Big Data Analytics with Java 1st Edition

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Big Data Analytics with Java
Table of Contents
Big Data Analytics with Java
Credits
About the Author
About the Reviewers
www.PacktPub.com
eBooks, discount offers, and more
Why subscribe?
Customer Feedback
Preface
What this book covers
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Conventions
Reader feedback
Customer support
Downloading the example code
Downloading the color images of this book
Errata
Piracy
Questions
1. Big Data Analytics with Java
Why data analytics on big data?
Big data for analytics
Big data – a bigger pay package for Java developers
Basics of Hadoop – a Java sub-project
Distributed computing on Hadoop
HDFS concepts
Design and architecture of HDFS
Main components of HDFS
HDFS simple commands
Apache Spark
Concepts
Transformations
 Actions
Spark Java API
Spark samples using Java 8
Loading data
Data operations – cleansing and munging
Analyzing data – count, projection, grouping, aggregation, and max/min
Actions on RDDs
Paired RDDs
Transformations on paired RDDs
Saving data
Collecting and printing results
Executing Spark programs on Hadoop
Apache Spark sub-projects
Spark machine learning modules
MLlib Java API
Other machine learning libraries
Mahout – a popular Java ML library
Deeplearning4j – a deep learning library
Compressing data
Avro and Parquet
Summary
2. First Steps in Data Analysis
Datasets
Data cleaning and munging
Basic analysis of data with Spark SQL
Building SparkConf and context
Dataframe and datasets
Load and parse data
Analyzing data – the Spark-SQL way
Spark SQL for data exploration and analytics
Market basket analysis – Apriori algorithm
Full Apriori algorithm
Implementation of the Apriori algorithm in Apache Spark
Efficient market basket analysis using FP-Growth algorithm
Running FP-Growth on Apache Spark
Summary
3. Data Visualization
 Data visualization with Java JFreeChart
Using charts in big data analytics
Time Series chart
All India seasonal and annual average temperature series dataset
Simple single Time Series chart
Multiple Time Series on a single chart window
Bar charts
Histograms
When would you use a histogram?
How to make histograms using JFreeChart?
Line charts
Scatter plots
Box plots
Advanced visualization technique
Prefuse
IVTK Graph toolkit
Other libraries
Summary
4. Basics of Machine Learning
What is machine learning?
Real-life examples of machine learning
Type of machine learning
A small sample case study of supervised and unsupervised learning
Steps for machine learning problems
Choosing the machine learning model
What are the feature types that can be extracted from the datasets?
How do you select the best features to train your models?
How do you run machine learning analytics on big data?
Getting and preparing data in Hadoop
Preparing the data
Formatting the data
Storing the data
Training and storing models on big data
Apache Spark machine learning API
The new Spark ML API
Summary
5. Regression on Big Data
 Linear regression
What is simple linear regression?
Where is linear regression used?
Predicting house prices using linear regression
Dataset
Data cleaning and munging
Exploring the dataset
Running and testing the linear regression model
Logistic regression
Which mathematical functions does logistic regression use?
Where is logistic regression used?
Predicting heart disease using logistic regression
Dataset
Data cleaning and munging
Data exploration
Running and testing the logistic regression model
Summary
6. Naive Bayes and Sentiment Analysis
Conditional probability
Bayes theorem
Naive Bayes algorithm
Advantages of Naive Bayes
Disadvantages of Naive Bayes
Sentimental analysis
Concepts for sentimental analysis
Tokenization
Stop words removal
Stemming
N-grams
Term presence and Term Frequency
TF-IDF
Bag of words
Dataset
Data exploration of text data
Sentimental analysis on this dataset
SVM or Support Vector Machine
Summary
7. Decision Trees
What is a decision tree?
Building a decision tree
Choosing the best features for splitting the datasets
Advantages of using decision trees
Disadvantages of using decision trees
Dataset
Data exploration
Cleaning and munging the data
Training and testing the model
Summary
8. Ensembling on Big Data
Ensembling
Types of ensembling
Bagging
Boosting
Advantages and disadvantages of ensembling
Random forests
Gradient boosted trees (GBTs)
Classification problem and dataset used
Data exploration
Training and testing our random forest model
Training and testing our gradient boosted tree model
Summary
9. Recommendation Systems
Recommendation systems and their types
Content-based recommendation systems
Dataset
Content-based recommender on MovieLens dataset
Collaborative recommendation systems
Advantages
Disadvantages
Alternating least square – collaborative filtering
Summary
10. Clustering and Customer Segmentation on Big Data
Clustering
Types of clustering
 Hierarchical clustering
K-means clustering
Bisecting k-means clustering
Customer segmentation
Dataset
Data exploration
Clustering for customer segmentation
Changing the clustering algorithm
Summary
11. Massive Graphs on Big Data
Refresher on graphs
Representing graphs
Common terminology on graphs
Common algorithms on graphs
Plotting graphs
Massive graphs on big data
Graph analytics
GraphFrames
Building a graph using GraphFrames
Graph analytics on airports and their flights
Datasets
Graph analytics on flights data
Summary
12. Real-Time Analytics on Big Data
Real-time analytics
Big data stack for real-time analytics
Real-time SQL queries on big data
Real-time data ingestion and storage
Real-time data processing
Real-time SQL queries using Impala
Flight delay analysis using Impala
Apache Kafka
Spark Streaming
Typical uses of Spark Streaming
Base project setup
Trending videos
Sentiment analysis in real time
 Summary
13. Deep Learning Using Big Data
Introduction to neural networks
Perceptron
Problems with perceptrons
Sigmoid neuron
Multi-layer perceptrons
Accuracy of multi-layer perceptrons
Deep learning
Advantages and use cases of deep learning
Flower species classification using multi-Layer perceptrons
Deeplearning4j
Hand written digit recognizition using CNN
Diving into the code:
More information on deep learning
Summary
Index
Big Data Analytics with Java
Big Data Analytics with Java
Copyright © 2017 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
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First published: July 2017

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ISBN 978-1-78728-898-0

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Credits
Author

Rajat Mehta

Reviewers

Dave Wentzel

Roberto Casati

Commissioning Editor

Veena Pagare

Acquisition Editor

Chandan Kumar

Content Development Editor

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Technical Editors

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Graphics

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Cover Work

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About the Author
Rajat Mehta is a VP (technical architect) in technology at JP Morgan Chase in
New York. He is a Sun certified Java developer and has worked on Java-related
technologies for more than 16 years. His current role for the past few years
heavily involves the use of a big data stack and running analytics on it. He is
also a contributor to various open source projects that are available on his
GitHub repository, and is also a frequent writer for dev magazines.
About the Reviewers
Dave Wentzel is the CTO of Capax Global, a data consultancy specializing in
SQL Server, cloud, IoT, data science, and Hadoop technologies. Dave helps
customers with data modernization projects. For years, Dave worked at big
independent software vendors, dealing with the scalability limitations of
traditional relational databases. With the advent of Hadoop and big data
technologies everything changed. Things that were impossible to do with data
were suddenly within reach.

Before joining Capax, Dave worked at Microsoft, assisting customers with big
data solutions on Azure. Success for Dave is solving challenging problems at
companies he respects, with talented people who he admires.

Roberto Casati is a certified enterprise architect working in the financial

services market. Roberto lives in Milan, Italy, with his wife, their daughter, and a
dog.

In a former life, after graduating in engineering, he worked as a Java developer,

Java architect, and presales architect for the most important telecommunications,
travel, and financial services companies.

His interests and passions include data science, artificial intelligence,

technology, and food.
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This book is dedicated to my mother Kanchan, my wife Harpreet, my daughter

Meher, my father Ashwini and my son Vivaan.
Preface
Even as you read this content, there is a revolution happening behind the scenes
in the field of big data. From every coffee that you pick up from a coffee store to
everything you click or purchase online, almost every transaction, click, or
choice of yours is getting analyzed. From this analysis, a lot of deductions are
now being made to offer you new stuff and better choices according to your
likes. These techniques and associated technologies are picking up so fast that as
developers we all should be a part of this new wave in the field of software. This
would allow us better prospects in our careers, as well as enhance our skill set to
directly impact the business we work for.

Earlier technologies such as machine learning and artificial intelligence used to

sit in the labs of many PhD students. But with the rise of big data, these
technologies have gone mainstream now. So, using these technologies, you can
now predict which advertisement the user is going to click on next, or which
product they would like to buy, or it can also show whether the image of a tumor
is cancerous or not. The opportunities here are vast. Big data in itself consists of
a whole lot of technologies whether cluster computing frameworks such as
Apache Spark or Tez or distributed filesystems such as HDFS and Amazon S3 or
real-time SQL on underlying data using Impala or Spark SQL.

This book provides a lot of information on big data technologies, including

machine learning, graph analytics, real-time analytics and an introductory
chapter on deep learning as well. I have tried to cover both technical and
conceptual aspects of these technologies. In doing so, I have used many real-
world case studies to depict how these technologies can be used in real life. So
this book will teach you how to run a fast algorithm on the transactional data
available on an e-commerce site to figure out which items sell together, or how
to run a page rank algorithm on a flight dataset to figure out the most important
airports in a country based on air traffic. There are many content gems like these
in the book for readers.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, Big Data Analytics with Java, starts with providing an introduction to
the core concepts of Hadoop and provides information on its key components. In
easy-to-understand explanations, it shows how the components fit together and
gives simple examples on the usage of the core components HDFS and Apache
Spark. This chapter also talks about the different sources of data that can put
their data inside Hadoop, their compression formats, and the systems that are
used to analyze that data.

Chapter 2, First Steps in Data Analysis, takes the first steps towards the field of
analytics on big data. We start with a simple example covering basic statistical
analytic steps, followed by two popular algorithms for building association rules
using the Apriori Algorithm and the FP-Growth Algorithm. For all case studies,
we have used realistic examples of an online e-commerce store to give insights
to users as to how these algorithms can be used in the real world.

Chapter 3, Data Visualization, helps you to understand what different types of

charts there are for data analysis, how to use them, and why. With this
understanding, we can make better decisions when exploring our data. This
chapter also contains lots of code samples to show the different types of charts
built using Apache Spark and the JFreeChart library.

Chapter 4, Basics of Machine Learning, helps you to understand the basic

theoretical concepts behind machine learning, such as what exactly is machine
learning, how it is used, examples of its use in real life, and the different forms
of machine learning. If you are new to the field of machine learning, or want to
brush up your existing knowledge on it, this chapter is for you. Here I will also
show how, as a developer, you should approach a machine learning problem,
including topics on feature extraction, feature selection, model testing, model
selection, and more.

Chapter 5, Regression on Big Data, explains how you can use linear regression
to predict continuous values and how you can do binary classification using
logistic regression. A real-world case study of house price evaluation based on
the different features of the house is used to explain the concepts of linear
regression. To explain the key concepts of logistic regression, a real-life case
study of detecting heart disease in a patient based on different features is used.

Chapter 6, Naive Bayes and Sentimental Analysis, explains a probabilistic

machine learning model called Naive Bayes and also briefly explains another
popular model called the support vector machine. The chapter starts with basic
concepts such as Bayes Theorem and then explains how these concepts are used
in Naive Bayes. I then use the model to predict the sentiment whether positive or
negative in a set of tweets from Twitter. The same case study is then re-run using
the support vector machine model.

Chapter 7, Decision Trees, explains that decision trees are like flowcharts and
can be programmatically built using concepts such as Entropy or Gini Impurity.
The golden egg in this chapter is a case study that shows how we can predict
whether a person's loan application will be approved or not using decision trees.

Chapter 8, Ensembling on Big Data, explains how ensembling plays a major role
in improving the performance of the predictive results. I cover different concepts
related to ensembling in this chapter, including techniques such as how multiple
models can be joined together using bagging or boosting thereby enhancing the
predictive outputs. We also cover the highly popular and accurate ensemble of
models, random forests and gradient-boosted trees. Finally, we predict loan
default by users in a dataset of a real-world Lending Club (a real online lending
company) using these models.

Chapter 9, Recommendation Systems, covers the particular concept that has

made machine learning so popular and it directly impacts business as well. In
this chapter, we show what recommendation systems are, what they can do, and
how they are built using machine learning. We cover both types of
recommendation systems: content-based and collaborative, and also cover their
good and bad points. Finally, we cover two case studies using the MovieLens
dataset to show recommendations to users for movies that they might like to see.

Chapter 10, Clustering and Customer Segmentation on Big Data, speaks about
clustering and how it can be used by a real-world e-commerce store to segment
their customers based on how valuable they are. I have covered both k-Means
clustering and bisecting k-Means clustering, and used both of them in the
corresponding case study on customer segmentation.
Chapter 11, Massive Graphs on Big Data, covers an interesting topic, graph
analytics. We start with a refresher on graphs, with basic concepts, and later go
on to explore the different forms of analytics that can be run on the graphs,
whether path-based analytics involving algorithms such as breadth-first search,
or connectivity analytics involving degrees of connection. A real-world flight
dataset is then used to explore the different forms of graph analytics, showing
analytical concepts such as finding top airports using the page rank algorithm.

Chapter 12, Real-Time Analytics on Big Data, speaks about real-time analytics
by first seeing a few examples of real-time analytics in the real world. We also
learn about the products that are used to build real-time analytics system on top
of big data. We particularly cover the concepts of Impala, Spark Streaming, and
Apache Kafka. Finally, we cover two real-life case studies on how we can build
trending videos from data that is generated in real-time, and also do sentiment
analysis on tweets by depicting a Twitter-like scenario using Apache Kafka and
Spark Streaming.

Chapter 13, Deep Learning Using Big Data, speaks about the wide range of
applications that deep learning has in real life whether it's self-driving cars,
disease detection, or speech recognition software. We start with the very basics
of what a biological neural network is and how it is mimicked in an artificial
neural network. We also cover a lot of the theory behind artificial neurons and
finally cover a simple case study of flower species detection using a multi-layer
perceptron. We conclude the chapter with a brief introduction to the
Deeplearning4j library and also cover a case study on handwritten digit
classification using convolution neural networks.
What you need for this book
There are a few things you will require to follow the examples in this book: a
text editor (I use Sublime Text), internet access, admin rights to your machine to
install applications and download sample code, and an IDE (I use Eclipse and
IntelliJ).

You will also need other software such as Java, Maven, Apache Spark, Spark
modules, the GraphFrames library, and the JFreeChart library. We mention the
required software in the respective chapters.

You also need a good computer with a good RAM size, or you can also run the
samples on Amazon AWS.
Who this book is for
If you already know some Java and understand the principles of big data, this
book is for you. This book can be used by a developer who has mostly worked
on web programming or any other field to switch into the world of analytics
using machine learning on big data.

A good understanding of Java and SQL is required. Some understanding of

technologies such as Apache Spark, basic graphs, and messaging will also be
beneficial.
Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of styles of text that distinguish between
different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles, and an
explanation of their meaning.

A block of code is set as follows:

Dataset<Row> rowDS = spark.read().csv("data/loan_train.csv");
rowDS.createOrReplaceTempView("loans");
Dataset<Row> loanAmtDS = spark.sql("select _c6 from loans");

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the
relevant lines or items are set in bold:
Dataset<Row>data = spark.read().csv("data/heart_disease_data.csv");
System.out.println("Number of Rows -->" + data.count());

Note
Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.
Tip
Tips and tricks appear like this.
Reader feedback
Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what you think
about this book—what you liked or may have disliked. Reader feedback is
important for us to develop titles that you really get the most out of.

To send us general feedback, simply send an e-mail to

<feedback@packtpub.com>, and mention the book title via the subject of your
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If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either
writing or contributing to a book, see our author guide on
www.packtpub.com/authors.

If you have any questions, don't hesitate to look me up on LinkedIn via my

profile https://www.linkedin.com/in/rajatm/, I will be more than glad to help a
fellow software professional.
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 CHAPTER LII
LIFE IN SOUTH AMERICA

While the variety of conditions in South America makes any

treatment of this subject necessarily superficial, a few words beyond
those already said may not be out of place, since it is evident that for
the successful conduct of our trade many persons from the United
States must spend some years or reside permanently in the several
countries. From the descriptions given one should have a fair idea as
to climatic conditions in these and make an intelligent choice of
locality if any is offered. Some persons will be happy in warm Rio or
even in more tropical Pará. Others will prefer Andean heights, from
7000 to 14,000 feet altitude, the higher for persons with sound hearts
only. Most of the cities where one is likely to be stationed have a
fairly temperate climate, and good health conditions, except as
previously indicated.
In respect to social advantages there is considerable variety. In
general the smaller the city the greater the hospitality and the more
will one’s society be cultivated, as is true in the United States also.
On the other hand in the important commercial cities, the English-
speaking folk are numerous enough to make an agreeable society
for themselves, and some South Americans have made the criticism
that the English and Americans hold aloof, apparently preferring their
own company: a mistake from a business point of view and also
nationally. One must, however, have the right qualifications for
cordial recognition anywhere. It has been stated of Buenos Aires that
the fact of membership in the diplomatic corps did not entitle the
gentleman and his family to more than official courtesies; to be
received socially he must be persona grata. This is true to some
extent everywhere. At the same time one who is at the head of a
large commercial establishment is more likely to have social
opportunities than members of the office staff, one of whom, a young
man of unusually good manners and attractive personality
complained to me in Lima some years ago, that he had no social
opportunities. It is different now. On the other hand a young dentist in
a city of Argentina where Americans are few associated with the best
people and married into one of the first families.
At the mining camps of the Americans provision is now made for
the social life of the employes and for exercise and recreation, also
by other large corporations. In general I believe that men enjoy the
life in South America better than their wives. Some of the latter
decline to go or to remain after being there a while: a great mistake if
they have any regard for their husband’s welfare, unless the care of
children or other serious matter compels their return. Many women
are perfectly contented, this depending in some degree on their
location, but chiefly upon their disposition. In the town of Sorata,
Bolivia, I chanced to meet one who seemed perfectly happy, though
she was the only English speaking woman in the place, or within 100
miles.
It is desirable for banks and business houses to give their young
men sufficient salaries to permit them to marry and take their wives
along. It will be better for both parties in the long run. Perhaps there
are no more temptations than in our own large cities, but in most
places there are fewer forms of wholesome recreation. Too many
men in cities and in mining camps have gone to pieces as they say.
Some men prefer life abroad for the reason that they feel less
restraint than in their native home or even in our metropolis, rather
than the responsibility which a real patriot should recognize of
presenting the highest American ideals of manners, conduct, and
business practices. If one cannot be contented without going
somewhere every night, except in Rio or Buenos Aires he might be
unhappy or worse. It would be well if persons everywhere had
sufficient intelligence to enjoy themselves at home with a good book,
a quiet game of cards, even cribbage; but especially books that are
worth while, valuable as literature or as containing information about
the world in general or on matters connected with business. “Movies”
are found almost everywhere; in the larger cities, theatres and a long
or short season of opera; clubs with opportunities for golf, tennis,
and other sports; often horse races. In smaller towns horseback
riding is a common, sometimes the chief diversion; but in such
places one sooner enters the social life of the community. Some
Americans say they would not take a wife to such a place, but if she
is wise she will go.
Punctiliousness in dress as well as in manners is more highly
regarded in South America than in the United States. Evening dress
is more general in large cities than in most of ours, and correct
afternoon dress for men is a more rigid requirement. Some persons
on important missions have astonished the Latins by their
negligence in this regard. Of course a gentleman is a gentleman the
world over and such an one will have no trouble. It is unnecessary to
imitate certain mannerisms of many South Americans, yet a little
more effusiveness is easily acquired and may be an improvement on
the coldness of the Anglo Saxon. It will be noticed that men regularly
lift their hats to each other, that they shake hands much oftener,
when you come and when you go, make more inquiries after your
health, etc. That they pat each other on the back, give mild hugs, or
at times kiss one another (not you), will perhaps not seem so terrible
as formerly, now that so much has been written about brave
marshals and generals kissing soldiers on both cheeks when
conferring decorations.
Courtesy must not be considered hypocrisy because phrases like
“The house is yours” mean no more than our remarks “I am glad to
see you” or “How are you?” though we may wish the caller in Africa
and have no real interest in his health. Not everywhere is the same
courtesy evident. On my first visit to La Paz in 1903 I noticed that
men frequently stepped from the narrow sidewalk into the gutter to
allow a lady to pass. More recently in a much larger city, still with
some narrow sidewalks, I frequently stepped into the street myself to
avoid crowding past a gentleman (?) who made no move to give
way.
The cost of living is an item of practical interest. Some remarks on
this subject have seemed to me exaggerated. Great diversity exists
in this respect in the different cities: the larger the more expensive,
as in the world generally. In most of the capital cities and chief ports
rents are high; in some places many articles of food are dear with
others cheap; similarly with dry goods and other articles, some
higher than in New York, others lower. Recent unusual conditions
have made sudden changes which may be repeated. Living
expenses were increased by the War, and on account of the influx of
foreigners for business houses. In 1916 rents in Buenos Aires were
lowered in the business centre; but they have now advanced to their
former price or higher. Years ago one of our diplomats there paid
more for his house rent than his entire salary on which others
perhaps have managed to live.
In remote sections, for instance in the Huailas Valley, Peru, in
1906, a sheep cost $1, a lamb 40 cents, a chicken 15 cents,
beefsteak, 9 cents a pound. The cook received $1.50 a month and
board. Fresh fruit and vegetables were almost given away. In Lima
then as now it was very different, some kinds of food were
expensive, others cheap. Coal and kerosene oil are dear everywhere
except in the Huailas Valley where coal is abundant with no market.
In Buenos Aires a few apartment houses and hotels have hot water
heating, but in many places in winter one freezes, or uses an oil
stove or an electric heater, the former the cheaper and more
effective.
Persons of adaptable disposition may spend a few years in South
America with pleasure and profit, returning with broader minds, and
with the ability to command higher salaries than if they had remained
at home.
 APPENDIX I
POSTAL REGULATIONS

Much repetition is avoided and probably greater convenience

secured by presenting a summary of the Postal Regulations. All of
the South American Republics are members of the Postal Union. In
November, 1920, a Pan American Postal Federation was formed.
According to the convention adopted, domestic rates will apply to
letters, postal cards, and printed matter, among the various countries
of Latin America and the United States, as soon as they have ratified
the agreement. At present, October, 1921, this has been done by the
United States and by the South American Republics, Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. To these the letter rate is two
cents, postal cards, one cent, return cards two cents; printed matter,
newspapers and periodicals, one cent for four ounces. The old rates
now effective in the other countries will doubtless soon be reduced,
and should therefore be investigated.
Parcel post service has been extended so that parcels weighing
up to 22 pounds may be sent to Argentina, Brazil, Colombia,
Paraguay, and Peru. To Ecuador 20 pounds is the limit; to Bolivia,
Chile, British, Dutch, and French Guiana, Uruguay, and Venezuela,
11 pounds is the maximum. The rate to all is 12 cents a pound or a
fraction thereof; except that to Paraguay, on account of transit
through Argentina, 30 cents additional must be paid for a parcel
weighing 11 pounds or less, and 60 cents for one above that to 22
pounds. In Brazil, this service is limited to Bahia, Bello Horizonte,
Curityba, Manaos, Pará, Pelotas, Pernambuco, Porto Alegre, Rio de
Janeiro (including Petropolis), Rio Grande do Sul, and São Paulo.
Parcels are subject to customs duties, and these with other details
should be investigated. Parcels may be registered for Bolivia, Brazil,
British Guiana, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, but not for the other
countries.
 Money orders may be sent to Peru, Bolivia, and Uruguay.
Changes resulting from the Pan American Postal Congress at
Buenos Aires in 1921 will be inaugurated January, 1923 or earlier.

Cable Facilities

On the North Coast, Cartagena has direct cable connection with

Colon and so with New York. To Puerto Colombia a cable has been
laid, which, however, December, 1921, has not yet been opened. A
French company has a line from Salinas near Pará to Cayenne,
Paramaribo, and Martinique, another from La Guaira, to Curaçao,
and Santo Domingo. The Venezuelan Government has its own cable
along the coast from Maracaibo, to La Guaira, Barcelona, and other
points. A British line connects Georgetown, Guiana, with the Port of
Spain, Trinidad.
The West Coast is connected with North America by three lines of
the All America system: one from Nicaragua and two from Panamá
to Santa Elena, Ecuador, one of the latter by way of Buenaventura
and Esmeraldas. The three lines continue south to Callao, one
touching at Paita. Two go on to Iquique and Valparaiso, one touching
at Antofagasta, while a branch comes north from Iquique to Arica to
make connection with La Paz. A cable of another company from
Callao touches at Mollendo, Arica, Antofagasta, La Serena,
Valparaiso, and Concepción.
The East Coast is connected with the cables of the West Coast by
three private wires of the All America Cables over the Andes from
Valparaiso to Buenos Aires, so that they can handle messages to the
Argentine metropolis, 7452 miles from New York, by automatic
methods in 15 minutes. Another cable company has a land line from
Valparaiso to La Plata, where connection is made with its Trans-
Atlantic cable to Africa and Europe. Both companies have short lines
to Montevideo, the focus of the East Coast lines. From here the All
America has a cable to Santos and one to Rio de Janeiro. The other,
the Western Telegraph, has one to Chuy, Uruguay, thence to Rio
Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina, Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia,
Pernambuco, Fortaleza, Maranhão, and Pará, Brazil; and one from
Chuy direct to Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco. Four cables from the
latter port connect with Africa and Europe. The Western Telegraph
was to lay a cable from Maranhão to Barbados, there to connect with
the Western Union line to Florida. The All America expects to lay a
cable from Cuba south to Rio de Janeiro. The Amazon Company
has a cable up that river from Pará.

Metric System

The Metric System of weights and measures is legal and official in

all the Republics and obligatory in most, in Argentina, Brazil, Chile,
Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela. In the other countries and in some
of these, the old Spanish measures (Portuguese in Brazil) are more
or less used, but these differ in the various countries and are
nowhere like ours. Always to employ the metric system is highly
important and in the above mentioned countries necessary, though
for shipping to some, the weight in pounds must also be given. In
Chile the use of other weights and measures is prohibited; also in
Uruguay, where their importation is forbidden.
 APPENDIX II
LEADING BANKS OF SOUTH AMERICA

Including the branches and affiliations of American banks and

banking houses, British banks, and the most important local banks of
each country.

United States Banks

The National City Bank, 55 Wall St., New York City, which led the
way, has branches in six of the South American Republics,
The Mercantile Bank of the Americas, 44 Pine St., New York,
The American Foreign Banking Corporation, 53 Broadway, New
York,
W. R. Grace and Company’s Bank, 7 Hanover Square, New York,
The First National Bank, 70 Federal St., Boston,
The American Express Company, 65 Broadway, New York, with
offices in Buenos Aires, Argentina; Montevideo, Uruguay; and
Valparaiso, Chile; and with correspondents in other cities, performs
some banking service.

British Banks

Important banks with New York offices and with many branches in
South America are:
The Anglo South American Bank, 49 Broadway, New York,
affiliated with
The British Bank of South America, and with
 The Commercial Bank of Spanish America, 49 Broadway, New
York;
The London and River Plate Bank, 51 Wall St., New York,
The London and Brazilian Bank, 56 Wall St., New York,
The Royal Bank of Canada, 68 William St., New York.

Branches and Affiliations

National City Bank, Branches: Argentina, Buenos Aires, Rosario;

Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, São Paulo, Pernambuco; Chile,
Santiago, Valparaiso; Peru, Lima; Uruguay, Montevideo; Venezuela,
Caracas.
Mercantile Bank of the Americas: Affiliated Banks: Colombia,
Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia, Bogotá Barranquilla,
Cartagena, Medellín, Cali, Girardot, Manizales; Peru, Banco
Mercantil Americano de Peru, Lima, Arequipa, Chiclayo, Callao,
Piura, Trujillo; Venezuela, Banco Mercantil Americano de Caracas,
Caracas, La Guaira, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Valencia; Agency in
Ecuador.
The American Foreign Banking Corporation: Argentina, Buenos
Aires; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro.
W. R. Grace and Company’s Bank: Argentina, Buenos Aires, W. R.
Grace y Cia.; Bolivia, La Paz, W. R. Grace and Company; Brazil, Rio
de Janeiro, Grace and Company; Chile: Santiago, Grace y Cia.,
Valparaiso, W. R. Grace and Company, Iquique, Nitrate Agencies,
Ltd.; Ecuador, Guayaquil, Guayaquil Agencies Company; Peru,
Lima, W. R. Grace and Company; Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
Commercial Company.
The First National Bank, Boston: Argentina, Buenos Aires.
The Anglo South American Bank: Chile, Antofagasta, Chillán,
Concepción, Copiapó, Coquimbo, Iquique, Punta Arenas, Santiago,
Talcahuano, Valparaiso; Argentina, Buenos Aires, Bahia Blanca,
Comodoro Rivadavia, Mendoza, Puerto Deseado, Rio Gallegos,
Rosario de Santa Fé, San Julian, San Rafael, Santa Cruz, Trelew;
Peru, Lima; Uruguay, Montevideo.
The British Bank of South America: Argentina, Buenos Aires,
Rosario de Santa Fé; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Pernambuco,
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo; Uruguay, Montevideo.
The Commercial Bank of Spanish America: Colombia, Bogotá,
Barranquilla, Medellín; Ecuador, Guayaquil, Manta; Peru, Iquitos;
Venezuela, Caracas, Puerto Cabello.
The London and River Plate Bank: Argentina, Buenos Aires,
Rosario de Santa Fé, Mendoza, Bahia Blanca, Concordia, Córdoba,
Paraná, Tucumán; Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Pará, Maceió,
Pernambuco, Bahia, Santos, São Paulo, Curityba, Pelotas, Porto
Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; Chile, Santiago, Valparaiso, Antofagasta;
Colombia, Bogotá; Paraguay, Asunción; Uruguay, Montevideo, Salto,
Paysandú.
The London and Brazilian Bank: Argentina, Buenos Aires, Rosario;
Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Manaos, Pará, Maranhão, Ceará,
Pernambuco, Bahia, Santos, São Paulo, Curityba, Rio Grande do
Sul, Pelotas, Porto Alegre; Uruguay, Montevideo.
The Royal Bank of Canada: Argentina, Buenos Aires; Brazil, Rio
de Janeiro, Santos, São Paulo; British Guiana, Georgetown, Rose
Hall (Corentyn); Colombia, Barranquilla; Uruguay, Montevideo;
Venezuela, Caracas, Ciudad Bolívar, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello.
Most if not all of the banks mentioned have correspondents or
agents in the chief cities of the countries where they have no
branches and some have connections in the smaller cities.
The Irving National Bank, Woolworth Building, New York, has
correspondents in the principal cities of South America.
The Guaranty Trust Company, 140 Broadway, New York, is
affiliated with the Mercantile Bank of the Americas and has other
correspondents.

Other Important Banks in South America

 Argentina: Buenos Aires, Banco de la Nación Argentina, with 18
branches in as many Argentine cities, Ernesto Tornquist and
Company, Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, American Bank of
the River Plate; La Plata, the Central Bank of the Provincia de
Buenos Aires, which has branches in many cities of the Province.
Bolivia: La Paz, Banco de la Nación Boliviana, branches in
Cochabamba, Oruro, Potosí, Tarija, Uyuni; Banco Francisco
Argandoña, also in Cochabamba and Oruro; Banco Mercantil, also in
Cochabamba, Oruro, Potosí, Tarija, Tupiza, Uyuni; Banco Nacional
de Bolivia, branches in Cochabamba, Oruro, Potosí, Tupiza, Uyuni.
Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Banco do Brasil, with branches in most of
the Brazilian cities, Banco Nacional Brasileiro; São Paulo, Banco
Commercial do Estado de São Paulo; Bahia, Banco de Bahia; Pará,
Banco de Pará; Pernambuco, Banco do Recife; Bello Horizonte,
Banco Hypothecario e Agricola de Estado de Minas Geraes; etc.
Chile: Santiago, Banco de Chile, branches in many cities; Banco
Español de Chile with branches; Banco de A. Edwards y Cia.;
Valparaiso, Banco de Chile y Argentina, branches in Punta Arenas,
and also in San Julian and Santa Cruz, Argentina.
Colombia: Bogotá, Banco de Bogotá, Banco de Colombia. These
banks have fewer branches, if any, than the Bancos de la Nación
Argentina, de Brasil, or de Chile, Medellín has the Banco de la
Mutualidad, Banco Dugand, and Banco Lopez, found also in
Bucaramanga, and in other cities.
Ecuador: Guayaquil, Banco Comercial y Agricola, Banco del
Ecuador, Mercantile Overseas Corporation, Juan Marcas y Cia.,
correspondent of the Guaranty Trust Company.
Guiana: British, Georgetown, Colonial Bank of London (22 William
St., New York), branches in Henrietta and New Amsterdam; Dutch,
Paramaribo, De Surinaamsche Bank; French, Cayenne, Banque de
la Guyane.
Peru: Lima, Banco del Peru y Londres, branches in most of the
Peruvian cities, Credito Hipotecario del Peru.
 Paraguay: Asunción, Banco Mercantil del Paraguay, branches in
Concepción, Encarnación, Pilar, Villa Rica; Banco de la Republica,
branch in Encarnación.
Uruguay: Montevideo, Banco de la Republica Oriental del
Uruguay, with branches in many cities of the country.
Venezuela: Caracas, Banco de Venezuela, many branches; Banco
de Caracas, some branches.

Other American Banks

with facilities for South American Trade are:

New York, American Exchange National Bank, 128 Broadway,
Bank of New York, 48 Wall St., Battery Park National Bank of New
York, 2 Broadway, Canadian Bank of Commerce, 16 Exchange
Place, Lincoln Trust Company, 7 Wall St.
Boston, The Merchants National Bank, 28 State St.
Chicago, Central Trust Company of Illinois, 125 West Monroe St.,
Great Lakes Trust Company.
Cincinnati, The Fifty-Third National Bank.
Detroit, The Peoples State Bank, Fort & Shelby Sts.
Philadelphia, The Philadelphia National Bank, 421 Chestnut St.
Pittsburgh, Mellon National Bank, 514 Smithfield St.
San Francisco, The Crocker National Bank.
Additional banking information may be found in the Exporters’
Encyclopaedia, annual edition; in Commercial Travelers’ Guide to
Latin America, containing lists of banks for each city; and in the
Bankers’ Almanac and Year Book, London, annual, with complete
lists of banks in the cities of all countries.
 APPENDIX III
STEAMSHIP LINES TO SOUTH AMERICA

The North Coast

Colombia: Passenger and Freight Lines

New York to Puerto Colombia and Cartagena, Caribbean

Steamship Company, 10 Bridge St., weekly, Five Continent
Steamship Company, 2 Stone St., weekly, United Fruit
Steamship Company Service, 17 Battery Place, weekly, also
to Santa Marta.
Boston to Cartagena, Puerto Colombia, Santa Marta,
United Fruit Company Steamship Service, Long Wharf.
New Orleans to Puerto Colombia, Pacific-Caribbean-Gulf
Line, 630 Common St., fortnightly; Caribbean Steamship
Company, Lykes Bros., monthly.
Grace Line, to Colombian ports, monthly.

Colombia: Freight Only

New York to Cartagena and Puerto Colombia, Tropical

Steamship Corporation, 44 Whitehall St.
Seattle to Cartagena and Puerto Colombia, Tropical
Steamship Pacific-Caribbean-Gulf Line, A. M. Gillespie, Inc.,
Arctic Building, monthly.

Venezuela: Passengers and Freight

 New York to La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Maracaibo, Red
“D” Line, 82 Wall St., weekly to La Guaira, fortnightly to the
other ports.
To Ciudad Bolívar, Trinidad Line, 29 Broadway, fortnightly to
Port of Spain, transshipment.
To Curaçao, Puerto Cabello, La Guaira, Cumaná,
Carupano, and Port of Spain, Trinidad, Royal Netherlands
West India Mail, Funch, Edye, and Company, 25 Broadway,
fortnightly.
New Orleans to La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Maracaibo,
New Orleans and South American Steamship Company,
Queen and Crescent Bldg., semi-monthly.
Grace Line to Venezuelan ports, monthly.

Venezuela: Freight Only

New York to La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Maracaibo,

Caribbean Steamship Company, 10 Bridge St., fortnightly.
New Orleans to La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Maracaibo,
Caribbean Steamship Company, Lykes Bros., monthly.

Guiana: British, Dutch, and French

British Guiana Passengers and Freight

New York to Georgetown, Quebec Steamship Company,

34 Whitehall St., every 10-14 days; Trinidad Line, 22 Pearl
St., fortnightly; Royal Netherlands West India Mail, monthly,
25 Broadway.
New York to Georgetown, Paramaribo, Cayenne, Clyde
Steamship Company, leave Pier 44 North River; fortnightly,
freight only.
 Mobile to Georgetown, Windward Island Line, Passengers
and freight, every three weeks.

Dutch and French Guiana: Passengers and Freight

New York to Paramaribo, Royal Netherlands West India

Mail Line, 25 Broadway, monthly.
New York to Cayenne, Trinidad Line, 22 Pearl St.,
transshipment at Port of Spain.

The West Coast

Through Lines to Chile by Panama Canal, and from Pacific

Ports.

Passengers and Freight

New York: Grace Line, 10 Hanover Square, fortnightly to

Callao and Mollendo, Peru; Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta,
Valparaiso, Talcahuano, Chile; 20 days to Valparaiso.
Pacific Steam Navigation Company, Sanderson and Son,
26 Broadway, monthly to Callao, Mollendo, Peru; Arica,
Iquique, Antofagasta, Valparaiso, Chile; 20 days; a line from
Liverpool to same ports, also a line every three weeks from
Arica to Iquique, Antofagasta, Valparaiso, Talcahuano,
Coronel, Corral, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas.
Compañia sud Americana de Vapores, Wessel, Duval, and
Company, 25 Broad St., monthly to Guayaquil, Ecuador,
Salaverry, Callao, Mollendo, Peru; Arica, Iquique,
Antofagasta, Valparaiso, Chile.
Seattle and San Francisco: Grace Line, Hoge Building,
Seattle, monthly to Talara, Paita, Salaverry, Callao, Pisco,
Mollendo, Peru; Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, Valparaiso,
Chile; also to Ecuador.
 Portland and San Francisco: South American Line, to
Guayaquil, Ecuador; Talara, Callao, Mollendo, Peru;
Antofagasta, Chile.

Freight Only

New York to Peru and Chile, New York and Isthmian

Steamship Lines, J. W. Ryan, 39 Cortland St., monthly.
West Coast Line, Wessel, Duval, and Company, 25 Broad
St., monthly or oftener to Paita, Etén, Salaverry, Callao,
Pisco, Mollendo, Peru; Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, Taltal,
Chañaral, Coquimbo, Valparaiso, Talcahuano, Chile.
Grace Line, Paita, Etén, Salaverry, Callao, Coquimbo,
Valparaiso, Talcahuano, monthly.
Also from Baltimore, Clarence Cottman Company,
according to demand.
Baltimore to Peru and Chile, Pacific Steam Navigation
Company, Furness, Withy, and Company, 19 South St.,
monthly.
New Orleans to Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, New Orleans
and South American Steamship Line Company, Queen and
Crescent Bldg., monthly to Guayaquil, Ecuador, Callao,
Mollendo, Peru; Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, Valparaiso,
Chile.
Grace Line, monthly to Ecuador, Peru, and Chile.
Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, and San Pedro to
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, General Steamship
Corporation, Colman Bldg., Seattle, every 20 days to
Buenaventura, Colombia; Guayaquil, Ecuador; Paita, Callao,
Mollendo, Peru; Arica, Antofagasta, Valparaiso, Chile.
Seattle to Colombia, Ecuador, Chile, Rolph Steamship
Company, Hind, Rolph and Company, Henry Building,
monthly to Buenaventura, Colombia; Bahia, Manta,
Guayaquil, Ecuador; Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, Valparaiso,
Chile.
Portland, Oregon, and San Francisco to Peru and
Chile, Toyo Kisen Kaisha Oregon Pacific Company, Wilcox
Bldg., monthly to Callao, Mollendo, Peru; Arica, Iquique,
Valparaiso, Chile.

Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru

New York to Cartagena, Buenaventura, Guayaquil, Paita,

Etén, Pimentel, Pacasmayo, and Salaverry, every three
weeks; freight only, Grace Line, 10 Hanover Square.

Colombia and Ecuador

New York: Pacific Line every three weeks to

Buenaventura, Colombia; Esmeraldas, Bahia, Manta,
Guayaquil, Ecuador; freight.

Colombia

New York to Buenaventura and Tumaco, Caribbean

Steamship Company, 10 Bridge St., passengers and freight,
monthly.

Other Lines with Transshipment at Colon

New York to Colon, Panama Railroad Steamship Line, 24

State St., weekly, passengers and freight; United Fruit
Company Steamship Service, twice a week to Colon,
passengers and freight; other service to Colon from Boston
and New Orleans.

West Coast Lines from Colon and Panama

 Pacific Steam Navigation, 26 Broadway, New York,
fortnightly, to Paita, Pimentel, Etén, Pacasmayo, Salaverry,
Callao, Cerro Azul, Tambo de Mora, Pisco, Lomas, Chala,
Mollendo, Peru; Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, Coquimbo,
Valparaiso, Talcahuano, Penco, Tomé, Coronel, Chile;
another line fortnightly to Buenaventura, Tumaco, Colombia;
Esmeraldas, Bahia de Caraquez, Manta, Cayo, Machalilla,
Manglar Alto, Ballenita, P. Bolívar, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Compañia Peruana de Vapores (Peruvian Line), 32
Broadway, New York, every ten days to Guayaquil, Ecuador;
Paita, Pimentel, Etén, Pacasmayo, Salaverry, Chimbote,
Samanco, Casma, Callao, Cerro Azul, Tambo de Mora, Pisco,
Lomas, Chala, Mollendo, Ilo, Peru.
Compañia Sud Americana de Vapores, 25 Broad St.,
New York, fortnightly to Guayaquil, Ecuador, and primary
ports of Peru and Chile; and by transfer to caletero boats
serving Paita, Pimentel, Etén, Pacasmayo, Salaverry,
Chimbote, Samanco, Casma, Huarmey, Supe, Huacho,
Callao, Cerro Azul, Tambo de Mora, Pisco, Lomas, Chala,
Mollendo, Ilo, Peru; Arica, Pisagua, Caleta Buena, Iquique,
Tocopilla, Gatico, Antofagasta, Taltal, Chañaral, Caldera,
Huasco, Coquimbo, Valparaiso, Talcahuno, Penco, Tomé,
Coronel, Lota, Chile.
The Colombian Maritime Company serves Buenaventura
and Tumaco, Colombia.

The East Coast

Lines to Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina

From New York, Passenger and Freight

Lamport and Holt Line, 42 Broadway, fortnightly to

Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Rio Grande do
Sul, Brazil; Montevideo, Uruguay; Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 Munson Steamship Line, 67 Wall St., fortnightly to Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil; Montevideo, Buenos Aires.
Lloyd Brasileiro, 44 Whitehall St., fortnightly to
Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Brazil.
Booth Steamship Company, 17 Battery Place, monthly or
oftener to Pará, Manaos (transshipment for Iquitos, Peru),
Maranhão, Ceará, Parnahyba, Maceió, Pernambuco,
Cabedello, Natal; also semi-monthly service to Rio de
Janeiro, Santos, and Rio Grande do Sul, with calls when
required at Bahia, Victoria, Paranaguá, Florianopolis, and São
Francisco.
Norton Line, Norton, Lilly, and Company, 26 Beaver St.,
passenger and freight service expected bi-monthly to
Montevideo and Buenos Aires; sometimes to Rosario. Freight
service semi-monthly to Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Rosario,
occasionally to Santa Fé.
The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company has services from
Liverpool and from Southampton to Brazil, Uruguay, and
Argentina; also a Line around South America by the Straits of
Magellan and through the Panama Canal, and vice versa,
calling at the principal East and West Coast ports.

From New York, Freight Only

Munson Line, 67 Wall St., fortnightly to Rio de Janeiro,

Santos, Montevideo, Buenos Aires.
Donald Line, Oriental Navigation Company, 39 Broadway,
to Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo, La Plata, Buenos
Aires, Rosario.
Ward Line, New York and Cuba Mail Steamship Company,
foot of Wall St., fortnightly to Pará, Maranhão, Ceará, Natal,
Cabedello, Pernambuco, Maceió, Bahia, Montevideo, La
Plata, Buenos Aires, Rosario.
 Prince Line, Furness, Withy and Company, 34 Whitehall
St., fortnightly to Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Rio Grande do Sul,
Porto Alegre, Pelotas, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Rosario.
Commercial South American Line, Moore and McCormack,
Inc., 5 Broadway, monthly to Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de
Janeiro, Santos, Paranaguá, Rio Grande do Sul, Montevideo,
La Plata, Buenos Aires, Rosario.
National Line, National Steamship Lines, 11 Broadway,
monthly to Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, La
Plata, Buenos Aires, Rosario.
New York and Argentine Steamship Company, 50
Broadway, fortnightly to Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Buenos
Aires.
North and South Line, P. Kleppe and Company, 11
Broadway, monthly to Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Buenos Aires.

To Brazil Only

United States and Brazil Steamship Line, Arthur Lewis, 39

Cortlandt St., fortnightly to Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Santos.
Prince Line, 34 Whitehall St., monthly to Pará,
Pernambuco, Bahia.
Lamport and Holt Line, 42 Broadway, monthly to Pará,
Maranhão, Ceará, Natal, Cabedello, Pernambuco, Maceió,
Bahia.
Ward Line, foot of Wall St., monthly to Rio de Janeiro and
Santos.

Argentina and Uruguay

Barber Steamship Line, 17 Battery Place, fortnightly to

Montevideo, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Rosario.