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A U S T R A L I A N
S C R E E N i n t h e
Australian Screen in
the 2000s
Editors
Mark David Ryan Ben Goldsmith
Queensland University of Technology Independent Scholar
Brisbane, QLD, Australia Bournemouth, Dorset, UK
First and foremost, we must express our sincerest gratitude to the con-
tributors. Without their commitment to the development of their chap-
ters, this book would not have been possible—so thank you all very
much. We must wholeheartedly thank Shaun Vigil and Glenn Ramirez
from Palgrave Macmillan. Shaun supported the project from the out-
set and guided us through the publishing maze, while Glenn provided
invaluable advice throughout the process, and both did an excellent job
in preparing the final manuscript for publication. Mark Ryan would like
to acknowledge and thank Adrian Danks for his generous feedback on
one of the chapters. Finally, we would also like to acknowledge Melissa
Giles and Kayleigh Murphy for their excellent assistance in compiling the
manuscript.
v
Contents
vii
viii Contents
Index 361
Editors and Contributors
Contributors
xi
xii Editors and Contributors
xvii
List of Tables
xix
CHAPTER 1
B. Goldsmith
Independent Scholar,
Bournemouth, UK
key studies, Australian cinema in the 1990s has also received consider-
able scholarly attention. As a consequence, the critical understanding of
the broad textual, policy and institutional contexts of Australian cinema
before the turn of the century is largely settled.13 In contrast, to date,
few substantive scholarly studies have attempted to examine the broad
character or defining national trends of Australian film and television in
the 2000s. This is not, however, a case of critical neglect, but rather a
direct result of the transformation of the Australian screen industry over
the last 15 years, and the corresponding changing terms of critical refer-
ence in which Australian screen history is examined.
The output of the local production sector has always been heteroge-
neous, and as Tom O’Regan has put it, a ‘messy affair’.14 At the time
of writing, Australian screen is a far less contained national production
system than it was in the 1990s or in preceding periods of film history,
and is more complex, dispersed and transnational than ever before.
Within this environment, a national cinema paradigm and the evaluation
of screen content solely on the basis of national difference is becoming
problematic as a framework for understanding multinational and cross-
border production and relations, and non-cultural specific textual identi-
ties. In response to the international turn in Australian film and television
production since 2000, and as Ryan argues in his chapter, scholars are
proposing ‘new ways of thinking about Australian film’ that attempt to
account ‘for the porous nature of national boundaries, globally dispersed
production flows, and the contingent relational networks’ between the
Australian film and television industry, Hollywood and other interna-
tional production systems. Consequently, in contrast to much scholar-
ship before 2000, the contemporary critical project is rarely limited solely
to teasing out national distinction and evaluating the Australianness of
Australian content within the national cinema paradigm. Approaches to,
and perspectives on, Australian film and television are necessarily diverse,
less concerned with totalising narratives around a national imaginary and
with problematising and revisiting national discourses as they are with
responding to current trends and configurations in texts, production,
distribution, exhibition and consumption.
Between 1970 and the mid-1990s, many of the most influential mon-
ograph-length studies of screen history were large-scale, comprehensive
or all-encompassing examinations of the defining institutional, produc-
tion, policy and textual characteristics that shaped Australian film dur-
ing the period of study. Graham Shirley and Brian Adams’ Australian
1 AUSTRALIAN SCREEN IN THE 2000s: AN INTRODUCTION 5
in the 2000s, this study adopts an approach that combines both national
and transnational understandings of Australian screen and examines
national production, aesthetic and industry issues alongside production
trends and textual/representational issues configured across or outside
national boundaries.
Whilst many of the more prominent film texts of this period are
touched on, those at the core of analysis for most chapters are criti-
cally significant or critically acclaimed films and television programmes
rather than necessarily the most popular titles released during the 2000s.
Although the emphasis of this collection is on cinema and by implica-
tion feature film, several chapters explore issues that traverse film, docu-
mentary and television, or address television or documentary film in their
own right. In terms of the collection’s structural logical, the content is
organised in terms of chapters that speak to issues regarding ‘Australian–
International Screen’; ‘Representation, Narrative and Aesthetics’; ‘Genre
and Cycles’ and ‘Distribution and Exhibition’.
aspects of this film cycle is that around half of these productions harness
the conventions of the coming-of-age film. This has been a prominent
genre in Australian cinema since the early 1970s, and includes highly
regarded films such as The Getting of Wisdom (Bruce Beresford, 1977),
The Year My Voice Broke (John Duigan, 1987) and Muriel’s Wedding
(P.J. Hogan, 1994). McWilliams examines four films, Tan Lines (Ed
Aldridge, 2005), Newcastle (Dan Castle, 2008), Monster Pies (Lee
Galea, 2013) and 52 Tuesdays (Sophie Hyde, 2013), that disrupt the
heteronormativity of the genre, and recast ‘what it means to “come
of age” in Australia’. She argues that the recent surge in Australian
queer films not only contributes to the diversification of depictions of
Australians on screen but also negotiates ‘one of the few places available
for the explicit representation of queer youth protagonists in Australian
film culture’.
Amongst its many awards and widespread critical acclaim, Warwick
Thornton’s Samson and Delilah (2009) was the first Australian film to
be shortlisted for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar. This is note-
worthy for a number of reasons, not least the relative absence of dialogue
in the film. In fact, rather than language, the use of sound in the film
is one of its principal marks of distinction. Anne Barnes argues that the
film actively re-sounds the Australian outback, or rather the outback as
represented sonically in films since the 1970s. Drawing on the work of
Felicity Collins and Therese Davis, Barnes carefully outlines the various
ways in which Samson and Delilah ‘backtracks’ over earlier Australian
films, reworking the use of sound to produce ‘sonic shocks’ that force
the audience to question the meanings of home, memory and the past.
Barnes, herself a sound designer and editor, develops three concepts—
the sonic fetish, the sonic artefact and the sonic spectre—to amplify
Samson and Delilah’s place at the forefront of a set of films that Barnes
labels ‘Australian transcultural cinema’. The film’s subtle but complex
soundtrack works to challenge and revoice previous filmic representa-
tions of Indigenous Australia and the Australian landscape. Whilst its
place as one of the most significant and remarkable Australian films of
the early twenty-first century is already assured, Barnes’ analysis indicates
that Samson and Delilah will be an essential reference point not only for
Indigenous filmmakers or those concerned with the representation of
Indigeneity, but for all future filmmakers who seek to explore the poten-
tial and practice of sound in film.
14 M.D. Ryan and B. Goldsmith