, Mass Ratio, Spring Constants and Damping Factor
Modeof Equivalent Mass (or inertia) Damping Spring Constant
vibration radius ratio factor
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

f!
(l-Il)
-- m 0.425 4Gro
Vertica! Bz= 4 3 k=-
roz = 1t pro z = Bz z 1-1l
- 81l) m '0.2875
f! 32(1-J.l)Gro
(7
Sliding r - - x= -a- .f kx =
ox 1t Bx = 32(I -Il) pr; 7-8J.l
3
3 (I - J.l)Mmo 0.15 8G ro
Rocking B = 8 5 k =
,o 31t
(ba')'14
$ pro x = (1+ B).JB; 3 (1- J.l) .!

Torsional r
°'V
=
(
ba(a2+b2)
6 1t r B=---t
Y
Mm-
pro
0.5
'V= 1+2B \jI
16
k'V=3"Gro
3 ,t

Natural frequencies and amplitude of vibrations

(I) Vertical Vibration

OOnz = ~;
.'

K'[{l-(:JrZ+~,:Jr
,,'
'~,
A, ~

(it) Torsfonal Vibration )~

and
00
n'V
=
~ M
'V
rn,!,
~1

~ ~ K.[{1_(ro:Jr~(2~.ro:Jr
 --..

='oundations of Recipr-Ocating Machines 407

(iil) Coupled sliding and rocking vibration 0 '

0) = fKx
nx V-;;

O),,~ =
Damped natural frequencies are obtained as the roots of the following equation:
~ ~
Mmo
2
4 2 (ID~,+ ID;") 4 V.. IDnx""; oo~ 00;,
00 na - -
O

00 nd +
r r
[ } ]
0 00 0 To, .0 00

{
2
4 ~X 00nx 00nd 2 2 00nd cOnip 2 2 ~'
+
[ r 00n, - 00 lid + r (00nx - 00nd
)]
=0 ) (
Undamped natural frequencies can be obtained by using following Equations:

2 -
OOnl,2 -
2r [( OOnx OOn, - OOn, OOnx 4 r oon, oonx ]
~ 2 + 2
)+ ( 2 + 2 2
0

.
)-
~ . ,- .-
2
0
2

Damped amplitudes for motion occasioned by the applied moment, can be obtained as below:
1/2
2

A = My [ (oo~) +(2~x 00n.t)2 ]

x Mm" ~(002)
112
2 2 2 2
)
-',0,

A =My [( OOnx-OO +(2~xoonx)..

]
$ M 111 /),,(00 2 )
where /)"(0)2) is given by Eq.
.. '. 2

4 2 (OO~,+OO~) 4 ;.t ~~ 00 nx 00 nljl - 00 ~x 00 ~~

~ (ol) = 00 -00 r r. . r
(
0

[{, } }

, 0 0... 2 1/2
00 00 2 2 ~, 00 n, 00, 2 2

+ +x ":-(IDn+-ID)+ r (IDn,-ID)} ]
Damped amplitudes for motion occasioned by an applied force Fx acting at the center of gravity of the
foundation may be obtained as below: 0' ,

1/2

- Fx [ (-Mm 002+k, +L2Kx)2 +40)2(~~~K~Mmo+L2~x.JK7n)2 ] 0

.. ~ -m-~.m .A (0)2) '- . - -.'

2 2 1/2 .
and A - Fx 0
L coIIX coIIX+ ( 4 ~xco
'.-
) ,", "
,.'~:t'~ffl" ( /)".<co2). ..

6...
408 Soil Dynamies & Machine Foundations

9.9.9. Check for Adequate Foundation. The natural frequencies computed in.step 8 should be away
from the resonance zone i.e.
Cl) co
- < 0.5 or - < 1.5
Cl)n con

The amplitudes computed in step 8 should be less than t~e limiting amplitudes of the machine which
are usually specially by the manufacturer of the machine.

ILL USTRA TIVE EXAMPLE

I
Example 9.1
A reciprocating machine is symmetrically mounted on a block of size 4.0 m x 3.0 m x 3.5 m high. The
soil at the site is sandy in nature having cl>= 350and Ysat= kN/m3.The watertable lies at a depth of 3.0
m below the ground surface. The block is embedded in the ground by 2.0 m depth. The machine vibrating
at a speed of 250 rpm generates
Maximum vertical unbalanced force = 2.5 kN
Torque about Z-axis = 4.0 kN-m
Maximum horizontal unbalanced force = 2:0 kN at a height of 0.2 m above the top of the block.
The machine weight is small in comparison to the weight of foundation. Limiting amplitude of the
machine is 150 microns. A block resonance test was conducted at the site to evaluate the dynamic elastic
constants. The data obtained from the test is the same as given in Example 4.2 (Chapter 4).
Determine the natural frequencies and amplitudes by (a) Weightless spring m!=thod,and (b) Elastic
half-space approach.
Solution:
1. Machine data (Fig. 9.38)

2.5 Sin G.>t

2.0 Sin CiJt
Machincz
Block
4.0 Sin c..>t

:.~...
e.g.. .,. T
h = 3.5m
2.om
T
L = 1.75m
b =3.0m "

1 1
11-- a =".Om ~ J- a = 4.0 m l
(a)Section -".,.-- - -,..~-, -- - (b) Plan -}
..,!'
I"" 0" f.
Fig. 9.3S':, Details oUoundatlon ..
Y"",
,,(.
~l
.~1

,--- ,I