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Sustainable Civil Infrastructures

Hugo Rodrigues
Amr Elnashai Editors

Advances and
Challenges in
Structural Engineering
Proceedings of the 2nd GeoMEast
International Congress and Exhibition
on Sustainable Civil Infrastructures,
Egypt 2018 – The Official International
Congress of the Soil-Structure
Interaction Group in Egypt (SSIGE)
Sustainable Civil Infrastructures

Editor-in-chief
Hany Farouk Shehata, Cairo, Egypt

Advisory Board
Khalid M. ElZahaby, Giza, Egypt
Dar Hao Chen, Austin, USA
Sustainable Infrastructure impacts our well-being and day-to-day lives. The
infrastructures we are building today will shape our lives tomorrow. The complex
and diverse nature of the impacts due to weather extremes on transportation and
civil infrastructures can be seen in our roadways, bridges, and buildings. Extreme
summer temperatures, droughts, flash floods, and rising numbers of freeze-thaw
cycles pose challenges for civil infrastructure and can endanger public safety. We
constantly hear how civil infrastructures need constant attention, preservation, and
upgrading. Such improvements and developments would obviously benefit from
our desired book series that provide sustainable engineering materials and designs.
The economic impact is huge and much research has been conducted worldwide.
The future holds many opportunities, not only for researchers in a given country,
but also for the worldwide field engineers who apply and implement these
technologies. We believe that no approach can succeed if it does not unite the
efforts of various engineering disciplines from all over the world under one
umbrella to offer a beacon of modern solutions to the global infrastructure. Experts
from the various engineering disciplines around the globe will participate in this
series, including: Geotechnical, Geological, Geoscience, Petroleum, Structural,
Transportation, Bridge, Infrastructure, Energy, Architectural, Chemical and
Materials, and other related Engineering disciplines.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15140

Hugo Rodrigues Amr Elnashai
•

Editors

Advances and Challenges

in Structural Engineering
Proceedings of the 2nd GeoMEast
International Congress and Exhibition
on Sustainable Civil Infrastructures,
Egypt 2018 – The Official International Congress
of the Soil-Structure Interaction Group
in Egypt (SSIGE)

123
Editors
Hugo Rodrigues Amr Elnashai
Polytechnic Institute of Leiria Division of Research
Leiria, Portugal University of Houston
Houston, TX, USA

ISSN 2366-3405 ISSN 2366-3413 (electronic)

Sustainable Civil Infrastructures
ISBN 978-3-030-01931-0 ISBN 978-3-030-01932-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01932-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018957131

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents

Retrofitting Gravity Load Designed R.C Frames Using FRP . . . . . . . . . 1

Mohamed I. S. Elmasry, Melad Belal Said, and Essam A. Elkordy
Condition Monitoring of Overhead Line Equipment (OHLE)
Structures Using Ground-Bourne Vibrations from Train Passages . . . . 14
Chayut Ngamkhanong, Sakdirat Kaewunruen, Rui Calçada,
and Rodolfo Martin
Application of Nano-Silica in Concrete Bridges in Vietnam
for Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Le Hong Lam and Dao Duy Lam
FRP Tubes Filled with Reinforced Concrete Subjected to Cyclic
Axial Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Asmaa Abdeldaim Ahmed, Mohamed Hassan, and Radhouane Masmoudi
Ultimate Flexural Capacity Predication of Rectangular FRP Tube
Beams Filled with Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Asmaa Abdeldaim Ahmed, Mohamed Hassan, and Radhouane Masmoudi
Reinforced Concrete Multi-Rib Arch Bridge Strengthened
by Changing Structural System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Yiqiang Xiang and Bishnu Gupt Gautam
The Influence of Spectral Responses on the Structures Heights . . . . . . . 65
Mohamed Ahatri, Khadija Baba, Soukaina Touijrate, and Lahcen Bahi
Effect of Steel Slag on Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Amol Rakhunde and N. A. Hedaoo
Post-consumer Cullet and Potential Engineering Applications
in North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Ifeanyi Ndukwe and Qiuyan Yuan

v
vi Contents

Production of Building Bricks Using Cement Kiln Dust CKD Waste . . . 102
Ahmed H. Abdulkareem and Saadoon O. Eyada
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) for Strengthening
and Seismic Retrofitting of Historic Circular Masonry
Stone Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Sayed Hemeda
The Impact of Steel Fibers on the Properties of Self Compacting
Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Hassan Ghanem, Yehia Obeid, Ayman Trad, and Mohamed Dandachy
Assessing the Potential Value of a SHM Deployment
on a Proposed Footbridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
David D. T. Nepomuceno, John Bennetts, Graham T. Webb,
Matt Langhorne, Mike Johnson, John H. G. Macdonald,
Theo Tryfonas, and Paul J. Vardanega
Seismic Demands Assessment of Tall Buildings: Theoretical Approach
and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Benazouz Chikh, Mustapha Remki, Abdelkader Benyoucef,
Youcef Mehani, Mohamed Hadid, and Abdelmounaim Mechaala
Verification of Mechanism on Improvement of Drying Shrinkage
or Air Permeability on Concrete Using Blast Furnace Slag Sand
Based on Pore Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Ryo Yoshida, Kazuhide Saito, and Chiaki Yoshizawa
Effect of Wet-Mat Curing Time on Chloride Permeability of Concrete
Bridge Decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Hassan Ghanem, Ayman Trad, Mohamed Dandachy, and Adel ElKordi
The Effect of Underground Stories on the Dynamic Response
of High-Rise Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Lina Jaber, Yehya Temsah, Yasser El-Mossallamy,
and Fadi Hage Chehade
Engineering Properties of Self-compacting Concrete Containing
Class C Fly Ash and Processed Slag Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
H. P. Vageesh, C. P. Ramesh, T. Raghavendra, B. C. Udayashankar,
and A. Shashishankar
Across Wind Load Analysis Using CFD for Sustainable Design
of Tall Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
K. Shruti, P. N. Rao, and G. R. Sabareesh
Contents vii

Utilization of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

in the Non-destructive Assessment of FRP Laminate-Concrete
Bond Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Mina Riad, Nur Yazdani, Yazan Almomani, and Enrique Gonzalez
Indirect Tensile Stiffness and Permanent Deformation of Microwave
Treated Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures (CBEMS) Containing
Cementitious Activated Waste Fly Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Hassan Al Nageim, Abbas Al-Hdabi, and Shakir Al Busultan
Analytical Fragility Curves of Open Frame Platform Structures . . . . . . 277
Yasser S. Salem, P. E. Aren Azizian, and Jin Sung Cho
Analytical Fragility Curves for Pipe Rack Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Yasser S. Salem, P. E. Tiffany Yoo, Ghad M. Gad, and Jin Sung Cho
Ductility-Based Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of RC
Bridge Piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Abderrahmane Kibboua, Fouad Kehila, Nadjib Hemaidi-Zourgui,
and Mustapha Remki
Behavior of Boxed Cold-Formed Steel as Composite Beam with Rebar
as Shear Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Musab N. A. Salih, Mahmood Md. Tahir, Shahrin Mohammad,
and Yusof Ahmad
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of CFRP Shear Walls Subject
to Blast Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
J. L. Ajimituhuo and O. S. Abejide
New Technology of Concrete Surface Improvement
and Soil Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Larisa Svatovskaya, Maxim Sychov, and Ivan Drobychev
Probabilistic Shear Strength of Bolted Joints in Offshore . . . . . . . . . . . 354
J. L. Ajimituhuo and O. S. Abejide
XRDF, SEM and Compressive Strength Properties of a New Alkali
Activated Fly Ash Concrete Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Hassan Al-Nageim, Aaraf Al-Khuzai, Jonethan Draker, Jennifer Croft,
Linda Seton, and Nicola Dempster
Stability of Concrete Containments of Nuclear Plants Under
Jet Impact Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Mohamed Ihab S. Elmasry, Nabil H. Alashkar, and Mostafa M. Hassan
Probabilistic Thickness Requirement of CFRP Plates Bonded
to Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
A. Ahmed, J. M. Kaura, and O. S. Abejide
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
About the Editors

Hugo Rodrigues Senior Lecturer at the School of

Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of
Leiria, Portugal, teaching several topics related with
structural analysis, building pathology and rehabilita-
tion. He received his Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from
the University of Aveiro in 2012. He has experience in
Seismic analysis, having participated as principal
investigator and team member several research and
projects, specialized consultancy studies ordered by
several public institutions and companies regarding the
assessment of seismic risk. His major research interests
are building rehabilitation, structural health monitoring
and seismic safety including experimental and numer-
ical activities. Research member of the RIsks and
Sustainability in Construction (RISCO). He has
co-authored more than 150 publications in top-tier
peer-reviewed journals and national and international
conferences.

Amr Elnashai Fellow of the British Royal Academy

of Engineering, Amr Elnashai is the Dean of
Engineering at the Pennsylvania State University, and
the Harold and Inge Marcus Chair of Engineering. He
was previously head of the Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, USA, and the Bill and Elaine
Hall Endowed Professor in the same department. He
was Director of the NSF multi-institution interdisci-
plinary Mid-America Earthquake Center (2004–2009).
He was also Director of the NSF Network for

ix
x About the Editors

Earthquake Engineering Simulations (NEES)

Laboratory at Illinois (2002–2009). He obtained his
BSc from Cairo University, followed by MSc and Ph.D.
from Imperial College, University of London. Before
joining the University of Illinois in June 2001, he was
Professor of Earthquake Engineering and Head of
Division at Imperial College (1985–2001). He has been
Visiting Professor at the University of Surrey, UK, since
1997. Other Visiting Professor appointments include the
University of Tokyo, the University of Southern
California and the European School for Advanced
Studies in Reduction of Seismic Risk, Italy.
He is founder and co-editor of the Journal of
Earthquake Engineering and Editorial Board Member
of several other journals, a Member of the drafting panel
of the European design codes, past Chair of the UK
Earthquake Engineering Association, UK delegate to and
past Senior Vice-President of the European Association
of Earthquake Engineering and a Member of the Council
of the UK Institution of Structural Engineers. He is the
winner of the Imperial College Unwin Prize for the best
Ph.D. thesis in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (1984),
the Oscar Faber Medal for best paper in the Institution of
Structural Engineering and two best paper medals from
the International Association of Tall Buildings, Los
Angeles.
His technical interests are multi-resolution distributed
analytical simulations, network analysis, large-scale
hybrid testing and field investigations of the response
of complex networks and structures to earthquakes. He
has produced more than 250 research publications,
comprising over 140 refereed journal papers and many
conference papers, keynote and prestige lectures (in-
cluding the Nathan Newmark Distinguished Lecture),
research reports, three books and several chapters,
magazine articles and earthquake field investigation
reports. He has supervised 45 doctoral and over 100
Master of Science theses. Many of his students hold
significant positions in industry, academia and govern-
ment in over 14 countries.
 Retrofitting Gravity Load Designed
R.C Frames Using FRP

Mohamed I. S. Elmasry1(&), Melad Belal Said1,2,

and Essam A. Elkordy2
1
Structural Engineering, Graduate Studies, Arab Academy for Science
and Technology (AASTMT), Alexandria, Egypt
elmasryi@aast.edu
2
Structural Engineering, Alexandria University (AU), Alexandria, Egypt
esmelkordi@yahoo.com

Abstract. Many existing worldwide Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures, such

as non-ductile RC frames, were designed for gravity loads only during the 1950s
through 1970s or earlier. Due to variations in the identification of seismic active
zones by national codes, such structures may not satisfy the current design
requirements, especially when lying in a recently identified seismic active zone.
This is because such structures, as a result of poorer reinforcement detailing,
may generally do not possess the adequate ductility and strength needed to
withstand an expected earthquake. Consequently, older RC frames may undergo
substantial damage during earthquakes. One of the main damage aspects in such
case is clear cracks around and within the beam-column connections. This is the
case where the failure of beam-column joints is governed by bond and shear
failure mechanisms which are usually brittle. This may be attributed to inade-
quate shear reinforcement in the beam-column joints region., This paper pre-
sents the first results of an experimental campaign performed – at the Laboratory
of Materials & Structures of the Arab Academy And Technology (EGYPT) –
with the aim to investigate the seismic performance of RC beam-columns joints
strengthened with FRP. The experimental program includes testing specimens
realized to be representative of existing exterior beam-column subassemblies
with inadequate seismic details. A technical solution was selected in order to
improve the joint seismic behaviour, and the performance of the proposed
strengthening system is investigated in this paper. To this aim, two as built
beam-column joints have been tested, one strengthened specimen and a refer-
ence unstrengthened one. Test results provide useful information for the adopted
strengthening systems in terms of strength, ductility and energy dissipation
capacity. Results indicate that the proposed strengthening technique was suc-
cessful in adding up to 50% of the beam column joint capacity. The results are
encaging to apply this technique on existing gravity load designed buildings.

1 Introduction

Old buildings have many factors that can affect their integrity such as being subjected
to earthquakes, or not being designed in the first place to endure lateral loads. This
could lead to structural failures. This the case with knowing that the cost of

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

H. Rodrigues and A. Elnashai (Eds.): GeoMEast 2018, SUCI, pp. 1–13, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01932-7_1
2 M. I. S. Elmasry et al.

demolishing and rebuilding is very high. Nevertheless, the economic costs become
measure due to delaying works and projects for individuals, companies and the gov-
ernment. Due to all what have been mentioned, it would be preferable to reinforce the
building instead of demolishing it. However, to repair a building, one needs first to
figure out the weak parts that need to be strengthened in a way that doesn’t require the
building to be evacuated if possible (Anagnostopoulos et al. 1996).
Beam-column connections have been diagnosed as potentially vulnerable compo-
nents when Reinforced Concrete (R.C.) frame buildings are subjected to seismic loads,
Generally, older buildings are normally designed only for gravity loads. Such Build-
ings when subjected to seismic loading may be subjected to damage, and the most
affected parts are the structural beam- column joints, and particularly, the corner joints
or the exterior joints (Wernli 2004). The interior joints are also affected due to seismic
loads, but the damage is relatively smaller in magnitude. In addition, the accurate
seismic assessment of beam-column subassemblies has been an important objective for
many research groups over the years. Experimental and analytical research on different
aspects of these members by various research groups have provided numerous design
and assessment techniques with little consensus amongst these research groups.
In this paper, the feasibility of a novel strengthening solution using Fiber Rein-
forced Polymers (FRP) in increasing the seismic performance of exterior RC beam-
column joints is investigated. An experimental program was organized at the Arab
Academy For Science and Technology which includes several as-built specimens
representative of existing beam-column joint subassemblies with inadequate seismic
details that may exist in gravity load designed buildings. Of these specimens, the first
one was strengthened by using FRP, while the second one was not strengthened. The
two as-built specimens where loaded till failure in a step by step manner to identify the
gain in the beam- column joint capacity after strengthening while anther specimen was
used as a reference benchmark.

2 Problem Definition and Research Objectives

Prior to modern codes that include detailed information for designing structures under
seismic loads, older RC frame structures were designed only for gravity loads. This is
even the case when considering that the seismic active zones varied in the national
codes by time, such that some older structures are presently lying in active seismic
zones, though this was not the case in the past. Such existing RC frame structures,
though performing well under conventional gravity load case, could lead to ques-
tionable structural performance under earthquakes. In most cases, those structures are
vulnerable to any moderate or major earthquake, and thus need immediate assessment
and retrofitting to avoid a sudden full or partial collapse mechanism bringing consid-
erable losses in human lives and economic assets (Elmasry et al. 2016).
In this paper, objectives include developing an effective rehabilitation to strengthen
beam-column joints in older structures to improve their seismic performance in terms
of lateral strength and serviceability. Accordingly, An experimental program is pre-
pared for validating the suggested technique. By interpreting results and studying the
resulting advantages versus disadvantages, it is clearly shown that the proposed
 Retrofitting Gravity Load Designed R.C Frames Using FRP 3

technique improves considerably the strength of the beam-column joints by using

CFRP sheets (Elmasry et al. 2016).

3 Literature Review

3.1 Beam Column Joints

The functional requirement of a joint, which is the zone of intersection of beams and
columns, is to enable the adjoining members to develop and sustain their ultimate
capacity. The demand on this finite size element is always severe especially under
seismic loading. The joints should have adequate strength and stiffness to resist the
internal forces induced by the framing members. The beam-column joint in a frame is
defined as the portion of the column within the depth of the deepest beam that frames
into the column. In a moment resisting frame, three types of joints can be identified. an
interior joint, an exterior joint and a corner joint as shown in Fig. 1. When four beams
frame into the vertical faces of a column, the joint is called an interior joint. In contrast,
when one beam frames into a vertical face of the column and two other beams frame
from perpendicular directions into the joint, then the joint is called as an exterior joint.
When two beams frame, into two adjacent vertical faces of a column, then the joint is
called as a corner joint. The severity of forces and demands on the performance of these
joints calls for greater understanding of their seismic behaviour. These forces develop
complex mechanisms involving bond and shear within the joint (ACI 2002).

(A) Interior (B) Exterior (C) Corner

Fig. 1. Beam column joint connections types

3.1.1 Joints Behavior Under Seismic Loading

In two-dimensional (2D) frame joints subjected to earthquake loadings, beams and
columns experience flexure and shear loadings. Figure 2 shows the forces that could be
expected to develop in a 2D frame joint subjected to earthquake and gravity loading.
Moreover, when recent seismically designed frames are subjected to moderate and
severe earthquake loading, it is expected that the beams will develop flexural strength
at the joint while columns will develop moments that approach the yield moment.
Meanwhile, in older frames, shear failure of beams and columns or flexural yielding of
columns may preclude beams achieving yielding flexural strength. Figure 2(A) shows
4 M. I. S. Elmasry et al.

the expected loads and resultants at the perimeter of the joint region. The load distri-
bution, as shown in Fig. 2(B), can result in severe loading within the joint region. In
addition, the moment reversal in the beams and columns results in large shear forces
within the joint (Nilanjan 2007).

(A) Building frame with joint region (B) Detailed view of joint region

Fig. 2. Loads in the beam-column joint region

4 Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP)

Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites comprise fibres of high tensile strength
within a polymer matrix such as epoxy. FRP composites are used in a lot of appli-
cations such as aircraft, helicopters, space-craft, satellites, ships, submarines, auto-
mobiles, chemical processing equipment, sporting goods and civil infrastructure
(Liyoung et al. (2002); Abhishek (2012) and Sreelatha (2013)). In general, one of the
advantages of using FRP products would be strengthening of the existing or new RC
structures with the possibility of application without disturbing the existing function-
ality of the structure (Liyoung et al. (2002) and Sreelatha (2013)). In addition, FRP
composites had proved to be extremely useful for strengthening of RC structures
against both normal and seismic loads as stated in previous research as shown earlier.
Moreover, most of the elements of a structure can be applicably strengthened with FRP
composite materials. Currently, this method has been applied to strengthen structural
elements as columns, beams, walls, slabs (Nikita et al. (2015), Sasmal et al. (2011) and
Obaidat et al. (2010)). This means in fact that FRP composites can take up the majority
of the forces developed in a structure as long as they are transmitted by the
strengthened element to the composite one as tensile stresses. Furthermore, strength-
ening with externally bonded FRP fabric has shown to be applicable to many kinds of
structures. The use of external FRP reinforcement may be classified in: (i) Flexural
strengthening, (ii) Improving the ductility of compression members, and (iii) Shear
strengthening. Furthermore, Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP), Carbon Fibre-
Reinforced Plastic (CRP), or Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic (CFRTP) are
extremely strong and light FRP which contain carbon fibres. This is the case where
carbon fibres give CFRP its strength and rigidity in terms of increasing the ultimate
stress and elastic modulus respectively. Unlike isotropic materials like steel and alu-
minium, CFRP has directional strength properties. The properties of CFRP depend on
 Retrofitting Gravity Load Designed R.C Frames Using FRP 5

the layouts of the carbon fibre and the proposition of the carbon fibres relative to the
polymer. Advantages for CFRP include high tensile strength, high strength to weight
ratio, low weight to volume ratio, excellent fatigue behaviour, and quicker application
(Naveeena and Ranjitham (2016)). Thus, CFRP composites are able to strengthen beam
column joints in terms of the shear capacity and ductility.

5 Experimental Program

The ongoing experimental program includes several RC beam-column joints that are
subjected to forces (variable load) applied by setting two opposite forces at the spec-
imen beam tip by keeping the column fixed at the specimen top and bottom ends. Two
as-built specimens where loaded till failure in a step by step manner to identify the gain
in the beam-column joint capacity after strengthening while anther specimen was used
as reference benchmark.

6 Design of Specimens

Exterior as-built beam-column joints were designed for the experimental campaign,
characterized by the amounts of longitudinal steel reinforcement in the beams and
columns. Figure 3 depicts the geometry and the rebar configuration of the strengthened
and unstrengthened specimens. For the unstrengthened specimen, the structural
dimensions of the studied beam-column joint, as shown in Fig. 3a, are summarized in
having a vertical column with a cross section of 300 mm  300 mm intersecting a
horizontal beam with a 300 mm  300 mm cross section. The height of the specimen
is 1300 mm and the beams extend by 500 mm before and after the joint. The longi-
tudinal reinforcement of the column is 8 T16 rebar as shown in Fig. 3, and the shear
reinforcement is 8 mm diameter stirrups with a spacing of 75 mm to avoid beam shear
failure and to direct the stresses concentrations to the connection zones. The beam steel
reinforcement is 4 T16 rebar as shown in Fig. 3, and the shear reinforcement is 8 mm
diameter stirrups with a spacing of 75 mm. The reason for having excessive shear
reinforcement in the beam and the column is to enforce the shear cracks to be initiated
within the beam-column joint zone rather than in the beam or the column. The cubic
strength of concrete is 20 MPa which is typical in GLD older structures, while the yield
strength of the steel reinforcement is 360 MPa.
In addition, the strengthened specimen is shown in Fig. 4. The concrete dimensions
and reinforcement details of this retrofitted specimen are the same as the unstrength-
ened specimen. However, in this specimen, CFRP sheets diagonally reinforce the
beam- column joint. In addition, webbed built up angles and covering plates, as shown
in Fig. 5, are used as a bearing for the CFRP sheets to get wrapped around the columns
at the beam-column connection. The thickness of the CFRP sheet is considered
0.13 mm. The modulus of elasticity (E) for CFRP is taken as 24000 MPa in the
longitudinal direction and 18581 MPa in the transversal sides.
6 M. I. S. Elmasry et al.

Fig. 3. The geometry and the rebar configuration of set of joints (a) The geometry and the rebars
configuration of set of unstrengthened

7 Materials

The Concrete cubic strength for all concrete specimens was evaluated after 28 day and
reported in Table 1. In order to replicate the GLD buildings, the concrete cubic strength
was assumed 20 MPa to infer the strength quality by the time of construction of such
buildings.

Table 1. Mechanical properties of concrete for test specimens.

Cubic sample Compressive strength (fc) (MPa)
Unstrengthened 20
Strengthened 20
 Retrofitting Gravity Load Designed R.C Frames Using FRP 7

8 Test Set-up

The loading setup is shown in Fig. 6. The bottom and top of the column is considered
constrained in three dimensions X, Y, Z using fixation steel jacket. Incrementally
increasing concentrated loads are assumed to act on the specimen at the two can-
tilevering ends in opposite directions, to induce the resulting moments on the con-
nection. A steel plate as shown in Fig. 7 is added at the expected loading location in
order to avoid stress concentration problems. This provides a more even stress distri-
bution over the loading area. There are ten strain gauges in the beam-column specimens
that are distributed and fixed to the specimens as show in Fig. 8.

(a) (b)

(c)

Fig. 4. The geometry and the rebars configuration of set of strengthened (a) The rebar in
strengthened specimen (b) FRP fixation in front strengthened specimen (c) The back view of the
strengthened specimen with FRP
8 M. I. S. Elmasry et al.

9 Experimental Result

Crack patterns and failure modes of the unstrengthened specimen are shown in Fig. 9.
Figure 10 shows the crack patterns in the strengthened specimen. The load & dis-
placement curve for the unstrengthened cases shown in Fig. 11. Figure 12 shows the
load & displacement curve for the strengthened specimen.

(a) (b)

(d)

(c)

Fig. 5. Webbed built up angles and covering plates

From the above mentioned figures, it is clear that the cracks were concentrated for
the unstrengthened case that showed the lowest strength, while in unstrengthened
specimen, a lot of cracks appeared, some in the beam, some in the column as well as
cracks in joint. The cracks were concentrated in the joint horizontal cracks in the form
of vertical and diagonal cracks. In the strengthened specimen when using the
strengthening technique by CFRP sheets, the cracks appeared rather in the beam and
the joint. The cracks in the strengthened joint are less than the case as the
unstrengthened joint. In spite of the fact that the cracks propagation in the strengthened
specimen are bigger, yet the ductility was in the unstrengthened specimen less than the
case of the strengthened specimen, which showed higher deflections. It is clear that the
strengthened specimen showed the highest strength. The unstrengthened specimen
 Retrofitting Gravity Load Designed R.C Frames Using FRP 9

(a)

(b)

Fig. 6. (a) The schematic Test setup (b) Reis contrast Test setup
10 M. I. S. Elmasry et al.

Fig. 7. Steel plate.

(a) (b)

Fig. 8. Show the strain gauge in each specimen. (a) The strain gauge in specimen
unstrengthened (b) The strain gauge in specimen strengthened

Fig. 9. The crack pattern of the unstrengthened specimen

 Retrofitting Gravity Load Designed R.C Frames Using FRP 11

Fig. 10. The crack pattern of strengthened specimen

load & displacement curve

12000

10000

8000
loads (kg)

6000

4000

2000

0
-0.001 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
displacement (mm)

starin 1 starin 2 starin 3 starin 4 starin 5

starin 6 starin 7 starin 8 starin 9 starin 10

Fig. 11. The load & displacement curve for the unstrengthened specimen.
12 M. I. S. Elmasry et al.

load & displacement curve

18000
16000
14000
12000
loads (kg)

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008
displacement (mm)

Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5

Series6 Series7 Series8 Series9 Series10

Fig. 12. Show the load & displacement curve for the strengthened specimen

failed when the axial load in both directions was equal to 110 KN (11 TON), and the
strengthened specimen failed when the axial load in both directions was equal to 165
KN (16.5 TON).it is also noticed that the unstrengthened specimen failed in the beam-
column joint, but the strengthened specimen failed rather in the beam. In summary, and
as clear from this experimental study, it can be concluded that the proposed technique
was successful in transferring the cracks from the beam-column joint to the beam
through using diagonal wrapped CFRP sheets, this technique can be easily applied on
older facades without varying or destroying the architecture layout.

10 Conclusions

An experimental study was undergone and shown in this paper to identify a suitable
strengthening technique for the beam-column joints in GLD buildings. The results for
the exterior RC beam-column joints were discussed. Two Specimens were tested, i.e.,
an unstrengthened specimen, and an upgraded specimen characterized by the
strengthening of the beam -column joint. The performed tests have highlighted some
critical aspects related to poor design of GLD structures. The beam-column joint
strengthened with FRP showed only a 50% higher capacity for the joint than that of the
unstrengthened case. The technique of wrapping CFRP sheets in a diagonal setup to be
perpendicular to the expected shear cracks in the beam-column joint zone, proved to
show better ductile response.
 Retrofitting Gravity Load Designed R.C Frames Using FRP 13

References
Elmasry1, M.I.S., Abdelkader, A.M., Elkordy, E.A.: An analytical study of improving beam-
column joints behavior under earthquake, Egypt (2016)
Liyoung, T., Adrian, M., Michael, B.: Seismic rehabilitation of beam column joints using FRP
laminates. J. Earthq. Eng. 5(1), 113–129 (2002)
Naveeena, N., Ranjitham, M.: Numerical study on retrofitting of beam column joint strengthened
with CFRP. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. (IRJET) 3, 914–920 (2016)
Sasmal, S, Ramanjaneyulu, K., Novak, B., Srinivas, V., Kumar, K.S., Korkowski, C.:
Upgradation of gravity load designed subassemblages subjected to seismic typeloading.
Compos. Struct. 93, 1561–1573 (2011)
Anagnostopoulos, S.A.: Building pounding re-examined: how serious a problem is it ? Greece
(1996)
Wernli, M.: Eismic evaluation of 32 industrial buildings by screening process and analysis,
Canada (2004)
Recommendations for design of beam-column-joints in monolithic reinforced concrete structures.
American Concrete Institute, ACI 352R-02, ACIASCE, Committee 352, Detroit (2002)
Nilanjan, M.: An analytical study of reinforced concrete beam-column joint behavior under
seismic loading. Doctor of Philosophy, University of Washington (2007)
 Condition Monitoring of Overhead Line
Equipment (OHLE) Structures Using Ground-
Bourne Vibrations from Train Passages

Chayut Ngamkhanong1, Sakdirat Kaewunruen1(&), Rui Calçada2,

and Rodolfo Martin3
1
School of Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
s.kaewunruen@bham.ac.uk
2
Faculty of Engineering, University de Porto, Porto, Portugal
3
Evoleo Technology Pty Ltd., Porto, Portugal

Abstract. The most modern railway systems have fully adopted clean energy
for train and track operations. Trains or rolling stocks are powered by electricity
through the overhead wire or the third rail on ground. Commonly, the overhead
line equipment (OHLE), which supplies electric power to the trains, is widely
adopted in new railway networks around the world since its system enables
trains to operate smoothly while track inspectors can safely work on tracks.
The OHLE is supported by mast structure, which is located at the lineside along
the track. The mast structure is often made of steel structure built on mat or pile
foundation. Due to the train passages, ground-bourne periodic forces may cause
damage to the OHLE structure especially mast structure, connections and its
foundation, which can lead to operational failure of train electrification. On this
ground, the structural integrity of mast structures must be inspected regularly. In
this study, the modal analysis is used in order to identify the mode shapes and
natural frequencies of the mast structure. A mast structure with varying rota-
tional soil stiffness is used to construct dynamic influential lines for soil-
structure integrity prediction. Finite element model updating technique has been
used to perform modal analysis and modal parameter identification. This paper
presents the integrated numerical of three-dimensional mast structure consid-
ering soil-structure interaction to evaluate the condition of OHLE structures for
maintenance planning. The outcome of this study will help civil and track
engineers to effectively and efficiently inspect OHLE structures using ground
borne vibrations from train passages.

1 Introduction

Nowadays, the extra capacity of passenger train is needed due to the sudden growth of
population and journeys (RailCorp 2011). It was noticed that freight and passenger
journeys have increased by 60% and 100%, respectively. To get the destination faster,
electric train has become the efficient railway systems, which are allowed to run more
frequent and quicker than conventional diesel train. Also, electric train is more envi-
ronmental friendly as it emits less carbon than diesel counterpart. Instead of carrying
the fuel to make the train runs, the power is supplied by the Overhead Line Equipment

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

H. Rodrigues and A. Elnashai (Eds.): GeoMEast 2018, SUCI, pp. 14–22, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01932-7_2
 Condition Monitoring of Overhead Line Equipment (OHLE) Structures 15

(OHLE), which consists of masts, gantries, wires found along electrified railways. The
electric system can be failed and the power supply can be lost. As seen in literature
(Shing and Wong 2008; Robinson and Bryan 2009; Taylor 2013), extreme environ-
mental events such as snow storm, strong wind, earthquake etc., have affected railway
track and OHLE, especially single mast structure (Fig. 1), which is very slender and
flexible (Beagles et al. 2016). Hence, condition monitoring of railway track and its
overhead line components is needed for maintenance planning (Ngamkhanong and
Kaewunruen 2018). Besides, ground bourne vibration from train passage is also one of
the serious concern as it affects property and cause annoyance to people in surrounding
area (Suhairy 2000; Lopes et al. 2016; Connolly et al. 2016).

Fig. 1. Cantilever mast structure

Based on previous studies (Kouroussis et al. 2013; Zou et al. 2015; Mouzakis and
Vogiatzis 2016; Zou et al. 2017; Vogiatzis and Mouzakis 2017), it can be seen that the
effect of ground-bourne vibrations from train passages on building have been estab-
lished. However, the responses of mast structures, which are located closer and along
the railway track, have not been fully studied. Modal analysis has been used to study
vibration mode of cantilever mast structure. Crossing phenomena was observed when
support stiffness reduced as this structure has a sensitivity under vibrations
(Ngamkhanong et al. 2017a). It was confirmed by previous studies that soil-structure
interaction affected the overall response of the structure (Prum and Jiravacharadet
2012; NEHRP 2012).
Due to the increase of train speed, ground-bourne periodic forces may cause
damage to the OHLE structure especially mast structure, connections and its founda-
tion, which can lead to operational failure of train electrification. This study aims to
present the integrated numerical study of three-dimensional cantilever mast structure
considering soil-structure interaction to evaluate the condition of OHLE structures for
maintenance planning. To monitor the OHLE condition, adaptation technique is used
by monitoring the condition of single mast structure, which its response affects the
overhead wire movement. At this stage, the movements of overhead contact wire are
measured based on finite element modelling. It is noted that only finite element
modelling is employedusing finite element package STRAND7 (G+D Computing
16 C. Ngamkhanong et al.

2001). Ground borne vibrations are computed by the classical formulation based on the
semi-empirical model for predicting low frequency vibration on soft ground condition
(Kurzeil 1979; Madshus et al. 1996). The frequencies of ground borne vibration
between 0 Hz and 100 Hz are considered to cover all possible frequencies of ground
vibration and the first-eight fundamental mode of mast vibration (Kouroussis et al.
2014; Kouroussis et al. 2015; Ngamkhanong and Kaewunruen 2018). This study
presents the maintenance index which can be used for maintenance planning and
inspection of support condition of mast and OHLE structures. Moreover, it should be
noted that on-site measurement will be further conducted in the next step. The outcome
of this study will help civil and track engineers to effectively and efficiently inspect
OHLE structures using ground borne vibrations from train passages.

2 Methodology

2.1 Modelling
In this study, it is assumed that mast structure is placed 3.5 m far from railway track in
perpendicular. Three-dimensional modelling of single mast structure is constructed
using finite element package STRAND7 (G+D Computing 2001). The parametric study
of the soil stiffness and train speed is conducted. It is assumed that translational stiffness
(kx, ky) of support is fixed in all directions, while the rotational stiffness (kzz) is varied
from 1000 to 1000000 kNm/rad (fully fixed support condition). It is noted that the
rotational stiffness is affected by the soil-structure interaction condition and the quality
of support connection. The support stiffness can be decrease due to the connection
failure such as broken bolt, yielding weld, improper design and construction etc. and soil
erosion and degradation. The 2-D schematic load to structure with support stiffness is
shown in Fig. 2. The typical H-section steel (Section area: 2.219
10−2 m2,
Izz: 5.08
10−4 m4, Ixx: 1.84
10−4 m4) is used and connected to the cantilever which
made of round steel to support the overhead contact wire. It should be noted that the
interesting point is at the end of cantilever which is the location overhead contact wire.
The steel used has the young modulus of 2
105 MPa, density of 7850 kg/m3 and
Poisson’s ratio of 0.25.

2.2 Condition Monitoring

In general, the overhead contact wire forms in a zig-zag path (also called “stagger”)
above the track to avoid wearing a groove in the pantograph. Thus, the overhead wire
displacement in transverse direction affects overhead line system which has limitation
of sway movement. The allowable displacement is assumed as construction tolerances
of contact wire. Hence, 50 mm construction tolerance of contact wire is used as the
maximum displacement at the end of cantilever mast in transverse direction (RailCorp
2011). This study presents the adaptation technique for overhead line equipment
monitoring. As the movement of mast structure can affect the movement of contact
wire, the sensors should be placed in several positions in order to monitor the responses
of mast structure affected by passing train and other environment impacts. However,
 Condition Monitoring of Overhead Line Equipment (OHLE) Structures 17

Fig. 2. Schematic load to structure with support stiffness

this study only demonstrates the finite element modelling instead of on site monitoring.
It is recommended to monitor the OHLE condition on real site to compare with
numerical results.

2.3 Ground Borne Vibration

It was noted that the fundamental modes of vibration of mast structure can be changed
due to the reduction of support stiffness (Ngamkhanong et al. 2017b). Crossing phe-
nomena was observed at the low frequency when the support stiffness was reduced.
Hence, to cover all the fundamental modes of vibration, the frequency range between 1
and 100 Hz is considered. The train speed varies from 100 km/h to 300 km/h. When
the train passes the mast structure, ground bourne vibrations are generated in both
directions (longitudinal and transverse). The vibration velocities on the ground are
based on several factors such as ground condition, train type and speed, distance from
track to structure etc. The ground bourne velocity can be calculated using the formula
by Madshus et al. (1996) as seen in Eq. 1

V ¼ VT FS FD FR FB ð1Þ

Where VT is a train type specific vibration level, FS is a speed factor, FD is a distance

factor, FR is a track quality factor and FB is a building amplification factor.
The vibration parameters are calculated based on the literature (Madshus et al.
(1996)). The train type specific vibration level, (VT) of 0.1 is used since it is assumed
that the trains run along the track on soft ground. The speed factor (FS) is calculated
from the ratio between train speed (S) and the reference speed on standard track
(S0 = 70 km/h). The distance factor (FD) can be calculated from the ratio between the
centre of the track to the receiver and the reference distance from the centre of the
tracks (20 m). It is assumed that the railway line considered is a single track and is
assumed to be the same type of single story building based on the height of mast
18 C. Ngamkhanong et al.

structure. Thus, the track quality factor (FR) and building amplification factor (FB) are
1.3 and 1.3.
This study considers the velocities generated by train at the different locations of
running train on track. The ground vibration velocities are applied as harmonic exci-
tations in both longitudinal and transverse directions. The vibration creation regions are
formed on the track at the different angles which make the different vibration velocities.
It is noted that the critical angle is 90° since this can generate the highest vibration
velocities in transverse direction, as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Single mast structure modelling and ground vibration velocities from train passages

3 Results and Discussions

3.1 Maximum Displacement

The maximum displacements at the end of the cantilever, which is the location of
overhead wire, in both directions are presented, as shown in Fig. 4. It should be noted
that the direction concern is transverse as this is a sway direction of overhead wire.
At fully fixed support condition (Fig. 4a), it is clearly seen that the train speed plays
a little role on transverse direction when angles of the train to the mast are in low range
(less than 30°) but plays a significant role at higher angles. For 70–90 degrees, it should
be noted that the maximum displacement in transverse direction increases nearly
double and triple from the speed of 100 km/h to 200 km/h and 300 km/h, respectively.
This can also be observed in case of lower support stiffness (Fig. 4b). It is clear that the
transverse displacement is higher than longitudinal. About 42 mm is observed as a
highest transverse displacement.
 Condition Monitoring of Overhead Line Equipment (OHLE) Structures 19

Fig. 4. Maximum displacements at the position of overhead contact wire on cantilever mast
with support stiffness of (a) 1000000 kNm/rad (Fully fixed) (b) 1000 kNm/rad

3.2 Maintenance Index

The ratio between the overhead contact wire displacement and allowable displacement
(50 mm) is indicated as maintenance index. It is assumed and noted that the allowable
displacement used is the construction tolerances of contact stagger according to Rail-
Corp (2011). As seen from Fig. 5, it is shown that mast structure with support stiffness
of 1000 kNm/rad under the ground bourne vibration generated by 300 km/h train speed
has the highest maintenance index (0.83). Even thought, all cases are under
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
barruntado su propósito, por ser
aquella parte visitada muchas
veces de las Ninfas; á lo cual dixo
Siralvo desta suerte: Yendo por el
cerrado valle de los fresnos hacia
las fuentes del Obrego como dos
millas de allí, acabado el valle
entre dos antiguos allozares,
mana una fuente abundantíssima,
y á poco trecho se deja bajar por
la aspereza de unos riscos de
caída extraña, donde por
tortuosas sendas fácilmente
puede irse tras el agua, la cual en
el camino va cogiendo otras
cuarenta fuentes perenales que
juntas con extraño ruido van por
entre aquellas peñas
quebrantándose, y llegando á
topar el otro risco soberbias le
pretenden contrastar; mas
viéndose detenidas, llenas de
blanca espuma, tuercen por
aquella hondura cavernosa como
á buscar el centro de la tierra; á
pocos pasos en lo más estrecho
está una puente natural por
donde las aguas passando, casi
corridas de verse assí oprimir,
hacen doblado estruendo, y al fin
de la puente hay una angosta
senda que, dando vuelta á la
parte del risco, en aquella soledad
descubre al Mediodía un verde
pradecillo de muchas fuentes
pero de pocas plantas, y entre
ellas de viva piedra cavada está
la cueva del Mago Erión, albergue
ancho y obrado con suma
curiosidad. Este es el solo lugar
que os conviene, porque el
secreto dél es grande y el
apartamiento no es mucho. ¿Qué
podréis allá pedir que no halléis?
Todo está lleno de caza y de
frescura, y aunque es visitado
continuamente de las bellas
Ninfas, no es lugar común á todos
como el bosque del Pino, pues la
compañía de Erión seros ha muy
agradable. Éste sabe en los cielos
desde la más mínima estrella
hasta el mayor planeta su
movimiento y virtud; en los aires
sus calidades y en las aves dél y
alimañas de la tierra lo mismo; en
la mar tiene fuerza de enfrenar
sus olas y levantar tempestades
hasta poner sobre las aguas las
arenas: la división de las almas
irracionales y la virtud de la
inmortal con profundíssimo saber.
Pues llegando á los abismos las
tres Furias á su canto, Alecto
tiembla, Tesifón gime y Megera se
humilla; Plutón le obedece y los
dañados salen á la menor de sus
voces. Pues de las penas de
amor, sin hierba ni piedra, con
sólo su canto hace que ame el
amado ó aborrezca el aborrecido;
y si le viene la gana vuelto en
lobo se va á los montes, y hecho
águila á los aires, tornado pez
entra por las aguas, y convertido
en árbol se aparece en los
desiertos; no tiene Dios desde las
aguas del cielo á las ínfimas del
olvido cosa que no conozca por
nombre y naturaleza; no es de
condición áspera ni de trato
oculto; allí recibe á quien le busca
y remedia á quien le halla. Aquí
podemos irnos que en probarlo se
pierde poco, y yo sé que el ser
bien recebidos está cierto.
Cardenio, como de la ribera había
estado tanto tiempo ausente,
quedó admirado del gran saber
del nuevo Erión; pero Mendino,
que dél y de su estancia tenía
mucha noticia, aunque pudiera
desde el Mago Sincero estar
escarmentado, fácilmente dando
crédito á sus loores, determinó
que le buscassen el siguiente día
por poner aquél en cobro lo que
les importaba dexar, que fué
fácilmente hecho, y recogiéndose
á las cabañas de Mendino,
pusieron orden en la cena, que
fué de mucho gusto, y al fin della
no faltó quien se le acrecentasse,
porque vinieron Batto y Silvano,
pastores conocidíssimos, ambos
mozos y ambos de grande
habilidad, á buscar juez á ciertas
dudas que Batto sentía de versos
de Silvano; y el juicio de Siralvo
fué que si todos los poetas
fuessen calumniados, pocos
escaparían de algún objeto; y
colérico Silvano, en un momento
puso mil á Batto, y de razón en
razón se desafiaron á cantar en
presencia de aquellos pastores,
pero pareciéndoles la noche
blanda y el aire suave, se salieron
juntos á tomarle y oirlos á la
fresca fuente: donde sentados
sacaron la lira y el rabel, á cuyo
son assí cantó Silvano y assí fué
Batto respondiendo:

SILVANO
Dime que Dios te dé para un
pellico,
¿por qué traes tan mal
vestido, Batto,
presumiendo tu padre de tan
rico?

BATTO
Porque el pastor de mi
nobleza y trato
no ha menester buscarlo en el
apero,
que una cosa es el hombre y
otra el hato.
Mas dime, esse capote
dominguero
¿quién te le dió? ¿Quizá
porque cantasses
en tanto que comía el
compañero?
 SILVANO
Si á quien yo le canté tú le
bailasses,
yo sé, por más que de rico te
alabes,
si te diesse otro á ti, que le
tomasses.
Mas ¿por qué culpas tales y
tan graves
de Lisio traes sus rimas
desmandadas,
de lengua en lengua que
ninguna sabes?

BATTO
Calla y sabrás: ¿no ves
cuán aprobadas
del mundo son las mías y la
alteza
de mis líricas odas imitadas?
Tú tienes por tesoro tu
pobreza,
y si lo es, está tan escondido
que para descubrirle no hay
destreza.

SILVANO
Pastor liviano, ¿qué libro
has leído
que de ti pueda nadie hacer
caso,
si no estuviesse fuera de
sentido?
El franco Apolo fué contigo
escaso,
y por hacerte de sus
paniaguados,
no te echarán á palos del
Parnasso.

BATTO
Desso darán mis versos
levantados
el testimonio y de mi poesía
sin ser como los tuyos
acabados.
En diciendo fineza y
hidalguía,
regalo, gusto y
entretenimiento,
diosa, bizarro trato y gallardía.

SILVANO
¡Oh, qué donoso
desvanecimiento!
Dessos vocablos uso, Batto
mío,
porque son tiernos y me dan
contento,
Pero las partes por do yo los
guío,
son tan diversas todas y tan
buenas,
que ellas lo dicen, que yo no
porfío.

BATTO
 ¿Sabes lo que nos dicen?
Que van llenas
de muy bajas razones su
camino,
y si algunas se escapan son
ajenas,
Y no hurtáis, Silvano, del
latino,
del griego ó del francés ó del
romano,
sino de mí y del otro su
vecino.

SILVANO
Si tu trompa tomassen en la
mano,
que la de Lisio apenas lo
hiciste,
¿qué son harías, cabrerizo
hermano?
Para vaciarla el sueño no
perdiste,
para cambiarla sí, que no
hallaste
otro tanto metal como fundiste.

BATTO
¡Basta! que tú en la tuya
granjeaste
de crédito y honor ancho
tesoro;
mas dime si en mis Rimas
encontraste
La copla ajena entera sin
decoro,
ó espuelas barnizadas de
gineta,
con jaez carmesí y estribos de
oro.

SILVANO
Descubriréte á la primera
treta
tu lengua sin artículos, defeto
digno de castigar por nueva
seta.
Tu nombre es Piedra
toque y en efeto,
usando descubrir otros
metales,
el miserable tuyo te es
secreto.

BATTO
¡Oh tú, que con irónicas
señales,
cansas los sabios, frunces los
misérrimos,
viviendo por pensión de los
mortales!

SIRALVO
Pastores, dos poetas
celebérrimos
no han de tratarse assí, que
es caso ilícito
motejarse en lenguajes tan
acérrimos.
Ni á vosotros, amigos, os es
lícito,
ni á mi sufrirlo, y es razón
legítima,
que ande el juez en esto más
solícito.
La honra al bueno es cordial
epítima,
y los nobles conócense en la
plática,
dándose el uno por el otro en
vítima.
Aquí, donde la hierba es
aromática,
con el sonido de la fuente
harmónica,
al claro rayo de la luz
scenática,
Suene Silvano, nuestra lira
jónica,
Batto rosponda el rabelejo
dórico
y duerma el Jovio con su dota
Crónica.
Cada cual es poeta y es
histórico,
y cada cual es cómico y es
trágico,
y aun cada cual gramático y
retórico.
Pero dexado, en un cantar
selvático,
si aquí resuena Lúcida y
Tirrena,
más mueve un tierno son que
un canto mágico.
 SILVANO
En hora buena, pero con tal
pato
si pierde Batto, que esté llano
y cierto,
que por concierto deste
desafío,
ha de ser mío su rabel de
pino;
y si benino Apolo se le allana,
y en él se humana para que
me gane,
que yo me allane y sin desdén
ó ira
le dé mi lira de ciprés y
sándalos.

BATTO
No hagas más escándalos,
satírico,
ni presumas de lírico y
bucólico;
con algún melancólico lunático
te precias tú de plático en
poética;
que esté su lira ética y él ético,
que mi rabel poético odorífero
no entrará en tan pestífero
catálogo
ni en tal falso diálogo ni
cántico.

SIRALVO
 Si estilo nigromántico
bastasse
á poder sossegar vuestra
contienda,
tened por cierto que lo
procurasse,
O callad ambos ó tened la
rienda,
ó poned premios ó cantad sin
ellos,
pero ninguno en su cantar se
ofenda.

SILVANO
Dos chivos tengo, y huelgo
de ponellos,
para abreviar en el presente
caso,
contento de ganallos ó
perdellos.

BATTO
Pues yo tengo, Siralvo, un
rico vaso
que á mi opinión es de
ponerse dino
con las riquezas del soberbio
Crasso.
El pie de haya, el tapador de
pino,
de cedro el cuerpo y de
manera el arte,
que excede el precio del metal
más fino.
Dédalo le labró parte por
parte,
tallando en él del uno al otro
polo,
cuanto el cielo y el sol mira y
reparte.
Y cuando en tanta
hermosura violo,
fuese por Delfos, y passando
á Anfriso,
dióle al santo pastor el rubio
Apolo.
Y cuando al carro
trasponerse quiso
el retor de la luz, dejó el
ganado
y aqueste vaso con mayor
aviso,
Á las Ninfas del Tajo
encomendado;
y ellas después le dieron á
Silvana,
de quien mi padre fué pastor
preciado.
Ella á él y él á mí; mas si me
gana
Silvano, ahora quiero que le
lleve.

SIRALVO
Y yo juzgaros con entera
gana.
Batto á pagar y á no reñir
se atreve,
y tú, Silvano mío, bien te
acuerdas
que has prometido lo que aquí
se debe.
Pues fregad la resina por las
cerdas,
muestren las claras voces su
dulzura
al dulce son de las templadas
cuerdas.
Sentémonos ahora en la
verdura;
cantad ahora que se va
colmando
de flor el prado, el soto de
frescura.
Ahora están los árboles
mostrando,
como de nuevo, un año
fertilíssimo,
los ganados y gentes
alegrando.
Ahora viene el ancho río
puríssimo,
no le turban las nieves, que el
lozano
salce se ve en su seno
profundíssimo.
Descubrid vuestro ingenio
mano á mano,
cada cual cante con estilo
nuevo,
comience Batto, seguirá
Silvano,
diréis á veces, gozaráse Febo.

BATTO
¡Oh, rico cielo, cuya eterna
orden
es claro ejemplo del poder
divino,
haz que mis versos y tu honor
concorden!

SILVANO
Para que deste premio sea
yo dino
en mis enamorados
pensamientos,
muéstrame, Amor, la luz de tu
camino.

BATTO
Lleven los frescos y suaves
vientos
mis dulces versos á la cuarta
esfera,
pues ama el mismo Apolo mis
acentos.

SILVANO
Dichoso yo si Lúcida
estuviera
tras estos verdes ramos
escuchando,
y oyéndose nombrar me
respondiera.

BATTO
Pues no me canso de vivir
penando,
la que me está matando,
debría templar un poco de mi
pena.
Ablándate, dulcíssima
Tirrena,
que siendo en todo buena,
no es justo que te falte el ser
piadosa.

SILVANO
Pues cuando te me
muestras amorosa,
Lúcida mía hermosa,
muy humilde te soy, seime
benina.
Regala, diosa, esta ánima
mezquina,
que mi fineza es dina
de que tu gallardía me
entretenga.

BATTO
Si quiere Amor que mi vivir
sostenga,
de Tirrena me venga
el remedio, que es malo de
otra parte.
Mira que de mi pecho no se
parte,
Tirrena, por amarte,
un Etna fiero, un Mongibelo
ardiente.

SILVANO
 Si yo dijesse la que mi alma
siente,
cuando me hallo ausente,
de tu grande beldad, Lúcida
mía,
Etnas y Mongibelos helaría,
porque su llama es fría,
con la que abrasa el pecho de
Silvano.

BATTO
Cuando en mi corazón
metió la mano,
sin dejarme entendello,
robóme Amor la libertad con
ella,
dejando en lugar della
el duro yugo que me oprime el
cuello.

SILVANO
El duro yugo que me oprime
el cuello,
por blando le he tenido
llevado del dulzor de mi
deseo,
por quien de Amor me veo
menos pagado y más
agradecido.

BATTO
Menos pagado y más
agradecido,
Amor quiere que muera,
quiéralo él, que yo también lo
quiero,
y veráse, si muero,
cuánto mi fe, pastora, es
verdadera.

SILVANO
Cuánto mi fe, pastora, es
verdadera
es falsa mi esperanza,
porque mejor entrambas me
deshagan,
y aunque ellas no la hagan,
nunca mi corazón hará
mudanza.

BATTO
Tirrena mía, más blanca que
azucena,
más colorada que purpúrea
rosa,
más dura y más helada
que blanca y colorada;
si no te precias de aliviar mi
pena,
hazlo al menos de ser tan
poderosa,
que queriendo tus ojos
acabarme,
con ellos mismos puedas
remediarme.

SILVANO
 Lúcida mía, en cuya
hermosura
están juntas la vida con la
muerte,
el miedo y la esperanza,
tempestad y bonanza,
sin duda á aquél que de tu
Amor no cura
darás vida, esperanza y buena
suerte,
pues por amarte, Lúcida, me
han dado
la muerte el miedo y el
adverso hado.

BATTO
¿Di, quién, recién nacido
de un animal doméstico
preciado,
del todo está crecido,
de padre sensitivo fué
engendrado,
mas nació sin sentido
y en esto su natura ha
confirmado;
después, materna cura,
muda su sér, su nombre y su
figura?

SILVANO
Di tu, ¿quién en dulzura
nace, y en siendo della
dividida,
la llega su ventura
á otra cosa, que teniendo vida
muere ella y si procura
vivir, queda la otra apetecida,
haciendo su concierto,
del muerto vivo y del vivo
muerto?

BATTO
El canto se ha passado
querellándonos,
de aquellas inhumanas que,
ofendiéndonos,
quedan sin culpa con el mal
pagándonos.

SILVANO
Al principio pensé que,
defendiéndonos,
tan solos nuestros premios
procuráramos,
menos desseo y más passión
venciéndonos.

SIRALVO
Pastores, mucho más os
escucháramos,
aunque en razones no sabré
mostrároslo,
porque de oiros nunca nos
cansáramos.
Ponerme yo en mis Rimas á
loároslo,
por más que lo procure
desvelándome,
no será más possible que
premiároslo.

BATTO
Pues yo, Siralvo, pienso,
que premiándome,
saldrás de aquessa deuda
conociéndote,
y en tu saber y mi razón
fiándome.

SILVANO
Yo no pienso cansarte
persuadiéndote
á lo que tú, Siralvo mío,
obligástete,
y la justicia clara está
pidiéndote.

SIRALVO
Batto, de tal manera
señalástete,
de suerte tus cantares
compusístelos,
que de tu mano con tu loor
premiástete.
Y tú, Silvano, tanto
enriquecístelos
tus conceptos de amor, que
deste premio
como de cosa humilde
desviástelos.
Por esto sin gastar largo
proemio,