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Textbook Aquaculture Technology Flowing Water and Static Water Fish Culture 1St Edition Soderberg Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Aquaculture Technology Flowing Water and Static Water Fish Culture 1St Edition Soderberg Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Aquaculture Technology Flowing Water and Static Water Fish Culture 1St Edition Soderberg Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Richard W. Soderberg
Aquaculture
Technology
Flowing Water and
Static Water Fish Culture
Aquaculture
Technology
Flowing Water and Static
Water Fish Culture
Aquaculture
Technology
Flowing Water and Static
Water Fish Culture
Richard W. Soderberg
Mansfield University
Mansfield, Pennsylvania
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
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v
vi Contents
Index................................................................................................................. 263
Preface
The science of aquaculture is best divided into two general components:
flowing water and static water technologies. In flowing water fish culture
systems, a constant stream of water carries dissolved oxygen to the fish
and flushes waste materials away from them. Water temperature, which
controls fish growth rates, is constant or nearly so. In static water systems,
dissolved oxygen dynamics are controlled by the dynamic processes of
photosynthesis and respiration, and waste materials are metabolized
by biological and chemical processes within the pool of stagnant water.
Temperatures of surface waters vary daily and seasonally so that ambient
air temperatures determine species selection and fish growth rates.
This volume was designed as the text for a two-semester college
course in aquaculture. Section I, “Flowing Water Fish Culture,” describes
the simpler technology and is appropriate for the first-semester course.
The applied limnology of static water fish culture, Section II, is intended
to serve as the second-semester text. Students using this book as a college
text should have a basic background in mathematics, chemistry, and
limnology. I have included a review of the basic principles of limnology
for curricula that do not include that subject.
My first book, Flowing Water Fish Culture, published by Lewis
Publishers in 1995, has seen widespread use by aquaculture practitio-
ners and has been used as a college text, and this two-section volume is
intended to serve the wider aquaculture community as well.
Completion of this book would not have been possible without con-
structive criticism from my colleagues and students at Auburn University
and Mansfield University. I especially thank Professor Claude E. Boyd for
so eloquently demonstrating that the solutions to biological and chemical
problems lie in the quantitative investigation of their components.
Richard W. Soderberg
Mansfield, Pennsylvania
xi
section one
3
4 Aquaculture technology
Based upon this framework, flowing water fish culture has become
a quantitative agricultural science. The technology of that science is the
subject of the chapters that comprise Section I of this book.
chapter two
5
6 Aquaculture technology
Temperature
38.6°F
Growth
Figure 2.1 Plot of trout growth in units of fish length at temperatures from 42 to
52°F. (Data from Haskell, D. C. 1959. New York Fish and Game Journal 6: 205–237.)
Temperature
Growth
Figure 2.2 When Haskell’s (1959) data are fitted to a regression line forced through
the origin of the graph in accordance with the MTU growth prediction method
(Piper et al. 1982), the accuracy of the model is compromised.
Chapter two: Fish growth in hatcheries 7
30
25
Temperature (°C)
20
17.8
15
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Growth rate (cm/month)
Figure 2.3 Growth of blue tilapia in centimeters per month at temperatures from
20 to 30°C. (From Soderberg, R. W. 1990. Progressive Fish-Culturist 52: 155–157. With
permission.)
Table 2.7 TU (1 TU = 1°C greater than 17.8°C for 1 month) required per
centimeter of blue tilapia growth at temperatures from 20 to 30°C
MTU required/cm
Exposure temperature of growth
20 6.7
25 7.0
30 6.9
Mean 6.9
Source: Data from Soderberg, R. W. 1990. Progressive Fish-Culturist 52: 155–157.
Chapter two: Fish growth in hatcheries 11
0.6
0.5
0.4
Growth (mm day)
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
15 20 25 30
Temperature (°C)
Figure 2.4 Linear growth plot for blue tilapia. ΔL = −0.853 + 0.048 T (r2 > 0.99).
(Data from Soderberg, R. W. 1990. Progressive Fish-Culturist 52: 155–157.)
Chapter two: Fish growth in hatcheries 13
Brook trout: Growth at 4°C was significantly less efficient than at temper-
atures from 7 to 19°C (Dwyer et al. 1981a). The growth equation for the tem-
perature range of 4–19°C is ΔL = 0.155 + 0.0355 T (ΔL is in millimeters (mm)/
day and T is in °C for all equations presented here) with a coefficient of deter-
mination (r2) of 0.637. The r2 value is improved to 0.792 in the more efficient
temperature range of 7–19°C. The growth equation over this temperature
range is ΔL = 0.006 + 0.0455 T. Although temperature unit requirements did
not differ significantly over the temperature range of 7–19°C, actual growth
was less at 19°C than at 16°C (Dwyer et al. 1981a). Thus, the linear growth
model is further improved by narrowing the temperature range to 7–16°C,
where ΔL = −0.068 + 0.0578 T (r2 = 0.882). The values derived from Haskell’s
(1959) data are better correlated (r2 = 0.99) than those of Dwyer et al. (1981a),
probably due to the narrower temperature range (5.5–11.1°C) of his determi-
nations. The equation resulting from regression analysis of Haskell’s data is
ΔL = 0.348 + 0.0944 T and gives ΔL values similar to those predicted by the
equation derived from Dwyer’s data in the temperature range of 7–16°C.
Rainbow trout: The MTU requirements were significantly greater at
4°C than the other test temperatures up to 19°C. Growth efficiency did
not differ significantly in the temperature range of 7–19°C, but actual
growth at 19°C was less than that at 16°C (Dwyer et al. 1981b). The growth
equations for the temperature ranges of 4–19°C, 7–19°C, and 7–16°C are
ΔL = −0.040 + 0.505 T (r2 = 0.886), ΔL = 0.043 + 0.0450 T (r2 = 0.801), and
ΔL = −0.167 + 0.066 T (r2 = 0.971), respectively.
Lake trout: The MTU requirements for growth did not significantly dif-
fer over the temperature range of 4–16°C (Dwyer et al. 1981c), but fish at
16°C grew less than those at 13°C. The linear growth equation for the tem-
perature range of 4–16°C is ΔL = 0.176 + 0.0426 T (r2 = 0.858), and the equa-
tion for the temperature range of 4–13°C is ΔL = 0.0622 + 0.588 T (r2 = 0.979).
Steelhead trout: The MTU requirement per centimeter of growth
was significantly lower at 13°C than at 4, 7, 10, 16, or 19°C (Dwyer
et al. 1982). The regression equation over the temperature range of
4–19°C is ΔL = 0.0329 + 0.0294 T (r2 = 0.856). The growth equation is
ΔL = 0.0148 + 0.0343 T (r2 = 0.937) over the temperature range of 7–16°C.
Atlantic salmon: Fish grown at 4 and 19°C required significantly
more MTU per unit of length increase than those held at 7, 10, 13, and
16°C. Growth at 19°C was less than that at 16°C (Dwyer and Piper 1987).
The growth equation over the entire range of temperatures tested is
ΔL = 0.0043 + 0.0306 T (r2 = 0.926). The improved regression over the tem-
perature range of 7–16°C is ΔL = −0.0429 + 0.0371 T (r2 > 0.99).
Channel catfish: Andrews et al. (1972) studied growth at temperatures
from 24 to 30°C. Calculated daily incremental growth increased with tem-
perature from 24 to 28°C, but was less at 30 than at 28°C. The regression
equation for catfish growth is ΔL = 0.612 + 0.0298 (r2 = 0.825) at tempera-
tures from 24 to 30°C and ΔL = 0.195 + 0.0463 T (r2 = 0.991) from 24 to 28°C.
14 Aquaculture technology
Tiger muskellunge: The growth of early fingerlings (3–4 cm) was well
correlated with temperature in the range of 14–24°C (Meade et al. 1983). The
regression equation calculated from their data is ΔL = −0.0548 + 0.912 T
(r2 = 0.985). The growth rate of advanced fingerlings (12–13 cm) was great-
est at 23 and 24°C but declined at higher and lower temperatures (Meade
et al. 1983). Thus, temperature and daily incremental growth for larger
tiger muskellunge were not correlated (r2 = 0.12) over the entire range
of 18–28°C. The growth equation for the temperature range 18–24°C is
ΔL = 0.394 + 0.0471 (r2 = 0.864).
Blue tilapia: Soderberg (1990) reported that the regression of
daily growth increment on temperature in the range of 20–30°C is
ΔL = −0.853 + 0.048 T (r2 > 0.99).
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Soderberg (2006) grew Nile tila-
pia of two sizes at temperatures from 21 to 30°C in two different years.
The resulting regression lines were not significantly different (P > 0.05),
so he combined the data from both years to report that the regression
of daily growth increment on temperature in the range of 21–30°C is
ΔL = −1.6707 + 0.0968 T (r2 = 0.95) (Figure 2.5).
1.4
1.2
1.0
Growth (mm day)
2005: r2 = 0.95
0.8
0.6
0.4
2002: r2 = 0.99
0.2
20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Temperature (°C)
Figure 2.5 Regression of daily growth rate against temperature for Nile tilapia
in two different years. The slopes of the regression lines are not significantly dif-
ferent (P > 0.05). The combined equation is ΔL = −1.6707 + 0.0968 (r2 = 0.95). (Data
from Soderberg, R. W. 2006. North American Journal of Aquaculture 68: 245–248.)
Chapter two: Fish growth in hatcheries 15
W = KL3 (2.1)
En mer, 9 octobre.