1.
The structure of glycogen is most similar with
A. Amylopectin
B. Starch
C. Amylose
D. Cellulose
Glycogen is a polysaccharide of D-glucose in α-(1,4)
linkage with branch linkages at α-(1,6). Amylopectin is highly
branched, usually with 24 to 30 glucose residues, depending
on the species. Like glycogen, the backbone glycosidic
linkage is α-(1,4) and the branch points are α-(1,6) linkages.
However, glycogen is more highly branched and more
compact molecule than amylopectin; the branches occur
about every 8 to 12 glucose residues
2. The glycosaminoglycan serves as an integral part of the
gel-like ground substance of tissues especially connective
tissues
A. Heparin
B. Dextran
C. Chondroitin-4-sulfate
D. Hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid is the most abundant
mucopolysaccharide. It is jelly-like and may provide
lubrication or function as a flexible intracellular cement
Heparin is also an acid mucopolysaccharide which
prevents coagulation of blood. It is predominantly found in
the lungs and in the walls of arteries
Dextrans are branched polysaccharides of D-
glucose, but they differ from glycogen and starch in having
backbone linkages other than alpha (1,4). They are found as
storage polysaccharides in yeast and bacteria
Chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitiin- 6-sulfate are
major components of cell coats, cartilage, bone, cornea and
other connective tissue structures in vertebrates
3. It is the process by which genetic messages are decoded
and used to build proteins
A. Mutation
B. Translation
C. Replication
D. Transcription
Translation is the third major process in CENTRAL
DOGMA OF MOLECULAR GENETICS (MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY) which states that genetic information flows from
DNA to RNA to protein. In this process, genetic message is
decoded on the ribosomes where RNA is used as a template
in directing the specific amino acid sequence during protein
biosynthesis. The first two steps are discussed below
Replication which involves the copying of DNA to
form identical daughter molecules is the first major step
The second major process is transcription, the
process by which the genetic message is transcribed in the
form of messenger RNA, to be carried to the ribosomes
4. The substance is an intermediate in the metabolism of
carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids
A. Glycerol
B. Acetoacetate
C. Acetyl CoA
D. Oxaloacetate
Acetyl CoA is a common intermediate in a lot of
reactions. It may undergo complete oxidation via the
tricarboxylic acid cycle for energy. It can be converted to
blood ketone bodies such as acetoacetic acid and D-β-
hydroxybutyric acid, which are used by tissues as fuel. Acetyl
CoA may also undergo conversion into cholesterol and other
steroids
5. At the isoelectric point, the protein is ( in terms of pH)
A. The most ionized
B. The least ionized
C. The least soluble
D. The most electropositive
The pH of the system greatly influences the
solubility of most globular proteins. The isoelectric pH is the
pH at which a protein is least soluble and at which the
molecule has no net electric charge and fails to move in an
electric field
6. This enzyme is absent in the muscle
A. Glucokinase
B. Fructokinase
C. Glucose-6-phosphate
D. Phosphorylase
Glucokinase is a glucose phosphorylating enzyme
which phosphorylates only D-glucose and does not act on
other hexoses. It is absent in the muscle but is present in the
liver where it predominates over hexokinase
Phosphorylase is situated at a strategically
important point between the fuel reservoir and the glycolytic
sequence that utilizes the fuel. Its activity in the muscle and
liver is under the regulation on an elaborate set of controls
7. A disease characterized by the presence of excess
nitrogenous waste in the blood
A. Acidosis
B. Kidney stone
C. Alkalosis
D. Uremia
Uremia is a renal disease where the excretion of
urea and other nitrogenous waste products is defective.
Patients who suffer this disease have high levels of urea in
their bloodstream
[A and C] Base excess or base deficit simply means
the amount of base or acid, respectively, that had entered
the bloodstream of the patient because of some pathologic
process. A base excess of zero is of course, the normal
situation. Alkaline blood (alkalosis) occurs when there is
positive excess whereas a negative means acid blood
(acidosis)
8. What is transamination?
A. Conversion of amino acids to hydroxy acids
B. Conversion of amino acids to keto acids
C. Loss of ammonia from amino acids
D. Formation of ammonium salts from ammonia
Transamination, also called aminotransfer, is the
term applied to enzymatic reactions where an amino group is
exchanged between an amino acid and a carbonyl group
containing acceptor. The amino group acceptor is most
frequently an α-keto acid. The reaction is catalyzed by a
group of enzymes called transaminases or aminotransferases
9. This sugar does not test positive when heated with
Benedict’s solution
A. Glucose
B. Maltose
C. Sucrose
D. Fructose
Benedict’s test is a test for reducing sugars which
relies on the reduction of cupric ions in alkaline solution to
reddish orange insolulble cuprous oxide. The copper is
reduced totally by large amounts of glucose and results in a
brick red sediment with no remaining blue color. Unlike most
disaccharides and oligosaccharides, sucrose contains no free
anomeric carbon atoms; the anomeric carbon atoms of the
two hexoses are linked to each other. For this reason, sucrose
does not act as a reducing sugar and hence, does not yield a
positive result to Benedict’s solution
10. In living matter, urea is one of the important end product
of metabolism of
A. Lipids
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
D. Purines
Urea is also known as carbamide. Most of the amino
acid nitrogen is disposed of as urea. The liver has been shown
to be the principal site of urea formation. The amount
excreted is a direct reflection of the extent of amino acid
catabolism and varies considerably with dietary protein
intake. It is excreted in human urine in average amounts of
30g/day
In man, uric acid probably results principally from
the destruction of nuclear or other purine materials, ingested
as food or from the disintegrating cellular matter of the
organism
11. The principal sugar of the blood is
A. Ribose
B. Fructose
C. Galactose
D. Glucose
Systemic blood contains essentially no simple
sugars other than D-glucose and minor amounts of D-
fructose.
D-ribose, after phosphorylation, may be used in the
biosynthesis of nucleotides or may be transformed into
intermediates of the glycolytic sequence via protions of the
phosphogluconate pathway
D-galactose and D-fructose are phosphorylated in
the liver and further transformed into glucose-6-phosphate
12. These compounds differ in configuration only about or
around one of the asymmetric carbon atoms are
A. Epimers
B. Anomers
C. Enantiomers
D. Tautomers
Examples of epimers are D-glucose and D-mannose
which are epimers with respect to carbon-2 and D-glucose
and D-galactose which are epimers with respect to carbon-4
Anomeric forms of monosaccharides that differ
from each other only in configuration about the carbonyl
carbon are called anomers and the carbonyl carbon is called
the anomeric carbon. All aldoses with 5 or more carbon
atoms form stable pyranose rings and can exist in anomeric
forms
13. Which of the following is not a pyrimidine base?
A. Cytosine
B. Uracil
C. Thymine
D. Guanine
The heterocyclic compounds pyrimidine and purine,
which have pronounced aromatic character are the parent
compounds of the two classes of nitrogenous bases in
nucleotides. There are three pyrimidine derivatives: uracil,
thymine and cytosine (PYR:CUT) and two purine derivatives:
guanine and adenine (PUR:GA) and these constitute the
major nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Therefore,
guanine is a purine and not a pyrimidine base
14. The enzyme acts as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of proteins
A. Trypsin
B. Ptyalin
C. Steapsin
D. Insulin
Trypsin is a digestive enzyme and is the most
specific protease. It is secreted into the small intestine from
the pancreas in the form of its inactive precurson,
trypsinogen. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of only those peptide
bonds in a polypeptide chain whose carbonyl function is
donated by either a lysine or an arginine residue, regardless
of the length or amino acid sequence of the chain
15. This substance stimulates the evacuation of the gall
bladder
A. Enterokinase
B. Gastrin
C. Cholecystokinin
D. Trypsin
Cholecystokinin, also called pancreozymin, brings
about the contraction of the gall bladder, causing it to expel
bile into the intestine and this emulsifies dietary lipids. It
consists of 33 amino acids and its 5 amino acids at its C
terminus are identical to those of gastrin
16. These elements are present in all proteins, except
A. Carbon
B. Hydrogen
C. Phosphorus
D. Nitrogen
The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen are present in all proteins. Nitrogen is the
distinguishing element making up approximately 16% of
most proteins and thus leads to the rough factor 6.25
generally employed for converting nitrogen found by
analysis to protein. The elements sulphur, phosphorus, iron,
copper, iodine and zinc may also be present but only in
certain instances
17. Exists where less nitrogen is excreted than is taken in
A. Zero nitrogen balance
B. Positive nitrogen balance
C. Negative nitrogen balance
D. NOTA
The nitrogen balance concept is useful in defining
the nutritional nitrogen requirements of an individual. A
positive nitrogen balance exists when the amount of nitrogen
taken in is in excess of what is excreted. This occurs during
growth or recovery from debilitating disease
A normal adult on an adequate diet is in zero
nitrogen balance, that is, he/she excretes as much as he/she
takes in
A negative nitrogen balance exists during starvation
of in wasting illness. This condition occurs where more
nitrogen is excreted that is taken in
18. The normal color of urine is due to
A. Urobilin
B. Urochrome
C. Coprosterol
D. Indole
The normal color of urine is yellow but it may vary
from pale straw to dark amber and this is mostly due to
urochrome. Bilirubin may cause fresh urine to be dark in
color. In addition, urine which is allowed to stand darkens
because of the oxidation of urobilinogen to urobilin
19. This connects the linkage of glucose units in amylase
A. β 1:4 linkage
B. α 1:4 linkage
C. α 1:6 linkage
D. β 1:6 linkage
Amylose is a straight chain polyglycan with α-1,4
linkages joining the constituent monomers by the actions of
the enzyme α-amylase. It is completely hydrolyzed to
maltose and to a mixture of glucose and maltose by the
random action of β-amylase
Amylopectin and glycogen has both α-1,4 and α-1,6
linkages
Cellulose is composed of glucose units attached by
β-1,4 linkages
20. It is the most common sterol used by the cell as the
starting material for the synthesis of many other compounds
A. Cortisone
B. Progesterone
C. Testosterone
D. Cholesterol
Cholesterol is particularly abundant in brain, nerve
tissue and glandular tissue. Cholesterol is the precursor of
the bile acids, the steroidal sex hormones, the steroidal
hormones of the adrenal cortex and vitamin D
21. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to
acetyl CoA
A. Ribonuclease
B. Kinase
C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. Cofactor
The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is catalyzed
by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This reaction which
is irreversible in animal tissues is not itself part of the
tricarboxylic acid cycle but is obligatory for the entry of all
carbohydrates (via pyruvate) into the tricarboxylic acid cycle
22. Protein part of the enzyme molecule
A. Apoenzyme
B. Coenzyme
C. Activator
D. Cofactor
Some enzymes depend for activity only on their
structure as proteins while others also require one or more
nonprotein components called COFACTORS. The cofactor
may be a metal ion or an organic molecule called a
COENZYME, some enzymes require both. The catalytically
active enzyme cofactor complex is called the
HOLOENZYME. When the cofactor is removed, the
remaining protein which is catalytically inactive by itself, is
called an APOENZYME
23. This hormone is responsible for the elevation of blood
glucose level
A. Glucagon
B. Epinephrine
C. Insulin
D. Oxytocin
Glucagon, also called hyperglycaemic-
glycogenolytic hormone, is a polypeptide hormone of the
pancreas, secreted by the alpha cells of the Islets of
Langerhans into the blood whenever the blood glucose level
drops below the normal value of 80 mg/100mL
Insulin is released from the pancreas when the blood
glucose increases significantly above its normal level of
about 80-90 mg/100mL, after a meal, the contents of the
secretion vesicles closest to the plasma membrane of the β-
cells are ejected into the blood
24. Glycolysis in yeast cells is
A. Oxidation
B. Reduction
C. Fermentation
D. NOTA
Fermentation is the process of glycolysis in
organisms like Brewer’s yeast, wherein glucose is fermented
to ethanol and carbon dioxide rather than lactic acid. The
process is very much similar to glycolysis except for the
terminal step catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase
25. What is required for the activation of pepsinogen?
A. NaOH
B. Acetic acid
C. Sodium bicarbonate
D. HCl
The reaction for the conversion of pepsinogen to
pepsin is shown below:
PEPSINOGEN  pepsin peptides  pepsin and H+
This reaction takes place in the stomach where free
pepsin and HCl (which renders the stomach acidic i.e. low pH)
are both present. This reaction causes the removal of 42
amino acid residues as a mixture of peptides from the N-
terminal end of pepsinogen
26. The biosynthesis of prostaglandins begins with
A. Oleic acid
B. Essential fatty acid
C. Stearic acid
D. Non-essential fatty acid
Prostaglandins are cyclic derivatives of certain
unsaturated fatty acids having 2o carbon atoms.
Prostaglandins are synthesized from essential fatty acids.
Linoleic acid is first converted to the 20 carbon arachidonic
acid, which is the acted upon by prostaglandin synthase, a
dioxygenase that adds one oxygen molecule to carbon atom
9 of arachidonate and a second molecule of oxygen at carbon
15, thereby producing prostaglandins
27. The stop codon in protein biosynthesis is
A. UAA
B. AAA
C. AUG
D. UGG
The codons UAG, UAA and UGA, were first called
nonsense codons because it was found in research that they
do not specify any of the 20 amino acids. They were
ultimately established as termination signals and this
conclusion came in the first instance from genetic
experiments to determine the consequences of mutation to
or from these triplets
AUG is the initiating codon
28. All of the following can supply energy for the body but
one can give the highest amount as much as 9 kcal/g
A. Protein
B. Cholesterol
C. Fat
D. NOTA
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of oxygen
consumption measured in a subject lying at complete rest
but not asleep. The BMR is expressed either in terms of
kilocalories of energy produced or volume of oxygen
consumed per square meter per hour, since there is a direct
relationship between the energy released from combination
of foods and the energy consumed. Below is a table of the
energy produced in kcal/g of different food group which
shows that fat produces the highest amount of energy
FOOD GROUP ENERGY PRODUCED
Carbohydrate 4.18
Fat 9.46
Protein 4.32
29. This enzyme is required in the decarboxylation of pyruvic
acid
A. Cocarboxylase
B. Phosphatase
C. Esterase
D. NOTA
The decarboxylation of pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde
and carbon dioxide is a step in the alcohol fermentation of
sugar and yeast and it is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate
decarboxylase and requires a heat stable organic cofactor.
This cofactor is cocarboxylase which was found to contain a
molecule of thiamine or Vitamin B1
30. This hormone promote rapid glycogenolysis in both liver
and muscles
A. ACTH
B. Epinephrine
C. Prolactin
D. Insulin
Epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown and
also inhibits glycogen synthesis in the liver this directing all
available glucose residues and precursors into the production
of free blood glucose. Epinephrine also stimulates a lipase in
fat cells to break down triacylglycerols to yield free fatty
acids bound to serum albumin
31. The melting point of DNA is
A. Directly proportional to the length of the DNA chain
B. Directly proportional to the AT content
C. Directly proportional to the GC content
D. The same for all eukaryotes
The melting of DNA is referred to as the thermal
denaturation. Melting point, Tm, increases in a linear fashion
with the content of G-C (guanine-cytosine) pairs, the higher
the content of G-C pairs, the more stable the structure and
the more thermal energy required to disrupt it. GC pairs are
more stable than AT (adenine-thymine) pairs because of the
presence of three hydrogen bonds
32. Betacarotene is converted to Vitamin A in the
A. Liver
B. Spleen
C. Pancrease
D. Brain
Vitamin A activity in mammals is given not only by
the retinols but also by certain carotenoids widely distributed
in plants. The carotenes have no intrinsic vitamin A activity
per se but are converted into vitamin A by enzymatic
reactions in the intestinal mucosa and the liver
33. Vitamin K is necessary for
A. Prevention of rickets
B. Prevention of pernicious anemia
C. Formation of prothrombin
D. Prevention of beri-beri
Vitamin K (K for Danish Koagulation) is a fat soluble
vitamin required in the biosynthesis of the enzyme
proconvertin in the liver. This enzyme catalyzes a step in a
complex sequence of reactions involved in the formation of
prothrombin, the precursor of thrombin, a protein that
accelerates the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin, the
insoluble protein constituting the fibrous portion of blood 36. Which of the following amino acids is an important
clots precursor of haemoglobin?
A. Alanine
CLOTTING FACTORS B. Glycine
Factor I Fibrinogen C. Proline
Factor II Prothrombin D. Phenylalanine
Factor III Tissue thromboplastin
Factor IV Calcium Hemoglobin is composed of the porphyrin molecule
Factor V Labile factor or proaccelerin associated with a metal ion, which is iron. Porphyrins can
Factor VII Stable factor or proconvertin synthesized by a vast majority of organisms wherein the
Factor VIII Anti-hemophilic factor cytoplasm and mitochondrial enzymes take part. Glycine and
Factor IX Christmas factor succinyl CoA are the sole carbon and nitrogen sources for the
biosynthesis of porphyrins
Factor X Stuart-Prower factor
Factor XI Plasma thromboplastin
antecedent
Factor XII Hageman Factor 37. Building blocks of proteins
Factor XIII Fibrin stabilizing factor A. Monosaccharide
B. Amino acids
C. Nucleotides
D. Purines
34. All of the following are the natural estrogens or
An amino acid is a compound possessing an amino
congeners except
acid and a carboxyl group. Proteins are polymers of amino
A. Estradiol acids and their sizes range from a thousand into tens of
B. Estrone
millions
C. Diethylstibestrol
Nucleotides are the immediate precursors of DNA
D. Estrogen
and RNA. It contains 3 components: a nitrogenous base,
which is a derivative of either pyrimidine and purine, a
Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic estrogen first
pentose sugar and one or more phosphate groups
synthesized by Dodds et.al in 1938. Synthetic estrogens are
less expensive than natural ones and they have a greater
bioavailability. Other synthetic estrogens include
chlorotrianisene, dienestrol and mestranol 38. Vigorous exercise results in the formation of ___________
Natural estrogenic hormones are secreted by the in the body
ovarian follicles. They are also called female sex hormones. A. Muscle glycogen
Of the estrogens, the most potent occurring naturally is β- B. Glucose
estradiol and its two principal metabolic products, estrone C. Lactic acid
and estriol, which are also estrogenic D. Amino acid

If a muscle fiber is stimulated under anaerobic

conditions, it will contract and lactic acid will be formed until
35. This is responsible for the transfer of genetic information the muscle is fatigued. Maximal muscular exertion, such as
A. ATP vigorous exercise will lead to the appearance of lactate in the
B. RNA
blood in large amounts. However, the person will continue to
C. DNA
breathe in excess of the normal testing rate and consume
D. ADP
considerable extra oxygen. The extra oxygen so consumed
during the recovery period, called the oxygen debt,
DNA is normally the primary form in which genetic
corresponds to the oxidation of some or all of the excess
formation is stored and from which it is passed to daughter
lactic acid formed during muscular activity
cells by replication. Genetic information may sometimes be
transferred from RNA to DNA in the process of reverse
transcription
39. A type of conjugated protein which is composed of amino
acids and carbohydrates
A. Nucleoproteins
B. Glycoproteins
C. Phosphoproteins
D. Chromoproteins
Conjugated proteins are those proteins which are
combined in nature with some nonprotein substance. The
nonprotein portion in glycoproteins is carbohydrates
Nucleoproteins are conjugated proteins wherein the
nonprotein is a nucleic acid
Metalloprotein are conjugated proteins wherein the
prosthetic group contains a metal e.g. enzymes such as
tyrosinase, arginase and xanthine oxidase
Chromoproteins contain a colored prosthetic group
e.g. haemoglobin in blood
40. This amino acid does not cause rotation of polarized light
A. Alanine
B. Leucine
C. Glycine
D. Valine
Optical activity is shown by all compounds capable
of exisiting in two forms that are non superimposable mirror
images of each other, such compounds which can exist in
right handed and left handed forms are called chiral
compounds. With the single exception of glycine, all amino
acid obtained from hydrolysis of proteins under sufficiently
mild conditions show optical activity. Glycine does not rotate
polarized light because it has no asymmetric carbon
41. This is not an essential amino acid
A. Phenylalanine
B. Tyrosine
C. Lysine
D. Methionine
Essential amino acids are amino acids that cannot
be synthesized by the organism and therefore must be
provided by dietary protein. The following are the essential
amino acids: PVT TIM HALL (Phenylalanine, Valine,
Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine,
Arginine, Lysine, Leucine). Tyrosine is not an essential amino
acid
42. The metabolic degradation of haemoglobin takes place
principally in the
A. Reticulo-endothelial cell
B. White blood cell
C. Red blood cell
D. Liver cell
Peripheral red cells have an average span of about
125 days. Some 0.8% of the total red cell population is
destroyed and formed each day. Erythrocytes are destroyed
by the reticuloendothelial system in the spleen, liver and
bone marrow
43. Pantothenic acid is a constituent of
A. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin B1
C. Coenzyme A
D. Vitamin B6
Soon after its discovery pantothenic acid was found
to occur in tissues in a low molecular weight bound or
combined form but it was not until 1948 that the latter was
identified as Coenyzme A by N.O. Kaplan and F. Lipmann,
who had earlier found that certain enzymatic aectylation
reactions require a heat-stable coenzyme. The function of
Coenzyme A is to serve as a carrier of acyl groups in
enzymatic reactions involved in fatty acid oxidation, fatty
acid synthesis, pyruvate oxidation and biological acetylations
44. Addition of concentrated acids to monosaccharides
results in formation of
A. Hemiacetal
B. Hemiketal
C. Disaccharides
D. Furfural
Monosaccharides are stable to hot, dilute mineral
acids. However, concentrated acids, causes dehydration of
sugars to yield furfurals, aldehyde derivates of furan. For
example, D-glucose heated with strong HCl yields 5-
hydroxymethyl furfural
A hemiacetal is formed by the reaction between an
aldehyde and an alcohol
A hemiketal is an analogous product formed by
reaction of ketone with an alcohol
45. First phase of protein digestion takes place in the
A. Mouth
B. Stomach
C. Intestine
D. Large intestine
 Protein digestion into amino acids or small peptides
is carried out in the stomach and the small intestine by a
number of enzymes collectively called proteases or
proteolytic enzymes
Carbohydrates are digested in the mouth through
the action of salivary amylase
46. Peculiar type of protein found in urine in patients
suffering from multiple myeloma
A. Albumin
B. Globulin
C. Fibrinogen
D. Bence-Jones protein
In the disease multiple myeloma, certain cells of the
bone marrow becomes cancerous and multiply causing
production of excessive amounts of a single type of
immunoglobulin which appears in the blood. Bence-Jones
protein is an abnormal protein which is very peculiar because
a given patient can only have a single type of Bence-Jones
protein, no two patients have identical Bence-Jones protein
47. Blood minus its cellular components
A. Plasma
B. Serum
C. Hemoglobin
D. Fibrin
The human vascular system contains approximately
5 to 6 liters of blood. Nearly one-half of its volume consists of
cells: RBC which transports oxygen and also some carbon
dioxide, much smaller numbers of WBC and blood platelets.
The noncellular portion is the blood plasma, of which about
10% consists of various organic and inorganic solutes
48. This protein is involved in motility
A. Collagen
B. Myoglobin
C. Ceruloplasmin
D. Myosin
Some proteins function as essential elements in
contractile and motile systems. Actin and myosin are the two
major protein elements of the contractile system of skeletal
muscle. Myosin is a long, rod-like molecule containing two
helically intertwined polypeptide chains involved in motility
49. Which of the following protein structures is not affected
by denaturation?
A. Quaternary structure
B. Primary structure
C. Secondary structure
D. Tertiary structure
Denaturation is defined as the unfolding of the
characteristic native folded structure of the polypeptide
chain of globular protein molecules. Most protein molecules
retain their biological activity only within a limited range of
temperature and pH. Exposing soluble or globular proteins to
extremes of pH or to high temperatures for only short
periods causes most of them to undergo a physical change
known as denaturation in which the most visible effect is
decrease in solubility. The secondary, tertiary and quaternary
structures of protein are all affected by denaturation but
since no covalent bonds in the backbone of the polypeptide
chain are broken during this relatively mild treatment, the
primary structure remains intact
50. Lorenzo’s oil is composed of
A. Oleic acid
B. Stearic acid
C. Linolenic acid
D. AOTA
Lorenzo’s oil is a liquids containing glyceryl
trierucate (source of erucic acid) and glyceryl trioleate
(source of oleic acid), in the ration one part to four parts
respectively. It has been used in conjunction with dietary
modification for the treatment of adrenoleucodystrophy, a
genetic disorder characterized by demyelination, adrenal
cortical deficiency and accumulation of saturated very long
chain fatty acids
51. Polyhydric alcohol which may be synthesized from
glucose
A. Dulcitol
B. Sorbitol
C. Glycerol
D. Mannitol
Sorbitol is a polyhydric alcohol with half the
sweetening power of sucrose. It is prepared by the reduction
of glucose. It has been employed as a 30% solution as an
alternative to glucose in parenteral nutrition but its use is not
recommended because of the risk of lactic acidosis
52. The golden color of bread crust is due to the formation of 56. Which of the following is not a pathological constituent of
A. Monosaccharide urine?
B. Glycogen A. Glucose
C. Dextrin B. Albumin
D. Amylase C. Creatinine
D. Blood
The dextrins are found as intermediate products in
the course of hydrolysis of starch to glucose or maltose by Creatinine is the anhydride of creatine and is a
acids or enzymes. They are colloidal in nature but of a lower constant constituent of urine. Under normal conditions
degree of molecular complexity than starch about 1 to 1.8g of creatinine are excreted by an adult man in
24 hours
The presence of glucose in the urine indicates a
53. These are the glycolipids found in high concentration in condition known as glucosuria
the brain and nerve cells especially in the myelin sheath Albuminuria is a condition in which readily
A. Lecithin detectable amounts of the serum protein are found in the
B. Cephalin urine
C. Cerebrosides The conditions in which blood occurs in the urine
D. NOTA may be classified as hematuria or hemoglobinuria. In
hematuria, there are present not only haemoglobin but
Cerebrosides are lipids which contain a unruptured corpuscles as well, whereas in hemoglobinuria,
carbohydrate (galactose or glucose), one fatty acid and the pigment alone is present
sphingosine, but to phosphoric acid or glycerol
Lecithins have the fatty acids, phosphoric acid,
glycerol and choline 57. This group causes the reducing property of sugars
Cephalin is also known as A. Aldehyde group
phosphatidylethanolamine because it either has the base B. Carboxyl group
ethanolamine or the amino acid serine C. Nitro group
D. Methyl group

54.Is the emergency energy-producing process for the cell Carbohdyrates possessing a free or potentially free
A. Glycolysis aldehyde or ketone group have the property of readily
B. Electron transport reducing the ions of certain metals such as copper, bismuth,
C. Krebs cycle mercury, or iron
D. Lactic acid cycle

Glycolysis is also referred to as the Embden- 58. This is produces when fat is heated strongly
Meyerfof pathway and it refers to the anaerobic phase of the A. Phosgene
intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates whereby glucose B. Phenyl isocyanide
or glycogen is converted to lactic acid C. Acrolein
D. Carbon monoxide

55. Which of the following is not a ketone body?
A. Acetoacetic acid
B. β-hydroxybutyric acid
C. Acetone
D. Oxaloacetic acid
The acetone (ketone) bodies include the compounds
acetone, acetoacetic acid and β-hydroxybutyric acid.
Acetone is a decomposition product of acetoacetic acid and
is probably not produced as such within the body, although it
is invariably found in urine when the other two compounds
are present. Acetoacetic acid and β-hydroxybutyric acid
appear to be intermediate products in the breakdown of
fatty acid chains
Acrolein has an irritating odor. The glycerol of the
fat is dehydrated and acrylic aldehyde or acrolein is produced
59. Amino acid produces by the gamma decarboxylation of
aspartic acid
A. Alanine
B. Glutamic acid
C. Asparagine
D. Glycine
Aspartic acid participates in a number of metabolic
processes. By decarboxylation, aspartic acid yields β-alanine,
which is a constituent of the dipeptides carnosine and any recipient, but this is not true because the recipient’s
anserine plasma may contain agglutinins other than anti-A or anti-B
antibodies
Type AB blood contains neither anti-A nor anti-B
60. Aldoses have their carbonyl carbon on antibodies, so it cannot agglutinate type A or type B donor’s
A. Carbon 1 RBC. It is also referred to as the universal recipient
B. Carbon 3
C. Carbon 2
D. Carbon 4 64. Which of the following compounds is present in
abnormally low amounts in Parkinson’s disease?
Aldoses have their carbonyl carbon 1 while lactoses A. Serotonin
have their carbonyl carbon on carbon 2 B. Dopamine
C. Acetylcholine
D. Lecithin
61. Storage polysaccharides in plants
A. Glycogen The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown for
B. Starch most patients. The disease is correlated with a reduction in
C. Inulin the activity of inhibitory dopaminergic neurons in the
D. Dextran substantia nigra and corpus striatum – part of the brains’
basal ganglia system that are responsible for motor control.
Starch is the storage polysaccharide in plants while Therapy is aimed at restoring dopamine and antagonizing
glycogen is the storage polysaccharide in animals the effect of cholinergic neurons, thus re-establishing the
correct dopamine/acetylcholine balance

62. Blue color on addition of iodine may indicate presence of

A. Sugar 65. The test which detects the presence of two or more
B. Starch peptide linkages
C. Glycogen A. Ninhydrin test
D. Fat B. Fehling’s test
C. Tollen’s test
Blue color indicates starch while red color on D. Biuret test
addition of iodine may indicate presence of glycogen
The Biuret reaction is a widely employed color
reaction of proteins and peptide that is not given by amino
acids. Treatment of a peptide or protein with copper and
63. Cell organelle in which its major function in glycosylation
alkali yields a purple copper-peptide complex, which can be
A. Endoplasmic reticulum
measure quantitatively in a spectrophotometer
B. Extracellular matrix
C. Mitochondria
D. Cytoplasm
66. Ninhydrin is a reagent used to determine
The extracellular matrix is the universal glue A. Carbon dioxide
between cells B. Glucose
Mitochondria is the site of oxidation reactions and C. Amino acids
electron transport chain D. Hemoglobin

The ninhydrin reaction is a widely used reaction for

64. Universal blood donor α-amino acids used to estimate amino acids quantitatively in
A. Type A small amounts. On heating, an α-amino acid reacts with two
B. Type B molecules of ninhydrin to yield an intensely colored product.
C. Type AB A purple color is given in the ninhydrin reaction by all amino
acids and peptides having a free α-amino group
D. Type O

Blood type refers to the type of antigens present in

the red blood cell membrane. The universal blood donor is
type O. This is because it is believed that it can be given to
PRACTICE SET 9. The following are products of nutrients digest in the
mouth except:
1. Which of the following products of the triacylglycerol A. Dextrin
breakdown oxidation and may undergo gluconeogenesis? B. Peptides
A. Propionyl CoA C. Maltose
B. Some amino acids D. Amylase
C. Acetone bodies
D. NOTA 10. Renal threshold of glucose level is
A. 180 mg/100mL
2. Considered as hydroxyl derivatives of alkanes B. 100mg/100mL
A. Ethers C. 160 mg/100mL
B. Alkanes D. 200 mg/100mL
C. Alcohols
D. Aldehydes 11. What is the sequence of bases on the RNA molecule that
is synthesized on the following strand of DNA:
3. The end product of the hydrolysis of glycogen is TATCTACCTGCA?
A. Galactose A. AUAGAUGGACCU
B. Mannose B. TATCTACCUGGA
C. Glucose C. GAGAGACCUGGA
D. Arabinose D. CCTGAUGGACCU

4. Dextran is 12. Enzyme which hydrolyze organic phosphates and are an

A. Carbohydrate important factor in carbohydrates and lipid metabolism and
B. Glycoside in bone formation
C. Glucose polymer A. Esterase
D. Protein B. Carbohydrase
C. Phosphatase
5. Which vitamin has structure similar to the steroids? D. Protease
A. Riboflavin
B. Vitamin C 13. Except for succinate dehydrogenase, the enzymes of the
C. Thiamine Kreb’s tricarboxylic acid cycle are found in the
D. Vitamin D A. Outer mitochondrial membrane
B. Intermembranous space
6. Butter becomes rancid upon exposure to air due to the C. Inner mitochondrial membrane
formation of D. Cristae
A. Acetic acid
B. Formic acid 14. In normal individual, the blood glucose is
C. Butyric acid A. Twice as much after a high carbohydrate meal
D. Propionic acid B. 50% as much after a high carbohydrate meal
C. 20% as much after a high carbohydrate meal
7. The chemical messengers produced by the endocrine D. 80% as much after a high carbohydrate meal
glands
A. Genes 15. Liquid vegetable oils may be transformed into solid fats
B. Vitamins by the process of
C. Hormones A. Oxidation
D. Enzymes B. Substitution
C. Hydrogenation
8. It is a molecule that acts within the cell as a secondary D. Reduction
messenger or intracellular hormone
A. Steroid 16. The test for presence of indole ring
B. Cyclic AMP A. Molisch’s test
C. ADP B. Hopkins-Cole’s test
D. ATP C. Millon’s test
D. Ninhydrin test
17. The enzyme which converts trypsinogen to trypsin 25. The decarboxylation of which of the following amino
A. Pepsin acids produces a vasodilating compound?
B. Enterokinase A. Arginine
C. Chymotrypsin B. Histidine
D. Gastrin C. Aspartic acid
D. Glutamine
18. The reaction catalyzed by amylopsin or pancreatic
amylase is 26. Protein biosynthesis require the following except
A. Starch to glucose A. RNA
B. Glycogen to glucose B. Ribosomes
C. Sucrose to glucose and fructose C. Peptidyl transferase
D. Starch to maltose D. RNA polymerase

19. The vitamin which is used in the prevention of 27. Which of the following energy-related reaction does not
degenerative changes in the CNS is occur in the mitochondria?
A. A A. Citric acid cycle
B. C B. Electron transport
C. B complex C. Fatty acid oxidation
D. D D. Glycolysis

20. The deficiency of this hormone causes diabetes mellitus 28. Sickle cell anemia is the clinical manifestation of
A. Cortisone homozygous genes for an abnormal haemoglobin molecule.
B. Testosterone The mutational event responsible for the mutation in the
C. Progesterone beta chain is
D. Insulin A. Crossing over
B. Deletion
21. Serine is converted to ethanolamine by the removal of C. Insertion
A. Oxygen D. Point mutation
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Ammonia 29. Both Wernicke-Korsakoff disease and beri-beri can be
D. A carboxyl group reversed by administering
A. Vitamin C
22. Which of the following is not a constituent of ganglioside B. Vitamin B1
molecules? C. Vitamin A
A. Glycerol D. Vitamin B6
B. Hexose sugar
C. Sialic acid 30. The following enzymes are found in lysosomes except
D. Sphingosine A. Ribonuclease
B. Acid phosphatase
23. Which of the following vitamins is a precursor of C. Beta-galactosidase
coenzyme A? D. Dehydrogenase
A. Riboflavin
B. Thiamine 31. Substance requiring bile salt for transport into intestinal
C. Pantothenate cells include
D. Cyanocobalamine A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
24. If the percentage of adenine in a double stranded DNA C. Vitamin B
molecule is 20% the percentage of guanine is D. Glucose
A. 10%
B. 30% 32. Simple proteins that function as structural and protective,
C. 20% characterized in water and other solvents
D. 40% A. Albuminoids
B. Globulins
C. Uronic acid
D. Histones
33. Enzyme present in infants concerned with the curdling of 42. Optimun pH for pepsin
milk and disappears in adulthood A. 1.5 – 2.5
A. Pepsinogen B. 4.0 – 4.5
B. Chymotrypsin C. 3.0 – 3.6
C. Trypsin D. 7
D. Rennin
43. A transport form of triglycerides
34. pH of milk A. Micelles
A. 7.4 – 7.45 B. Bile salts
B. 4.6 – 8 C. Lipoproteins
C. 6.6 – 6.9 D. Soap
D. 8
44. This substance removes cholesterol dead or dying cells
35. The major antibody in colostrums and brings it back to the liver thus preventing cholesterol
A. IgM deposits in cells and arteries
B. IgG A. Chylomicrons
C. IgA B. LDL
D. IgD C. HDL
D. VLDL
36. The half-life of haemoglobin is
A. 7-10 minutes 45. Ketoses can be differentiated from aldoses by this test
B. 6 days A. Molisch’s test
C. 180 days B. Benedict’s test
D. 120 days C. Seliwanoff’s test
D. Tollen’s test
37. Most efficiently absorbed monosaccharide in the small
intestine is 46. Test to differentiate monosaccharides from disaccharides
A. Glucose A. Seliwanoff’s test
B. Galactose B. Tollen’s test
C. Fructose C. Molisch’s test
D. Mannose D. Barfoed’s test

38. Most abundant saturated fatty acid in all 47. Specific test for galactose
A. Palmitic acid A. Ninhydrin’s test
B. Lauric acid B. Mucic acid test
C. Oleic acid C. Barfoed’s test
D. Myristic acid D. Seliwanoff’s test

39. A hematoprotein capable of binding oxygen reversibly in 48. Test for pentose sugar
the muscles of vertebrates and invertebrates A. Bial’s Orcinol
A. Hemoglobin B. Fehling’s test
B. Methemoglobin C. Seliwanoff’s test
C. Oxyhemoglobin D. Barfoed’s test
D. Myoglobin
49. The product composed of antigenic matter of antibody
40. Precursor of Vitamin D preparations capable of developing a state of immunity in
A. Calciferol the patient
B. Ergosterol A. NOTA
C. Cholesterol B. Toxins
D. Toxisterol C. Biologics
D. Chemotherapeutics
41. Intermediate in the hexose monophosphate shunt
A. Glycerose
B. Ribulose
C. Dihydroxyacetone
D. Cellulose
50. Specific protein catalysts which direct chemical reactions ANSWER KEY
in living things are called
A. RNA 1. A 26. D
B. DNA 2. C 27. D
C. Enzymes 3. C 28. D
D. NOTA 4. C 29. B
5. D 30. D
6. C 31. A
7. C 32. A
8. B 33. D
9. B 34. C
10. C 35. C
11. A 36. D
12. C 37. B
13. C 38. A
14. B 39. D
15. C 40. B
16. B 41. B
17. B 42. A
18. D 43. C
19. C 44. A
20. D 45. C
21. B 46. D
22. A 47. B
23. C 48. A
24. B 49. C
25. B 50. C
 CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

PVT TIM HALL

Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine
 DIFFERENT TESTS
TEST INDICATION
Biuret Presence of peptide linkages
Ehrlich Tryptophan
Hopkins-Cole Tryptophan
Nitroprusside Cystine and Cysteine
Millon’s Tyrosine
Xanthoproteic Tyrosine and Phenylalanine
Pauly Diazo Histidine and tyrosine
Mucic cid Galactose
Barfoed’s Differentiate monosaccharide and
disaccharides
Bial’s Orcinol Pentoses
Nihydrin Alpha amino acids
Seliwanoff’s Ketohexoses
Acrolein Fats
Sakaguchi Arginine
Basic Lead Test Sulfur containing compounds