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Module1 Slide3
Module1 Slide3
Viscous stresses
Non-isentropic effects (shock waves)
Turbulence, turbulent stresses
Additionally we know that monopoles and dipoles can produce noise in the form of
This makes flying less profitable and requires more fuel stops and less passengers per aircraft
In 2001 the Advisory Council for Aeronautical Research in Europe (ACARE) established the following targets
for new aircraft entering service in 2020 compared to those entering service in 2000:
• reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emission by 50% per passenger per kilometer
• reduce NOx emissions by 80%
• reduce perceived noise by 50%
Aircraft noise, aerodynamic sources
• Jet noise
• Airframe noise
• Propeller noise
• Helicopter noise
Noise can be created by aircraft flying at supersonic speed. Only military aircraft can nowadays fly at
Mach>1 over the Oceans.
Supersonic flights over land are not allowed. Sonic booms propagate quite significantly with the distance.
Aircraft noise, aerodynamic sources
Propeller noise
A new concern is coming with new ducted propeller engines, prop-fans and turbo-props.
Noise is characterized by well defined harmonics, due to the rotation of the blade.
Monopoles are typically identified in the thickness noise, while dipoles are given by the variable loading.
Noise is characterized by well defined harmonics, due to the rotation of the blade.
Aircraft noise, aerodynamic sources
Propeller noise
Counter rotating configurations generate higher noise sources with respect to the original
configurations due to the presence of rotor-rotor interaction.
Bypass cycle allow using more air per thrust unit with net
decrease in exhaust velocity.
Aircraft noise, aerodynamic sources
Helicopter noise
• tip noise
• trailing edge bluntness vortex shedding noise
Wind turbine noise