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ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH ADDRESSING SOCIETAL CHALLENGES
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH EAAE/ARCC INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, LISBON,
PORTUGAL, 15–18 June 2016

Architectural Research Addressing

Societal Challenges
Editors

Manuel Couceiro da Costa, Filipa Roseta,

Joana Pestana Lages & Susana Couceiro da Costa
Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

VOLUME 1
Changing society
In transit – global migration
Renaturalization of the city
Back cover photo information
Faculty of Architecture of the University of Lisbon

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ISBN: 978-1-138-02966-8 (set of two volumes)
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 Architectural Research Addressing Societal Challenges – Couceiro da Costa, et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 978-1-138-02966-8

Table of contents

Committees XV
Sponsors XVII
Foreword XIX
Keynote Speakers XXIII
Moderators XXV
Reviewers XXVII

VOLUME 1
Changing society – In transit-global migration – Renaturalization of the city

Changing society
Urban transformation
Change agents in urban transformation: The case of Helsinki 3
M. Louekari
Urban regeneration of former industrial cities. A cure or a curse? The case of Ancoats
conservation area in Manchester, England 11
T. Chatzi Rodopoulou & J. Hunt
Transporting transformations: A case study of built environment changed by transportation
in rural China 19
X. Lin, B. Jia & M. Zhou
Emerging patterns of change for tomorrow’s cities 27
D.P. Henriques
Transformation of Chinese traditional mountain village in contemporary era: The study case
of Tangdu Village in Guizhou Province 33
Q. Du
Smart solutions in urban development: The medium-sized cities of Bydgoszcz and Rzeszow, Poland 41
O. Gazińska
Africa: The urban challenge 47
F. Ronco & A. Perino
Adaptable structures for emerging socio-cultural changes in Africa 55
D. Donath, B. Rudolf & A. Haile
Temporary commercial spaces: Celebrating the ‘right to the city’ 63
A. Allegri
South Africa’s new challenges: Planning inclusive connection spaces 69
M. Bodino
Smartphone application for long-term urban lifestyle and mobility monitoring 77
L. Sobková & H.H. Achten
Neighborhood design and children’s active travel to/from school 81
J.S. Lee, R. Moore & O. Demir

V
The experimental project of spread “social housing” of Real Estate Fund Ca’ Granda.
Construction of a synthetic index for the implementation of the mobility plan 87
M. Borghi, G. Ferri & A.S. Pavesi

Public space and the contemporary city

Austerity, subverted 95
C. Chatzichristou & G. Makridis
The Guggenheim effect and failed public investment in architecture 101
M. Baptista-Bastos & A. Lau
The “Iron Curtain” as urban observatory of the contemporary social contradictions 107
C. Toscani
The social [il]logic of [sub]urban exodus: The rise and fall of Nasr City and the evolution
of the Egyptian middle class 113
A. elBahrawy
Social and political agency of architecture: Performativity and the contemporary global city 121
J. Vela Castillo & M.O. del Santo Mora
Twin cities as urban laboratory of the contemporary social contradictions 129
C. Toscani
Lines, pipelines, and the contested space of transcontinental fossil fuel transport 135
E.E. Moore & I.M. Volynets
Unknown knowns of architecture: Reconstitution of vitality in Boston City Hall Plaza 141
E. Sheikholharam
Indian (public) spaces. Transitions and cycles 149
G. Setti
The squares in Portugal inventory and the creation of contemporary spaces 155
C.D. Coelho, S.B. Proença & S.P. Fernandes
Evaluating sense of community in the public spaces of residential neighborhoods in Tehran, Iran 161
H.H. Molana
The new roof spaces. The legacy of Le Corbusier in the contemporary city 169
A. Como & L. Smeragliuolo Perrotta

Sustainable habitat
NmeeTon: Self-sustainable habitat for new social challenges 179
E. Aparo, L. Soares & M. Ribeiro
Real estate, residency, design and sustainability: Reconsidering innovation and efficacy in development 187
S. Rajan & B.R. Sinclair
Shell performativity as a tool for urban action 195
S. Vyzoviti
Machinic approaches_new methodologies for responsive environments 201
B. Uçar
T.E.S.S. – An interactive sustainability lab 207
D.A. Kratzer

Rethinking heritage
Life-cycle assessment of historical building reuse: Is the existing building the greenest building? 217
M. Hu
Culture, context + environmental design: Reconsidering vernacular in modern Islamic urbanism 223
S. bin Zayyad & B.R. Sinclair
Beyond the passage: Analytical probe into the emancipatory potential of space 231
D. Ćorović & M. Milinković

VI
Sustainability and design in heritage rehabilitation 239
A.P. Pinheiro
From monument to embodiment: A social case for a more expansive representational strategy
for architectural heritage 247
S. Erdoğan Ford

Participation, social changes and inclusive design

Towards an adaptive urbanism beyond hard control: The theories of Johnson and
Lefebvre 257
N. Abbasabadi & M. Ashayeri Jahan Khanemloo
IEP sites: Combining planning tools to address planning uncertainty 263
M. Bylemans, N. Vallet & M. Van Acker
Social challenges meet architecture – from participation to digital fabrication 271
S. Neves & A. Paio
Lifelong learning in the context of socialization and sustainable development 279
H. Melkonyan, O. Turchanina & A. Castelbranco
Measuring urban ageing. Città Giardino Torino: A resilient archipelago for the elderly 285
D. Vero & B. Giardino
Social sustainability in urban context: Concepts, definitions, and principles 293
A. Mehan & F. Soflaei
Mind the GAPs: Are urban planners defined by generational mindsets? 301
M. Del C. Vera
Red light at night to enhance cognitive functioning for society’s special needs groups 307
E.V. Ellis, D.L. McEachron, E.W. Gonzalez & D.A. Kratzer
Classroom design for children on the autistic spectrum 315
A. Mokhov & E.H. Steinfeld
The impact of patient room design on airborne hospital-acquired infections 323
A. Copeland & A. Sharag-Eldin

Housing
Quality of life by design: Study of space usage for affordable housing in Harbin, China 331
M. Wang, H. Mei & X. Zhu
Permanence to allow change. The archetypal room: The persistence of the 4 × 4 room 339
G. Ledent
Versions of collectivity in housing architecture: From the modern to the post-human 345
C. Pantelidou
A more versatile and adaptable dwelling, for a changing society 353
H. Farias
Dutch experiment in co-creation in a collectively commissioned housing project 361
T.T. Veeger & S.J.E. Maussen
The sun for all: Social equity and the debate on best solar orientation of high
modernist housing 367
U. Poerschke
Neighbourhoods with single-family houses growing old 375
H. Müller
Dwelling and family diversity: Analysis of housing units and households in Lisbon 383
A.S. Moreira & H. Farias
Equality of energy efficiency for low-income housing in the Mississippi Delta 389
E.M. McGlohn & E. Roush-Elliott
VII
Housing of prime social need – Polish traditions of socially engaged architecture 397
N. Przesmycka

In transit-global migration
Vietnamese workforce housing research and design 405
D. Rockwood & T. Duc Quang
Knowledge management in post-disaster resettlement housing 413
B. Ballinger & K.D. Silva
Jewish neighbourhoods in prewar Poland – an attempt at typology 425
M. Hanzl
Refugee shelter: Cheap, fast, lightweight and sustainable 433
O. Chamel
“Hospitality now!” from meeting migrant needs to rethinking contemporary urban dwelling.
A critical review of two studio experiments 439
J. Kent Fitzsimons
Integration of Turkish migrants in Germany: A case study in polarities 447
İ. Öz & A. Staub
Architecture “with the other 90%” – An African story 455
M.L. Khoury
Regeneration of barrack complexes as means to sustainable development 463
M.M. Rudnicka-Bogusz
Lisbon and Brasilia: Cities and cultural facilities in the face of globalization 471
S. Guimarães, R. de Castro Almeida & P. Pereira

Renaturalization of the city

Concepts
Toward a sustainable city-territory in a diffused context: The potential of internal limits 479
G. Vanneste
Imbricate ecologies: Rethinking the city-nature relational challenge 487
W. Mansour
Urban biophilic environments-a novel lexicon for trans-disciplinary practice 495
D.S. Nicholas, R. Truoncgao, W. Char & S. Anandan
Out in the open 501
S. Morgado
From structures to landscapes – towards re-conceptualization of the urban condition 509
L. Nyka

Sustainable environment
Transdisciplinary design framework and a NZE future for the city 519
C.C. Bodurow
Regenerative design for achieving net-zero energy commercial buildings in different
climate types 527
A. Aksamija & Y. Wang
Tall buildings, high expectations, towering responsibilities: Critically considering
skyscrapers, urbanism and sustainability 535
F. Alotaibi & B.R. Sinclair
Sustainable design and performance of architecture and landscape architecture in urban areas 543
C. Albrecht & U. Poerschke

VIII
An autopsy of an environmental tragedy: 1995 Chicago heat wave 551
A. Sharag-Eldin, K. Atchison, C.B. Heller, S. Gharehgozlou, H. Haji Molana & W. Lucak

Waterfront, urban and landscape design

The people’s park: A study of the relationship between design and conviviality in Superkilen 561
M. Beltran-Rodriguez & M. Simon
Evidence-based design of outdoor learning spaces in winter: Behavioral mapping in a ‘Forest School’ 567
A. Rout & P. Galpern
Re-naturalization of post-war housing estates in Poland. The value of residential green space 575
E. Przesmycka & Z. Napieralska
Industrial ruins. A re-cycling approach in researches for dismissed areas 581
A. Massarente
The ripple effect: How saving Yamuna river will save Delhi 589
G.I.S. Keith
Bartram’s bringing boating back: Reviving Philadelphia’s Schuylkill River 597
E.V. Ellis
Learning from ancient Anatolia: Strategies of naturalization in metropolitan Istanbul 605
T. Frank
A city for the eyes of the future – children’s visions of the city 613
R. Pelayo, P. Leal & I. Machado
A bio-socio integrative approach for future development of waterbodies in Alexandria 619
R.E. Abdel Galil

Bottom-up initiatives and urban acupuncture

Urban acupuncture as a tool for today’s re-naturalization of the city: The non-constructible
parcels of municipal Beirut through the case study of the Saifi district 629
D.R. Aouad
Neighborhood regeneration and vulnerable youth engagement through micro-level
gardening interventions 637
L.M. Farah, C. Li & B. Tardif
Constructing urban habitats: Investigating the ecological potential of integrating natural
environments into buildings and landscapes in urban areas 643
G. Mangone
Camouflage: Design innovation for “Grey Infrastructures” in the city of the future 651
O.E. Bellini
Green infrastructure in New York City: Top down and bottom up initiatives to improve
environmental quality 659
K. Perini

Author index 667

VOLUME 2
Emerging fields of architectural practice – Research on architectural education

Emerging fields of architectural practice

The changing role of the architect
Thinking + making: Digital craft as social project 671
S.E. Doyle
Emerging research: The architect’s personal research through design competitions 677
P. Guilherme & S. Salema

IX
Modern architecture Kuwait: The role of the architect 685
R. Camacho
The architect and interactive buildings: From builder to composer and conductor? 693
H.H. Achten
The emerging role of the architect as systems designer 701
Z. Oztoprak
Mapping the expanding and fracturing field of architecture 705
S.M. Golden

Designing for a sustainable environment

On the ground … and into the air – Research & Development for an eco-friendly
habitat on rural commune named Ambert 715
O. Balaÿ & G. Mai
Exploration of multiple zone daylighting and energy performance for senior housing 721
Y. Fang & S. Cho
Forms of the Earth and elements of the city in Muratori’s urban projects 729
G. Tupputi
Landscape design and restoration as an educational hub: An experience from Costa Rica 735
J. Cancela & A. Orozco
Urban species 741
F. Afonso & K. Jedenov
Revisiting forgotten energy technologies – a comparative performance history of a residence with
an underfloor air plenum and ground-coupled water-source heat pump 749
L.O. Degelman
Evaluating the energy performance under the LEED-ND criteria by using EnergyPlus 757
O. Demir & S. Mirianhosseinabadi
Urban glare and death ray potentials from glass towers 763
K.H. Kim & S.-H. Han
Statistical analysis of academic performance in Ohio’s Green Schools 769
C.B. Heller & A. Sharag-Eldin
A framework for commissioning and energy performance measurement and verification in buildings 777
S. Mirianhosseinabadi, S. Cho & S. Song

The digital challenge

Design and praxis in the post-digital era 787
A.P.C. Buccellato, C.F. Vardeman & H.T. Ferguson
Refund Brunelleschi: The redefined role of representation for an integrated building process 795
M. Lo Turco
Model as machine/machine as model: Emerging representational devices in stereotomic practice 803
S. Fernando & M. Mindrup
Additive architecture: 3D printed architecture 811
B. Peters
Laser scanning: The transformation of architectural practice through 3D imaging 817
S. Kim & M. Hylton III

Japan, from modernity to today

Study on Japanese Art Museums since the Second World War: Graphic analysis and typology 825
H. Machín & J. Almazán

X
Japanese spirituality, flexibility and design: Influences and impacts on agile
architecture + open building 833
B.R. Sinclair
The urban persistences and social traditions in the (re)creation of the Japanese urban modernity 841
J.M. Silva
Top-down and bottom-up approaches in Tokyo’s recent urban re-development projects 849
L. Alessio

Research on architectural education

Tendencies
New schools of thought – an investigation on tendencies in architectural education 859
V. Kaps, C. Martinez-Cañavate, J. De Walsche & J. Soolep
Ancient architecture and new meaning in the New World. Current tendencies in the USA 867
C. Giannattasio & A. Pinna
Future studio: Preparing students for practice in the global context 875
M. Simon
Architectural education circa 2030: Results of master planning research 881
M. Sattler
Teaching architecture in the 21st century: The role of research and extension in a
transdisciplinary view 889
M.C.P. Tavares & M. Costa Pereira

Research by design
Case study strategies for designers: Teaching integrative data evaluation 899
M. Sarvimäki
From design to research by design: Experimenting pedagogies to face territorial issues 905
J.-P. De Visscher & N. Willemet
The European Quarter of Brussels: From district to neighbourhood. The difference between
study and research by design 913
G. Ledent & J.-P. De Visscher
Design as research: A new trend in architectural design in the United States 921
F. Lian & Y. Song
Designing a life-world for designers: A phenomenological inquiry into Weiss/Manfredi’s Center
for Architecture and Environmental Design building 925
W.T. Willoughby

Sustainable design
Transition space and the image of contemporary city 935
P. Haupt
Between research and teaching: Green infrastructure for dense urban areas 941
A. Magliocco & K. Perini
A passive-first artificial sky: An educational tool 947
B.T. Haglund, D. Gilbert & M. Payne
A solar Decathlon House intentionally designed to increase teaching opportunities 953
V.Y. Blouin, D. Albright, D. Harding, U. Heine & D. Pastre

The digital challenge

A contemplative pause on the integration of digital computational thinking into
architectural education 963
R. Ajlouni

XI
Decode: Reverse engineering abstract art
a method for teaching computer programming to architects 971
I. Vukorep
Exploring learning objectives for digital design in architectural education 977
S.E. Doyle & N. Senske
The vertical lateral: A model for social impact design education 983
F. Gandhi
Designing education in the digitally preformatted age 991
S. Yeshayahu & P. Zawarus
How CAAD is changing society’s role in architecture 997
T. Maver
Evaluating the veridicality of two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional
architectural space through physiological response 1001
J.A.E. Shields, J.S. Gero & R. Yu
Regenerative design – new role for the built environment 1009
B.D. Dias
Building blocks: Abstraction and iteration 1015
B. Shields & J.A.E. Shields
Introducing digital soft skills: Bridging the gaps in architectural education 1021
S.E. Doyle & N. Senske

Participation
Architectural synergies: Participatory design and construction of a pavilion prototype 1031
A. Michael, O. Kontovourkis & M.C. Phocas
FAjúnior – Architectural games 1039
M. Louro, F. Oliveira & M. Baptista-Bastos
Community-driven design aspects of architecture education in Hungary 1045
S. Portschy
Applying a blended learning methodology to the study of housing 1051
L. Madrazo, C. Sentieri & N. Charalambous
Trouble in Happy Valley. The documentation of a research through design collaborative
project between a postgraduate Atelier at the Manchester School of Architecture and the
local community of a small town 1059
S. Stone & L. Sanderson

Methods
Ethics in architecture: Introducing concepts of power and empowerment 1069
A. Staub
In search of meaningful interdisciplinary work in architectural education 1077
T.R. Rider
Spatial imagination and representation, a method for integrating the theory and practice of
spatial analysis in architectural education 1085
J.C.T. Voorthuis & H.M.T. Aarts
Displacements and notes on searching the architecture of the placeless 1093
E. Komez Daglioglu & N. Sanaan Bensi
Architecture as interface: A constructive method for spatial articulation in architectural education 1099
A.P. Baltazar
The role of representations in architectural design learning 1107
A.Z. Aydemir, B. Pak & K. Scheerlinck

XII
Curating and exhibiting architecture: Pedagogy in the gallery context 1115
D.L.C. Hennebury
An investigation of building systems education in architecture 1121
R. Liu & P.V. Marks
Structure in architecture – A definition in the poetic tectonic age 1129
F.X. Oliveira
Architectural responses to societal challenges via design-build programs in architectural education 1137
A. Şahin
Modeling architecture design studio on practice-based integrated “ways of working” 1145
T. Collins & T. Hegli
Quest for “openness” in architectural pedagogy from 60’s onwards 1153
S. Türkkan
Trading our ivory towers for ones made of wood: Models for solid timber research
and education in the US 1161
M.K. Donofrio
Intermediate landscape regeneration. Implications on architectural education 1167
P. Vall-Casas, M. Benages-Albert, A. Cuéllar & P. Elinbaum
Typo-morphology: From research to architectural education 1175
J. Leite & R. Justo
Unveiling the city_the case of Aeolou street 1183
K. Karvountzi, M. Papavasiliou & E. Konstantinidou

The changing academy: Case studies

The place of architectural design studios in Portugal in response to the Bologna agreement 1193
P.L. Pinto
The drawing school in Christiania – architecture education into modern times 1201
M. Sprovin
Transforming architectural education at the cross roads of the world 1207
A.K. Ali
The EAAE and the Lisbon School of Architecture—A common history between 1976 and 1986 1215
L. Matos Silva
A changing academic community: The faculty of architecture of the University of Lisbon 1223
F. Roseta & J. Sousa Morais
Renaturalizing urban campus case study: integrated-design, placemaking, and ecology 1229
A. Kamal

Author index 1237

XIII
 Architectural Research Addressing Societal Challenges – Couceiro da Costa, et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 978-1-138-02966-8

Committees

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

CHAIRMAN

Manuel Couceiro da Costa EAAE – Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Porugal

CO-CHAIRS
Leonard Bachman ARCC – University of Houston, USA
Adalberto Del Bo EAAE – Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Filipa Roseta Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal

COMMITTEE MEMBERS

Miguel Baptista Bastos Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal

João Brandão Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Carlos Figueiredo Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Pedro Januário Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Luís Mateus Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Joana Pestana Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal

CONFERENCE COMMUNICATION DESIGNER

Catarina Aguiso Pereira

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

ARCC
Hazem Rashed-Ali University of Texas at Santo Antonio, USA
Michelle Rinehart Georgia Tech College of Architecture, USA
Julia Robinson University of Minnesota, USA

EAAE

Koenraad Van Cleempoel University of Hasselt, Belgium

Karl Otto Ellefsen Oslo School of Architecture, Norway
Johan Verbeke KU Leuven – Faculty of Architecture, Belgium

FAUL

Manuel Couceiro da Costa Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal

Jorge Cruz Pinto Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Filipa Roseta Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal

XV
 Architectural Research Addressing Societal Challenges – Couceiro da Costa, et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 978-1-138-02966-8

Sponsors

EAAE ARCC Faculdade de Arquitectura

CIAUD Universidade de Lisboa FCT

XVII
 Architectural Research Addressing Societal Challenges – Couceiro da Costa, et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 978-1-138-02966-8

Foreword

EAAE/ARCC International Conferences

The EAAE/ARCC International Conferences are held under the aegis of the EAAE (European Association for
Architectural Education) and of the ARCC (Architectural Research Centers Consortium). The conferences are
organized every other year, in collaboration with one of the member schools / universities of those associations,
either in North America or in Europe.
The EAAE/ARCC Conferences began at the North Carolina State University College of Design, Raleigh /
1998 with a conference on Research in Design Education; followed by conferences in Paris / 2000, Montreal /
2002, Dublin / 2004, Philadelphia / 2006, Copenhagen / 2008, Washington / 2010, Milan / 2012, Honolulu / 2014
and Lisbon / 2016.
The conference discussions focus on research experiences in the field of architecture and architectural
education, providing a critical forum for the dissemination and engagement of current ideas from around the
world.
The issues are progressively refined and detailed, always open to general issues and the international dimension
is expanding with a growing presence of researchers from other continents, what has been occurring since
Copenhagen / 2008, with scholars and teachers from Australia, Africa or the Far East.

EAAE/ARCC International Conference – Lisbon 2016

Following an application process, the proposal of the FAUL (Faculty of Architecture of the University of Lisbon)
for the hosting and organizing of the EAAE/ARCC International Conference 2016, in Lisbon, was accepted
by the EAAE Council, during the Meeting in Prague (January 2014) and launched during the EAAE/ARCC
International Conference – Honolulu 2014.
FAUL represents the newest link in an institutional chain, related to architectural teaching in Portugal, founded
in the XVIth century with the “Paços da Ribeira Architecture Class”. We regard 1881 as a critical year, when,
through the creation of the “Civil Architecture Course of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Lisbon”, the public
teaching of architecture began, later followed by the establishment of the “Fine Arts High School of Lisbon”.
In 1979, the Faculty of Architecture of the Technical University of Lisbon (FAUTL) was created, by the
integration of the Department of Architecture of the Fine Arts High School of Lisbon, into the university. With
the fusion of Technical University of Lisbon with the (classical) University of Lisbon, in 2012, renamed as
FAUL, our faculty become an organic unit of the renewed University of Lisbon (∼45.000 students) – the aim is
the construction of a powerful research university, engaged with education, innovation and technology transfer,
focused on people, where the value of knowledge, merit and participation is raised and which is engaged with
Portuguese society and the Lisbon region, but also with European dimension and open to the world.
According to the EAAE/ARCC International Conferences principles, the 10th edition/Lisbon 2016 whose
theme was “Architectural Research Addressing Societal Challenges”, was attended by architects, professors,
researchers and students from all over the world. Overall there were about 280 participants and 182 accepted
paper submissions, representing 107 universities, 33 countries and 5 continents, so enlarging the geographic
reach and strengthening the potential of these conferences.
More than numbers, the scientific and social qualities of the event were also recognised, which was reflected
in the many complimentary emails from the participants and now reinforced with the publication of the proceed-
ings – we believe the quality of the conference is related to the evidence of a strong local identity together with
broad global partnership.
By this we mean that representatives of EAAE, ARCC and FAUL, so from a large array of universities, were
involved in every aspect of her conference including establishing the constitution of the conference committees
(organizing and scientific committees), the boards of reviewers and moderators as well as participants.
Other partner organizations, related to the world of architecture, also contributed and were determining factors
in that achievement, namely CIAUD (FAUL Architecture, Urbanism and Design Research Center), AEAULP
(Academy of Architecture and Urbanism Schools of Portuguese Speaking Countries) and TRIENAL (Lisbon
Architecture Triennial). As well as the organizations mentioned above, some individuals, the keynote speakers,

XIX
who came from different countries, China, USA, Belgium and Portugal, also presented high quality lectures
related to the sub-themes of the conference.
Last but not least, we must acknowledge Lisbon, the city itself, including its people, history, culture, archi-
tectural patrimony, urban landscape, cuisine and climate, as a major contributor towards the success of the
conference …

THEME

Since architectural research is at the core of EAAE/ARCC International Conferences, the scientific aspects to
develop must be framed and specified.
Looking at the major issues of our era, we stressed (in 2014), the escalating interdependency of nations, that
drives global geopolitics to shift ever more quickly and that societies seem unable to control any change that
affects their cities, whether positive or negative. Challenges are global, but solutions need to be implemented
locally. How can architectural research contribute to the future of our changing society? How has it contributed
in the past? The chosen title “Architectural Research Addressing Societal Challenges”, synthesizes all this,
framing the call for papers. Papers were further divided into the following five sub-themes:

1. A changing society
Modernism and the quest for an industrialized welfare-society established a new standard of equality pursued
by architects. Today, extreme wealth and urban poverty coexist, at times, within the same city. Worldwide, some
nations are dealing with an ageing population, while others are concerned with overpopulation and birth control.
Can architects find new standards for such extreme differences? How did the role of the architect evolve from
the modernist period to today? We are looking for research that reflects the imprints of societal changes on
architecture.

2. In transit – Global migration

A increasing number of people are on a global quest for work, knowledge, protection, adventure and a better
life. The number of migrants worldwide reached 250 million in 2014. World Tourism is booming. How does this
global mobility affect cities and cultures? How does the traveller from the past differ from the migrant today? We
are looking for research on how architecture interacts with and deals with these questions. We are also looking
for historical studies of situations that might mirror the present condition.

3. Renaturalization of the city

The urban areas are conceptualised in new ways. Urban and rural conditions overlap. Built areas merge with
landscape and nature. How can research reconceptualize the urban condition? What will the city of the future look
like? What was the presence of Nature in the urban fabric of the past? We are looking for research that focuses
on this transformation process, past or present, and points to possible ideals for future urban development.

4. Emerging fields of architectural practice

The context within which architecture operates is drastically changing and new practices are emerging. The
challenge of Climate Change sets a revised scientific and political agenda. Moreover, economic and socio-
cultural changes challenge the role of both the architect and architectural practice. Furthermore, new conceptual
methodologies, facilitated by emerging computer-aided technologies, expand the possibilities of the design and
construction process. This leads us to question how the role of the architect will be affected by this changing
context? What are the future possibilities suggested by new fields of development? What kind of new practices
are emerging? There is a need for knowledge as to how architecture will answer, redefine or adapt.

5. Research on architectural education

Education in the discipline of Architecture has evolved, mirroring societal challenges and conditions. Architec-
tural Education can also be considered as a multitude of traditions with different national flavours. New social
challenges address architectural education. How can architectural education respond to the changing role of the
architect? How should the ideal biotope for architectural education look like? How is it related to research or
practice? Which didactics prepare students to take position and face future societal challenges? We are looking
for contributions on the emerging field of research on Architectural Education.

XX
Those were the questions.
In the next part of these proceedings we will present the papers, or in other words the answers, which were
organized according to the sub-themes above. When we received the submissions, we found that it was possible
to further sub-divide those sub-themes, which we did for a better understanding of the global approach towards
Architectural Research Addressing Societal Challenges.
Hope to see you in the next EAAE/ARCC International Conference 2018, in the United States of America,
in the city of Philadelphia.

Lisbon, 30 September 2016

Manuel Couceiro da Costa/Chairman
EAAE/ARCC International Conference – Lisbon 2016

XXI
 Architectural Research Addressing Societal Challenges – Couceiro da Costa, et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 978-1-138-02966-8

Keynote Speakers

Galen Cranz
University of Chicago, USA
Lecture: Renaturalizing the City

Pedro Gadanho
EDP – MAAT/Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology, Lisbon, Portugal
Lecture: Emergent Practices in the Face of Social Change

João Luís Carrilho da Graça

Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Carrilho da Graça/arquitectos
Lecture: Terra

Jan Masschelein
University of Leuven, Belgium
Lecture: Addressing societal challenges: reclaiming and designing (in) “school/university”

Wang Shu / Lu Wenyu

Architectural School at China Academy of Art, Hangzhou, China
Amateur Architecture Studio
Lecture: The possibility of co-existence of the urban and rural areas

XXIII
 Architectural Research Addressing Societal Challenges – Couceiro da Costa, et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 978-1-138-02966-8

Moderators

Ajla Aksamija University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

Paulo Almeida Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Leonard Bachman University of Houston, USA
Miguel Baptista-Bastos Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Maria Beltran University of Maryland, College Park, USA
Jorge Cancela Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Koenrad Van Cleempoel University of Hasselt, Belgium
Luís Conceição Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
João Pedro Costa Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Ivan Cabrera I Fausto Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain
Oya Atalay Franck ZHAW Department A, School of Architecture, Switzerland
Nur Çağlar TOBB – University of Economics and Technology, Turkey
Bruce Haglund University of Idaho, USA
Ming Hu Catholic University of America, Washington DC, USA
Saif Haq Texas Tech University, USA
Susane Komossa TU Delft, The Netherlands
Margarida Louro Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Luís Mateus Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Valerian Miranda Texas A&M University, USA
Erin Moore University of Oregon, USA
Diana Nicholas Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Lucyna Nyka Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Ute Poerschke The Pennsylvania State University, USA
Hazem Rashed-Ali University of Texas at Santo Antonio, USA
Michelle Rinehart Georgia Tech College of Architecture, USA
Luís Romão Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Luís Rosmaninho Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Meredith Sattler Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, USA
Madlen Simon University of Maryland, USA
Brian Sinclair University of Calgary & Sinclair Studio Inc, Canada
Aron Temkin Norwich University, USA
Maria Vera University of Nevada Las Vegas, USA
Johan Verbeke KU Leuven – Faculty of Architecture, Belgium
Johan De Walsche University of Antwerp, Belgium

XXV
 Architectural Research Addressing Societal Challenges – Couceiro da Costa, et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 978-1-138-02966-8

Reviewers

Rima Ajlouni University of Utah, USA

Paulo Almeida Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Antonieta Angulo Ball State University, USA
Craig Anz Southern Illinois University Carbondale, USA
Balint Bachmann University of Pecs, Faculty of Engineering and IT Institute of Architecture, Hungary
Leonard Bachman University of Houston, USA
Miguel Baptista-Bastos Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Julio Bermudez Catholic University of America, USA
Adalberto Del Bo Politecnico de Milano, Italy
Terri Boake University of Waterloo, Canada
Aimee Buccellato University of Notre Dame, USA
Nur Çağlar TOBB – University of Economics and Technology, Turkey
Luís Conceição Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
José Correia Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Nuno Dinis Cortiços Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
João Pedro Costa Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Manuel Couceiro da Costa Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Koenrad Van Cleempoel University of Hasselt, Belgium
Ozgur Dincyurek Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus
Neslihan Dostoglu Istanbul Kultur University, Turkey
Katl Otto Ellefsen Oslo School of Architecture, Norway
Daniel Faoro Lawrence Tech. University, USA
Carlos Henriques Ferreira Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Esra Fidanoglu Istanbul Kultur University, Turkey
Maria Teresa Fonseca Faculty of Architecture, University of Oporto, Portugal
Oya Atalay Franck ZHAW Department A, School of Architecture, Switzerland
Pedro Gaspar Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Saul Golden Ulster University, UK
Elizabeth Grant Virginia Tech, USA
Maria Rosália Guerreiro ISCTE-IUL, Lisbon University Institute, Portugal
Pedro Guilherme CHAIA | Sofia Salema & Pedro Guilherme, Arquitectos Lda., Portugal
Bruce Haglund University of Idaho, USA
Greg Hall Mississippi State University, USA
Deirdre Hennebury Lawrence Technological University, USA
Dalibor Hlavacek CTU, Faculty of Architecture, Czech Republic
Simi Hoque University of Massachusetts-Amherst, USA
Pedro Gomes Januário Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Azza Kamal The University of Texas at San Antonio, USA
Kyounghee Kim University of North Carolina Charlotte, USA
Carlos Lameiro Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Margarida Louro Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Khaled Mansy Oklahoma State University, USA
Luís Mateus Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Gabriella Medvegy University of Pécs Faculty of Engineering, Hungary
Erin Moore University of Oregon, USA
Keith Diaz Moore University of Utah, USA
Sofia Morgado Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Lucyna Nyka Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Edward Orlowski Lawrence Technological University, USA
Gunnar Parelius NTNU, Norway
Ulrike Passe Iowa State University, USA

XXVII
Patrícia Santos Pedrosa ULHT / Labart, Portugal
Jorge Cruz Pinto Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Amílcar Gil Pires Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Philip Plowright Lawrence Technological University, USA
Ute Poerschke The Pennsylvania State University, USA
Alexandra Ai Quintas Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Hazem Rashed-Ali University of Texas at Santo Antonio, USA
Vasco Rato ISCTE-IUL, Lisbon University Institute, Portugal
Fatih Rifki Montana State University, USA
Clare Robinson University of Arizona, USA
Julia Williams Robinson School of Architecture, University of Minnesota, USA
Luís Romão Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Filipa Roseta Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Murat Sahin Özyeğin University, Turkey
Sofia Salema University of Évora, Portugal
João Rafael Santos Faculty of Architecture, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Paola Sassi Oxford Brookes University, UK
Meredith Sattler Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, USA
Nick Senske Iowa State University, USA
Adil Sharag-Eldin Kent State University, USA
Madlen Simon University of Maryland, USA
Brian Sinclair University of Calgary & Sinclair Studio Inc, Canada
Edgar Stach Philadelphia University, USA
John Stallmeyer University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA
Alexandra Staub Penn State University, USA
Sally Stewart The Glasgow School of Art, Mackintosh School of Architecture, UK
Aron Temkin Norwich University, USA
Vaso Trova University of Thessaly, Greece
Johan Verbeke KU Leuven – Faculty of Architecture, Belgium
Johan De Walsche University of Antwerp, Belgium
Kate Wingert-Playdon Temple University, USA
Shai Yeshayahu UNLV, USA
Zdenek Zavrel Faculty of Architecture, CTU in Prague, Czech Republic

XXVIII
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Robert Merry's
Museum, Volumes I and II (1841)
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Robert Merry's Museum, Volumes I and II (1841)

Author: Various

Editor: Samuel G. Goodrich

Release date: October 11, 2023 [eBook #71854]

Language: English

Original publication: Boston: Bradbury & Soden, 1842

Credits: Carol Brown, Linda Cantoni, Jude Eyelander, Katherine

Ward, Anne Celnick, and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book
was produced from scanned images of public domain
material from the Google Books project.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROBERT

MERRY'S MUSEUM, VOLUMES I AND II (1841) ***
 ROBERT MERRY’S

MUSEUM:
VOLUMES I. II.

Boston:
PUBLISHED BY BRADBURY & SODEN,
10, SCHOOL STREET.
1842.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1841, by S. G.

Goodrich, in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of Massachusetts.
 INDEX
TO THE

FIRST VOLUME.

FROM FEBRUARY TO JULY 1841, INCLUSIVE.

Address to the Reader, page 1

About Labor and Property, 3
Anecdote, 102
Absence of Mind, 126
Antiquities of Egypt, 149
A Drunkard’s Home, 152
Architecture of Birds, 158
A Philosophical Tea-pot 171
Astonishing Powers of the Horse 172
A Good Reply, 187
Chinese Spectacles, 18
Contentment, 50
Curious way of Keeping Accounts, 189
Death of the President, 127
Fanny Gossip and Susan Lazy; a Dialogue, 145
Hogg’s Father, 102
Hunting Wild Animals in Africa, 111
Hymn, 159
Importance of Attention; a Dialogue 174
Instinct, 190
John Steady and Peter Sly, a Dialogue 38
My First Whistle, 4
My own Life and Adventures; by Robert
Merry, 9, 33, 65, 129, 161
Music—Jack Frost, a Song, 32
Madagascar, 168
Napoleon’s last Obsequies 51
Night, 101
Owls and Eagles, 5
Origin of ‘The House that Jack Built,’ 7
Origin of Words and Phrases, 35
Our Ancestry, 53
Plain Dealing, 26
Peach Seeds, 37
Professions and Trades, 94
Peter Pilgrim’s account of his Schoolmates,
No. 1, 107
Pet Oysters, 187
Poetry and Music, 192
Queen Elizabeth of England, 103
Swallows, 15
Story of Philip Brusque 19, 47, 73, 97
Spring is Coming; a Song, 64
Sketches of the Manners, Customs, and
History of the Indians of America, 116, 140, 141, 181
Something Wonderful, 141
The Sociable Weavers, 2
The Human Frame likened to a House 18
The Sailor’s Family, 21
The Groom and the Horse, 23
The Druids, 24
The Re-entombment of Napoleon 27
The Pelican, 36
The Three Friends, 41
The Fox and the Tortoise, 43
The Travels, Adventures and Experiences
of Thomas Trotter, 44, 81, 120, 138
The Month of March, 60
The Child and the Violets, 62
The Great Northern Diver, or Loon 71
The Spectre of the Brocken 79
Trifles, 80
The New Custom House, Boston, 86
The New Patent Office, Washington 89
The River; a Song, 96
The Sun, 101
The Kingfisher and the Nightingale 125
The April Shower,—a Song, 128
The Artist’s Cruise, 133
The Boastful Ass, 157
Travelling Beehives, 158
The Secret, 158
The Logue Family, 159
The Humming Birds, 167
The Moon, 173
The Horse and the Bells, 178
The Crane Family, 179
The Shetland Pony, 188
Varieties, 30, 62, 127, 190
What is Truth? 28
What sort of Heart have you got? 90
What is Poetry? 95
ROBERT MERRY’S MUSEUM.
 Address to the Reader.

Kind and gentle people who make up what is called the Public—
permit a stranger to tell you a brief story. I am about trying my hand
at a Magazine; and this is my first number. I present it to you with all
due humility—asking, however, one favor. Take this little pamphlet to
your home, and when nothing better claims your attention, pray look
over its pages. If you like it, allow me the privilege of coming to you
once a month, with a basket of such fruits and flowers as an old
fellow may gather while limping up and down the highways and by-
ways of life.
I will not claim a place for my numbers upon the marble table of
the parlor, by the side of songs and souvenirs, gaudy with steel
engravings and gilt edges. These bring to you the rich and rare
fruitage of the hot-house, while my pages will serve out only the
simple, but I trust wholesome productions of the meadow, field, and
common of Nature and Truth. The fact is, I am more particular about
my company than my accommodations. I like the society of the
young—the girls and the boys; and whether in the parlor, the library,
or the school-room, I care not, if so be they will favor me with their
society. I do not, indeed, eschew the favor of those who are of
mature age—I shall always have a few pages for them, if they will
deign to look at my book. It is my plan to insert something in every
number that will bear perusal through spectacles.
But it is useless to multiply words: therefore, without further
parley, I offer this as a specimen of my work, promising to improve
as I gain practice. I have a variety of matters and things on hand,
anecdotes, adventures, tales, travels, rhymes, riddles, songs, &c.—
some glad and some sad, some to make you laugh and some to
make you weep. My only trouble is to select among such variety. But
grant me your favor, kind Public! and these shall be arranged and
served out in due season. May I specially call upon two classes of
persons to give me their countenance and support—I mean all those
young people who have black eyes, and all those who have not
black eyes! If these, with their parents, will aid me, they shall have
the thanks and best services of
ROBERT MERRY.
A Tree with Nests of Sociable Weavers upon it.
 The Sociable Weavers.

Men find it convenient to devote themselves to different trades.

One spends his time in one trade, and another in another. So we find
the various kinds of birds brought up and occupied in different
trades. The woodpecker is a carpenter, the hawk a sportsman, the
heron a fisherman, &c. But in these cases we remark, that the birds
do not have to serve an apprenticeship. It takes a boy seven years to
learn to be a carpenter; but a young woodpecker, as soon as he can
fly, goes to his work without a single lesson, and yet understanding it
perfectly.
This is very wonderful; but God teaches the birds their lessons,
and his teaching is perfect. Perhaps the most curious mechanics
among the birds, are the Sociable Weavers, found in the southern
part of Africa. Hundreds of these birds, in one community, join to
form a structure of interwoven grass, (the sort chosen being what is
called Boshman’s grass,) containing various apartments, all covered
by a sloping roof, impenetrable to the heaviest rain, and increased
year by year, as the increase in numbers of the community may
require.
“I observed,” says a traveller in South Africa, “a tree with an
enormous nest of these birds, to which I have given the appellation
of Republicans; and, as soon as I arrived at my camp, I despatched
a few men with a wagon to bring it to me, that I might open the hive
and examine the structure in its minutest parts. When it arrived, I cut
it to pieces with a hatchet, and saw that the chief portion of the
structure consisted of a mass of Boshman’s grass, without any
mixture, but so compact and firmly basketed together as to be
impenetrable to the rain. This is the commencement of the structure;
and each bird builds its particular nest under this canopy, the upper
surface remaining void, without, however, being useless; for, as it
has a projecting rim and is a little inclined, it serves to let the water
run off, and preserves each little dwelling from the rain.
“The largest nest that I examined was one of the most
considerable I had anywhere seen in the course of my journey, and
contained three hundred and twenty inhabited cells, which,
supposing a male and female to each, would form a society of six
hundred and forty individuals. Such a calculation, however, would
not be exact. It appears, that in every flock the females are more
numerous by far than the males; many cells, therefore, would
contain only a single bird. Still, the aggregate would be considerable;
and, when undisturbed, they might go on to increase, the structure
increasing in a like ratio, till a storm, sweeping through the wood, laid
the tree, and the edifice it sustained, in one common ruin.”
 About Labor and Property.

All the things we see around us belong to somebody; and these

things have been got by labor or working. It has been by labor, that
every article has been procured. If nobody had ever done any labor,
there would have been no houses, no cultivated fields, no bread to
eat, no clothes to wear, no books to read, and the whole world would
have been in a poor and wild state, not fit for human beings to live
happily in.
Men possess all things in consequence of some person having
wrought for these things. Some men are rich, and have many things,
although they never wrought much for them; but the ancestors, or
fathers and grandfathers, of these men, wrought hard for the things,
and have left them to their children. But all young persons must not
think that they will get things given to them in this way; all, except a
few, must work diligently when they grow up, to get things for
themselves.
After any one has wrought to make a thing, or after he has a thing
given to him, that thing is his own, and no person must take it from
him. If a boy get a piece of clay, and make the clay into a small ball
or marble to play with, then he has labored or wrought for it, and no
other boy has any right to take it from him. The marble is the
property of the boy who made it. Some boys are fond of keeping
rabbits. If a boy have a pair of these animals, they are his property;
and if he gather food for them, and take care of them till they have
young ones, then the young rabbits are his property also. He would
not like to find, that some bad boy wished to take his rabbits from
him! He would say to the bad boy, “I claim these rabbits as my
property; they are mine. You never wrought for them; they are not
yours.” And if the bad boy still would take the rabbits, then the owner
would go to a magistrate, and tell him of the bad boy’s conduct, and
the bad boy would be punished. All things are the property of some
persons, and these persons claim their property in the same way
that the boy claims the marble that he has made, or the rabbits that
he has reared. It is very just and proper that every person should be
allowed to keep his own property; because, when a poor man knows
that he can get property by working for it, and that no one dares to
take it from him, then he will work to have things for his own use. If
he knew that things would be taken from him, then he would not
work much, and perhaps not at all. He would spend many of his days
in idleness, and live very poorly.
When one person wishes to have a thing which belongs to
another, he must ask permission to take it, or he must offer to buy it;
he must never, on any account, take the thing secretly, or by
violence, or by fraud; for that would be stealing, and he would be a
thief. God has said, “Thou shalt not steal;” and every one should
keep his hands from picking and stealing. Some boys think, that,
because they find things that are lost, they may keep these things to
themselves. But the thing that is found is the property of the loser,
and should be immediately restored to him without reward; it is just
as bad as stealing to keep it, if you can find the owner.
 My First Whistle.

Of all the toys I e’er have known,

I loved that whistle best;
It was my first, it was my own,
And I was doubly blest.

’Twas Saturday, and afternoon,

That school-boys’ jubilee,
When the young heart is all in tune,
From book and ferule free.

I then was in my seventh year;

The birds were all a singing;
Above a brook, that rippled clear,
A willow tree was swinging.

My brother Ben was very ’cute,

He climbed that willow tree,
He cut a branch, and I was mute,
The while, with ecstasy.

With penknife he did cut it round,

And gave the bark a wring;
He shaped the mouth and tried the sound,—
It was a glorious thing!

I blew that whistle, full of joy—

It echoed o’er the ground;
And never, since that simple toy,
Such music have I found.

I’ve seen blue eyes and tasted wines—

 With manly toys been blest,
But backward memory still inclines
To love that whistle best.