Design User Experience and Usability

User Experience Design for Everyday

Life Applications and Services Third
International Conference DUXU 2014
Held as Part of HCI International 2014
Heraklion Crete Greece June 22 27 2014
Proceedings Part II 1st Edition Aaron
Marcus (Eds.)
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 Aaron Marcus (Ed.)

Design, User Experience,

and Usability
LNCS 8519

User Experience Design for Everyday

Life Applications and Services
Third International Conference, DUXU 2014
Held as Part of HCI International 2014
Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22–27, 2014, Proceedings, Part III

123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8519
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Alfred Kobsa
University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Oscar Nierstrasz
University of Bern, Switzerland
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany
Aaron Marcus (Ed.)

Design, User Experience,

and Usability
User Experience Design for Everyday
Life Applications and Services

Third International Conference, DUXU 2014

Held as Part of HCI International 2014
Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 22-27, 2014
Proceedings, Part III

13
Volume Editor
Aaron Marcus
Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc.
1196 Euclid Avenue, Suite 1F, Berkeley, CA 94708-1640, USA
E-mail: aaron.marcus@AMandA.com

ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349

ISBN 978-3-319-07634-8 e-ISBN 978-3-319-07635-5
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-07635-5
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

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and HCI
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 Foreword

The 16th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, HCI

International 2014, was held in Heraklion, Crete, Greece, during June 22–27,
2014, incorporating 14 conferences/thematic areas:

Thematic areas:

• Human–Computer Interaction
• Human Interface and the Management of Information

Affiliated conferences:

• 11th International Conference on Engineering Psychology and Cognitive

Ergonomics
• 8th International Conference on Universal Access in Human–Computer
Interaction
• 6th International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality
• 6th International Conference on Cross-Cultural Design
• 6th International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media
• 8th International Conference on Augmented Cognition
• 5th International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications
in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management
• Third International Conference on Design, User Experience and Usability
• Second International Conference on Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive
Interactions
• Second International Conference on Human Aspects of Information Security,
Privacy and Trust
• First International Conference on HCI in Business
• First International Conference on Learning and Collaboration Technologies

A total of 4,766 individuals from academia, research institutes, industry, and

governmental agencies from 78 countries submitted contributions, and 1,476 pa-
pers and 225 posters were included in the proceedings. These papers address
the latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of
design and use of computing systems. The papers thoroughly cover the entire
field of human–computer interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge
and effective use of computers in a variety of application areas.
This volume, edited by Aaron Marcus, contains papers focusing on the the-
matic area of Design, User Experience and Usability, addressing the following
major topics:

• Design for health

• Design for reading and learning
VI Foreword

• Design for mobility, transport and safety

• Design for rural, low literacy and developing communities
• Design for environment and sustainability
• Design for human-computer symbiosis

The remaining volumes of the HCI International 2014 proceedings are:

• Volume 1, LNCS 8510, Human–Computer Interaction: HCI Theories,

Methods and Tools (Part I), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
• Volume 2, LNCS 8511, Human–Computer Interaction: Advanced Interaction
Modalities and Techniques (Part II), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
• Volume 3, LNCS 8512, Human–Computer Interaction: Applications and Ser-
vices (Part III), edited by Masaaki Kurosu
• Volume 4, LNCS 8513, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction:
Design and Development Methods for Universal Access (Part I), edited by
Constantine Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
• Volume 5, LNCS 8514, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction:
Universal Access to Information and Knowledge (Part II), edited by
Constantine Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
• Volume 6, LNCS 8515, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction:
Aging and Assistive Environments (Part III), edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
• Volume 7, LNCS 8516, Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction:
Design for All and Accessibility Practice (Part IV), edited by Constantine
Stephanidis and Margherita Antona
• Volume 8, LNCS 8517, Design, User Experience, and Usability: Theories,
Methods and Tools for Designing the User Experience (Part I), edited by
Aaron Marcus
• Volume 9, LNCS 8518, Design, User Experience, and Usability: User Expe-
rience Design for Diverse Interaction Platforms and Environments (Part II),
edited by Aaron Marcus
• Volume 11, LNCS 8520, Design, User Experience, and Usability: User
Experience Design Practice (Part IV), edited by Aaron Marcus
• Volume 12, LNCS 8521, Human Interface and the Management of Informa-
tion: Information and Knowledge Design and Evaluation (Part I), edited by
Sakae Yamamoto
• Volume 13, LNCS 8522, Human Interface and the Management of Infor-
mation: Information and Knowledge in Applications and Services (Part II),
edited by Sakae Yamamoto
• Volume 14, LNCS 8523, Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Designing
and Developing Novel Learning Experiences (Part I), edited by Panayiotis
Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
• Volume 15, LNCS 8524, Learning and Collaboration Technologies:
Technology-rich Environments for Learning and Collaboration (Part II),
edited by Panayiotis Zaphiris and Andri Ioannou
 Foreword VII

• Volume 16, LNCS 8525, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Designing
and Developing Virtual and Augmented Environments (Part I), edited by
Randall Shumaker and Stephanie Lackey
• Volume 17, LNCS 8526, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Applica-
tions of Virtual and Augmented Reality (Part II), edited by Randall
Shumaker and Stephanie Lackey
• Volume 18, LNCS 8527, HCI in Business, edited by Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah
• Volume 19, LNCS 8528, Cross-Cultural Design, edited by P.L. Patrick Rau
• Volume 20, LNCS 8529, Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health,
Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management, edited by Vincent G. Duffy
• Volume 21, LNCS 8530, Distributed, Ambient, and Pervasive Interactions,
edited by Norbert Streitz and Panos Markopoulos
• Volume 22, LNCS 8531, Social Computing and Social Media, edited by
Gabriele Meiselwitz
• Volume 23, LNAI 8532, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics,
edited by Don Harris
• Volume 24, LNCS 8533, Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy
and Trust, edited by Theo Tryfonas and Ioannis Askoxylakis
• Volume 25, LNAI 8534, Foundations of Augmented Cognition, edited by
Dylan D. Schmorrow and Cali M. Fidopiastis
• Volume 26, CCIS 434, HCI International 2014 Posters Proceedings (Part I),
edited by Constantine Stephanidis
• Volume 27, CCIS 435, HCI International 2014 Posters Proceedings (Part II),
edited by Constantine Stephanidis

I would like to thank the Program Chairs and the members of the Program
Boards of all affiliated conferences and thematic areas, listed below, for their
contribution to the highest scientific quality and the overall success of the HCI
International 2014 Conference.
This conference could not have been possible without the continuous support
and advice of the founding chair and conference scientific advisor, Prof. Gavriel
Salvendy, as well as the dedicated work and outstanding efforts of the commu-
nications chair and editor of HCI International News, Dr. Abbas Moallem.
I would also like to thank for their contribution towards the smooth organi-
zation of the HCI International 2014 Conference the members of the Human–
Computer Interaction Laboratory of ICS-FORTH, and in particular
George Paparoulis, Maria Pitsoulaki, Maria Bouhli, and George Kapnas.

April 2014 Constantine Stephanidis

General Chair, HCI International 2014
 Organization

Human–Computer Interaction
Program Chair: Masaaki Kurosu, Japan

Jose Abdelnour-Nocera, UK Heidi Krömker, Germany

Sebastiano Bagnara, Italy
Simone Barbosa, Brazil
Adriana Betiol, Brazil
Simone Borsci, UK
Henry Duh, Australia
Xiaowen Fang, USA
Vicki Hanson, UK
Wonil Hwang, Korea
Minna Isomursu, Finland
Yong Gu Ji, Korea
Anirudha Joshi, India
Esther Jun, USA
Kyungdoh Kim, Korea
Chen Ling, USA
Chang S. Nam, USA
Naoko Okuizumi, Japan
Philippe Palanque, France
Ling Rothrock, USA
Naoki Sakakibara, Japan
Dominique Scapin, France
Guangfeng Song, USA
Sanjay Tripathi, India
Chui Yin Wong, Malaysia
Toshiki Yamaoka, Japan
Kazuhiko Yamazaki, Japan
Ryoji Yoshitake, Japan

Human Interface and the Management of Information

Program Chair: Sakae Yamamoto, Japan

Alan Chan, Hong Kong Hiroyuki Miki, Japan

Denis A. Coelho, Portugal
Linda Elliott, USA
Shin’ichi Fukuzumi, Japan
Michitaka Hirose, Japan
Makoto Itoh, Japan
Yen-Yu Kang, Taiwan
Koji Kimita, Japan
Daiji Kobayashi, Japan
Shogo Nishida, Japan
Robert Proctor, USA
Youngho Rhee, Korea
Ryosuke Saga, Japan
Katsunori Shimohara, Japan
Kim-Phuong Vu, USA
Tomio Watanabe, Japan
X Organization

Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics

Program Chair: Don Harris, UK

Guy Andre Boy, USA Axel Schulte, Germany

Shan Fu, P.R. China
Hung-Sying Jing, Taiwan
Wen-Chin Li, Taiwan
Mark Neerincx, The Netherlands
Jan Noyes, UK
Paul Salmon, Australia
Siraj Shaikh, UK
Sarah Sharples, UK
Anthony Smoker, UK
Neville Stanton, UK
Alex Stedmon, UK
Andrew Thatcher, South Africa

Universal Access in Human–Computer Interaction

Program Chairs: Constantine Stephanidis, Greece,
and Margherita Antona, Greece

Julio Abascal, Spain Georgios Kouroupetroglou, Greece

Gisela Susanne Bahr, USA
João Barroso, Portugal
Margrit Betke, USA
Anthony Brooks, Denmark
Christian Bühler, Germany
Stefan Carmien, Spain
Hua Dong, P.R. China
Carlos Duarte, Portugal
Pier Luigi Emiliani, Italy
Qin Gao, P.R. China
Andrina Granić, Croatia
Andreas Holzinger, Austria
Josette Jones, USA
Simeon Keates, UK
Patrick Langdon, UK
Barbara Leporini, Italy
Eugene Loos, The Netherlands
Ana Isabel Paraguay, Brazil
Helen Petrie, UK
Michael Pieper, Germany
Enrico Pontelli, USA
Jaime Sanchez, Chile
Alberto Sanna, Italy
Anthony Savidis, Greece
Christian Stary, Austria
Hirotada Ueda, Japan
Gerhard Weber, Germany
Harald Weber, Germany

Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality

Program Chairs: Randall Shumaker, USA,
and Stephanie Lackey, USA

Roland Blach, Germany Hirokazu Kato, Japan

Sheryl Brahnam, USA Denis Laurendeau, Canada
Juan Cendan, USA Fotis Liarokapis, UK
Jessie Chen, USA Michael Macedonia, USA
Panagiotis D. Kaklis, UK Gordon Mair, UK
 Organization XI

Jose San Martin, Spain Christopher Stapleton, USA

Tabitha Peck, USA Gregory Welch, USA
Christian Sandor, Australia

Cross-Cultural Design
Program Chair: P.L. Patrick Rau, P.R. China

Yee-Yin Choong, USA Sheau-Farn Max Liang, Taiwan

Paul Fu, USA
Zhiyong Fu, P.R. China
Pin-Chao Liao, P.R. China
Dyi-Yih Michael Lin, Taiwan
Rungtai Lin, Taiwan
Ta-Ping (Robert) Lu, Taiwan
Liang Ma, P.R. China
Alexander Mädche, Germany
Katsuhiko Ogawa, Japan
Tom Plocher, USA
Huatong Sun, USA
Emil Tso, P.R. China
Hsiu-Ping Yueh, Taiwan
Liang (Leon) Zeng, USA
Jia Zhou, P.R. China

Online Communities and Social Media

Program Chair: Gabriele Meiselwitz, USA

Leonelo Almeida, Brazil Anthony Norcio, USA

Chee Siang Ang, UK
Aneesha Bakharia, Australia
Ania Bobrowicz, UK
James Braman, USA
Farzin Deravi, UK
Carsten Kleiner, Germany
Niki Lambropoulos, Greece
Soo Ling Lim, UK
Portia Pusey, USA
Panote Siriaraya, UK
Stefan Stieglitz, Germany
Giovanni Vincenti, USA
Yuanqiong (Kathy) Wang, USA
June Wei, USA
Brian Wentz, USA

Augmented Cognition
Program Chairs: Dylan D. Schmorrow, USA,
and Cali M. Fidopiastis, USA

Ahmed Abdelkhalek, USA Rosario Cannavò, Italy

Robert Atkinson, USA Joseph Cohn, USA
Monique Beaudoin, USA Andrew J. Cowell, USA
John Blitch, USA Martha Crosby, USA
Alenka Brown, USA Wai-Tat Fu, USA
XII Organization
Rodolphe Gentili, USA
Frederick Gregory, USA
Michael W. Hail, USA
Monte Hancock, USA
Fei Hu, USA
Ion Juvina, USA
Joe Keebler, USA
Philip Mangos, USA
Rao Mannepalli, USA
David Martinez, USA
Yvonne R. Masakowski, USA
Santosh Mathan, USA
Ranjeev Mittu, USA
Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health,
Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management
Program Chair: Vincent G. Duffy, USA
Giuseppe Andreoni, Italy
Daniel Carruth, USA
Elsbeth De Korte, The Netherlands
Afzal A. Godil, USA
Ravindra Goonetilleke, Hong Kong
Noriaki Kuwahara, Japan
Kang Li, USA
Zhizhong Li, P.R. China
Design, User Experience, and Usability
Program Chair: Aaron Marcus, USA
Sisira Adikari, Australia
Claire Ancient, USA
Arne Berger, Germany
Jamie Blustein, Canada
Ana Boa-Ventura, USA
Jan Brejcha, Czech Republic
Lorenzo Cantoni, Switzerland
Marc Fabri, UK
Luciane Maria Fadel, Brazil
Tricia Flanagan, Hong Kong
Jorge Frascara, Mexico
Keith Niall, USA
Tatana Olson, USA
Debra Patton, USA
June Pilcher, USA
Robinson Pino, USA
Tiffany Poeppelman, USA
Victoria Romero, USA
Amela Sadagic, USA
Anna Skinner, USA
Ann Speed, USA
Robert Sottilare, USA
Peter Walker, USA
Tim Marler, USA
Jianwei Niu, P.R. China
Michelle Robertson, USA
Matthias Rötting, Germany
Mao-Jiun Wang, Taiwan
Xuguang Wang, France
James Yang, USA
Federico Gobbo, Italy
Emilie Gould, USA
Rüdiger Heimgärtner, Germany
Brigitte Herrmann, Germany
Steffen Hess, Germany
Nouf Khashman, Canada
Fabiola Guillermina Noël, Mexico
Francisco Rebelo, Portugal
Kerem Rızvanoğlu, Turkey
Marcelo Soares, Brazil
Carla Spinillo, Brazil

Distributed, Ambient and Pervasive Interactions
Program Chairs: Norbert Streitz, Germany,
and Panos Markopoulos, The Netherlands
Juan Carlos Augusto, UK
Jose Bravo, Spain
Adrian Cheok, UK
Boris de Ruyter, The Netherlands
Anind Dey, USA
Dimitris Grammenos, Greece
Nuno Guimaraes, Portugal
Achilles Kameas, Greece
Javed Vassilis Khan, The Netherlands
Shin’ichi Konomi, Japan
Carsten Magerkurth, Switzerland
Human Aspects of Information Security, Privacy and Trust
Program Chairs: Theo Tryfonas, UK,
and Ioannis Askoxylakis, Greece
Claudio Agostino Ardagna, Italy
Zinaida Benenson, Germany
Daniele Catteddu, Italy
Raoul Chiesa, Italy
Bryan Cline, USA
Sadie Creese, UK
Jorge Cuellar, Germany
Marc Dacier, USA
Dieter Gollmann, Germany
Kirstie Hawkey, Canada
Jaap-Henk Hoepman, The Netherlands
Cagatay Karabat, Turkey
Angelos Keromytis, USA
Ayako Komatsu, Japan
Ronald Leenes, The Netherlands
Javier Lopez, Spain
Steve Marsh, Canada
Organization XIII
Ingrid Mulder, The Netherlands
Anton Nijholt, The Netherlands
Fabio Paternó, Italy
Carsten Röcker, Germany
Teresa Romao, Portugal
Albert Ali Salah, Turkey
Manfred Tscheligi, Austria
Reiner Wichert, Germany
Woontack Woo, Korea
Xenophon Zabulis, Greece
Gregorio Martinez, Spain
Emilio Mordini, Italy
Yuko Murayama, Japan
Masakatsu Nishigaki, Japan
Aljosa Pasic, Spain
Milan Petković, The Netherlands
Joachim Posegga, Germany
Jean-Jacques Quisquater, Belgium
Damien Sauveron, France
George Spanoudakis, UK
Kerry-Lynn Thomson, South Africa
Julien Touzeau, France
Theo Tryfonas, UK
João Vilela, Portugal
Claire Vishik, UK
Melanie Volkamer, Germany
XIV Organization
HCI in Business
Program Chair: Fiona Fui-Hoon Nah, USA
Andreas Auinger, Austria
Michel Avital, Denmark
Traci Carte, USA
Hock Chuan Chan, Singapore
Constantinos Coursaris, USA
Soussan Djamasbi, USA
Brenda Eschenbrenner, USA
Nobuyuki Fukawa, USA
Khaled Hassanein, Canada
Milena Head, Canada
Susanna (Shuk Ying) Ho, Australia
Jack Zhenhui Jiang, Singapore
Jinwoo Kim, Korea
Zoonky Lee, Korea
Honglei Li, UK
Nicholas Lockwood, USA
Eleanor T. Loiacono, USA
Mei Lu, USA
Learning and Collaboration Technologies
Program Chairs: Panayiotis Zaphiris, Cyprus,
and Andri Ioannou, Cyprus
Ruthi Aladjem, Israel
Abdulaziz Aldaej, UK
John M. Carroll, USA
Maka Eradze, Estonia
Mikhail Fominykh, Norway
Denis Gillet, Switzerland
Mustafa Murat Inceoglu, Turkey
Pernilla Josefsson, Sweden
Marie Joubert, UK
Sauli Kiviranta, Finland
Tomaž Klobučar, Slovenia
Elena Kyza, Cyprus
Maarten de Laat, The Netherlands
David Lamas, Estonia
Scott McCoy, USA
Brian Mennecke, USA
Robin Poston, USA
Lingyun Qiu, P.R. China
Rene Riedl, Austria
Matti Rossi, Finland
April Savoy, USA
Shu Schiller, USA
Hong Sheng, USA
Choon Ling Sia, Hong Kong
Chee-Wee Tan, Denmark
Chuan Hoo Tan, Hong Kong
Noam Tractinsky, Israel
Horst Treiblmaier, Austria
Virpi Tuunainen, Finland
Dezhi Wu, USA
I-Chin Wu, Taiwan
Edmund Laugasson, Estonia
Ana Loureiro, Portugal
Katherine Maillet, France
Nadia Pantidi, UK
Antigoni Parmaxi, Cyprus
Borzoo Pourabdollahian, Italy
Janet C. Read, UK
Christophe Reffay, France
Nicos Souleles, Cyprus
Ana Luı́sa Torres, Portugal
Stefan Trausan-Matu, Romania
Aimilia Tzanavari, Cyprus
Johnny Yuen, Hong Kong
Carmen Zahn, Switzerland
 Organization XV

External Reviewers

Ilia Adami, Greece Asterios Leonidis, Greece

Iosif Klironomos, Greece George Margetis, Greece
Maria Korozi, Greece Stavroula Ntoa, Greece
Vassilis Kouroumalis, Greece Nikolaos Partarakis, Greece
 HCI International 2015

The 15th International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, HCI In-

ternational 2015, will be held jointly with the affiliated conferences in Los An-
geles, CA, USA, in the Westin Bonaventure Hotel, August 2–7, 2015. It will
cover a broad spectrum of themes related to HCI, including theoretical issues,
methods, tools, processes, and case studies in HCI design, as well as novel in-
teraction techniques, interfaces, and applications. The proceedings will be pub-
lished by Springer. More information will be available on the conference website:
http://www.hcii2015.org/

General Chair
Professor Constantine Stephanidis
University of Crete and ICS-FORTH
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
E-mail: cs@ics.forth.gr
 Table of Contents – Part III

Design for Health

User Experience in Training a Personalized Hearing System . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Gabriel Aldaz, Tyler Haydell, Dafna Szafer, Martin Steinert, and
Larry Leifer
Developing mHealth Apps with Researchers: Multi-Stakeholder Design
Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Michael P. Craven, Alexandra R. Lang, and Jennifer L. Martin
Accessing Web Based Health Care and Resources for Mental Health:
Interface Design Considerations for People Experiencing Mental
Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Alice Good and Arunasalam Sambhanthan
Reading Digital Medicine Leaflets in Mobile Devices an Interactive
Study Conducted in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Christopher Hammerschmidt and Carla Galvão Spinillo
Visual Design in Healthcare for Low-Literate Users – A Case Study of
Healthcare Leaflets for New Immigrants in Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Yah-Ling Hung and Catherine Stones
Enhanced Hospital Information System by Cloud Computing:
SHEFA’A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Lamiaa Fattouh Ibrahim, Suzan Sadek, Shahd Hakeem,
Lana Al-Sabban, Asmaa Ibrahim Mohammed Ahmed, and
Alaa Hassan Al-Sayed
Exploring Possibilities of Designing Virtual Personal Health Coach in
Relation to Gender Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Hakan Kuru and Armagan Kuru
Wayfinding in Hospital: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Laura Bezerra Martins and Hugo Fernando Vasconcelos de Melo
Health Care Professionals vs Other Professionals: Do They Have
Different Perceptions about Health Care Waste and Dangerous
Products Pictograms? Some Findings Using a Digital Device in Field
Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Cláudia Renata Mont’Alvão
“How am I Doing?” - Personifying Health through Animated
Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Andreas Schmeil and Suzanne Suggs
XX Table of Contents – Part III

SPARK: Personalized Parkinson Disease Interventions through Synergy

between a Smartphone and a Smartwatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Vinod Sharma, Kunal Mankodiya, Fernando De La Torre,
Ada Zhang, Neal Ryan, Thanh G.N. Ton, Rajeev Gandhi, and
Samay Jain
How Do Patient Information Leaflets Aid Medicine Usage? A Proposal
for Assessing Usability of Medicine Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Carla Galvão Spinillo
Usability Improvement of a Clinical Decision Support System . . . . . . . . . . 125
Frederick Thum, Min Soon Kim, Nicholas Genes, Laura Rivera,
Rosemary Beato, Jared Soriano, Joseph Kannry, Kevin Baumlin,
and Ula Hwang
Information about Medicines for Patients in Europe: To Impede or to
Empower? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Karel van der Waarde
A Collaborative Change Experiment: Telecare as a Means for Delivery
of Home Care Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Suhas Govind Joshi and Anita Woll

Design for Reading and Learning

Innovative Educational Technology for Special Education and Usability
Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Kursat Cagiltay, Filiz Cicek, Necdet Karasu, Hasan Cakir, and
Goknur Kaplan Akilli
Examining the Interfaces to E-journal Articles: What Do Users
Expect? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Mary C. Dyson and Elizabeth M. Jennings
The Impact of Media and Background Color on Handwriting . . . . . . . . . . 173
Chao-Yang Yang, Wei-Lin Hsu, and Ting-Yi Chou Huang
The Relation between Online and Print Information Graphics for
Newspapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Ricardo Cunha Lima, Rafael de Castro Andrade,
André S. Monat, and Carla Galvão Spinillo
Prototyping in a Learning Environment - Digital Publishing Projects
from the Escola Superior de Desenho Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Marcos André Franco Martins
Logograms: Memory Aids for Learning, and an Example with
Hearing-Impaired Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Ligia Medeiros, Marcos Brod Júnior, and Luiz Vidal Gomes
 Table of Contents – Part III XXI

SMART Note: Student-Centered Multimedia Active Reading Tools for

Tablet Textbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Jennifer George-Palilonis and Davide Bolchini

Design, User-Experience and Teaching-Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Cristina Portugal

Design for Mobility, Transport and Safety

Challenges in Implementation of TVM (Ticket Vending Machine) in
Developing Countries for Mass Transport System: A Study of Human
Behavior while Interacting with Ticket Vending Machine-TVM . . . . . . . . 245
Mazhar Abbas

Simulation of Wireless Sensor Network for Flood Monitoring System . . . 255

Manal Abdullah

Enhance User Experience Moving in Campus through Understanding

Human Spatial Cognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Szu-Miao Chen, Yi-Shin Deng, Sheng-Fen Chien, and
Hsiao-Chen You

Pilgrim Smart Identification Using RFID Technology (PSI) . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Abeer Geabel, Khlood Jastaniah, Roaa Abu Hassan, Roaa Aljehani,
Mona Babadr, and Maysoon Abulkhair

Timeaxis Design of a Service System Growing Values of Mobility Using

the M-V Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Kei Kamiya, Akira Kito, Jaime Alvarez, Koichiro Sato,
Hidekazu Nishimura, Yoshiyuki Matsuoka, and Satoru Furugori

Developing the HMI of Electric Vehicles: On the Necessity of a Broader

Understanding of Automotive User Interface Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Christian Knoll, Roman Vilimek, and Inken Schulze

Examining the Functionality and Usability of Interactive Wayfinding

Design within Cities in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Fung Ha Sandy Lai

The Encourage Operators to Promote Manual Flight Operations- a

Pandemic in Modern Aviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Edgard Thomas Martins, Isnard Thomas Martins, and
Marcelo Márcio Soares

Hardwired Critical Action Panels for Emergency Preparedness: Design

Principles and CAP Design for Offshore Petroleum Platforms . . . . . . . . . . 326
Bojana Petkov and Alf Ove Braseth
XXII Table of Contents – Part III

Designing the User Experience for C4ISR Systems in the U.S. Army . . . . 338
Pamela Savage-Knepshield, Jeffrey Thomas, Christopher Paulillo,
James Davis, Diane Quarles, and Diane Mitchell

A Mobile Application for Controlling Domestic Gas Cylinders

Remotely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Wafaa M. Shalash, Salha Al-Behairi, Nada Al-Qahtani,
Mashael Al-Muzaini, Bayan Sharahili, and Aisha Alawi

Virtual Personas: A Case Study on Truck Cabin Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Jos Thalen and Mascha van der Voort

A Pilot Study Using Virtual Reality to Investigate the Effects of

Emergency Egress Signs Competing with Environmental Variables on
Route Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Elisângela Vilar, Emı́lia Duarte, Francisco Rebelo,
Paulo Noriega, and Ernesto Filgueiras Vilar

Impact of Multi-sensory On-Bicycle Rider Assistance Devices on Rider

Concentration and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Chao-Yang Yang, Yu-Ting Wu, and Cheng-Tse Wu

Design for Rural, Low Literacy and Developing

Communities
Barriers and Reforms for Promoting ICTs in Rural Areas of Pakistan . . . 391
Aneela Abbas, Mubbashar Hussain, Muddesar Iqbal, Sidra Arshad,
Saqib Rasool, Muhammad Shafiq, Wasif Ali, and Nadeem Yaqub

Positive Technology and User Experience for Human Needs in

Developing Countries: Some Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Nils Backhaus, Stefan Brandenburg, and Anna Trapp

Transforming Data into Information Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

Marı́a González de Cossı́o

Design for Rural Community Regarding Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Shahzaib Iftikhar, Umar Muzaffer, Abbas Illyas, Tayyab Asif Butt,
Hassan Ejaz, and Muhammad Faraz Khokhar

Content Management and User Interface for Uneducated People . . . . . . . 432

Zainab Mahmood, Syeda Sana Shahzadi, and Sahar Tariq

Rural Area Development through Multi-interface Technology and

Virtual Learning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Faizan ul Mustafa, Adeel Mushtaq, Shakra Mehak, Salman Akbar,
Usman Ahmad, Sara Mobeen, Hassan Ejaz, Tayyab Asif Butt, and
Muhammad Faraz Khokhar
 Table of Contents – Part III XXIII

Traffic Management in Rural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Rodrigo Emiliano, Fernando Silva, Luı́s Frazão, João Barroso, and
António Pereira

Usability Guidelines for Designing Knowledge Base in Rural Areas:

Towards Women Empowerment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Javed Anjum Sheikh, Hafsa Shareef Dar, and Farzan Javed Sheikh

The Contemporary Rural Landscape in the South-Western Region of

Poland (Sudeten Region) – A Search for Spatial Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Elzbieta Trocka-Leszczynska

Mobile Money System Design for Illiterate Users in Rural Ethiopia . . . . . 482
Mesfin F. Woldmariam, Gheorghita Ghinea, Solomon Atnafu, and
Tor-Morten Grønli

Design for Environment and Sustainability

Using Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) in Understanding
Current User-Support Scenario in the Climate Science Domain of
Cyber-Infrastructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Hashim Iqbal Chunpir, Thomas Ludwig, and Amgad Ali Badewi

Improving Sustainability through Usability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

Vincent G. Duffy

Energy Graph Feedback: Attention, Cognition and Behavior

Intentions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
June A. Flora and Banny Banerjee

User-Centred Design of an Audio Feedback System for Power Demand

Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Rebecca Ford, Joe Penn, Yu-Chieh Liu, Ken Nixon,
Willie Cronje, and Malcolm McCulloch

Personalized Energy Priorities: A User-Centric Application for Energy

Advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Rebecca Ford, Ondrej Sumavsky, Auren Clarke, and Paul Thorsnes

Experiencing CSR in Asia: A Social Media Perspective from the

Outside In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Constance Kampf

Pumping Up the Citizen Muscle Bootcamp: Improving User Experience

in Online Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Beth Karlin, Birgit Penzenstadler, and Allison Cook
XXIV Table of Contents – Part III

Enhancement of Usability for Farmers: User Interface for Rural

Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Muhammad Faraz Khokhar, Hassan Ejaz, Tayyab Asif Butt,
Shahzaib Iftikhar, Umar Muzaffer, Abbas Illyas, Faizan ul Mustafa,
Adeel Mushtaq, Usman Ahmad, and Usman Asghar

User-Experience for Personal Sustainability Software: Applying Design

Philosophy and Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Aaron Marcus, Jennifer Dumpert, and Laurie Wigham

Energy Consumption Feedback: Engagement by Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594

Ruth Rettie, Kevin Burchell, and Tim Harries

The Design and Evaluation of Intelligent Energy Dashboard for

Sustainability in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Ray Yun, Azizan Aziz, Bertrand Lasternas, Chenlu Zhang,
Vivian Loftness, Peter Scupelli, Yunjeong Mo, Jie Zhao, and
Nana Wilberforce

Investigating Sustainability Stages in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616

Ray Yun, Peter Scupelli, Azizan Aziz, Bertrand Lasternas,
Vivian Loftness, and Nana Wilberforce

Public Perception and Acceptance of Electric Vehicles: Exploring Users’

Perceived Benefits and Drawbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Martina Ziefle, Shirley Beul-Leusmann, Kai Kasugai, and
Maximilian Schwalm

Design for Human-Computer Symbiosis

FX e-Makeup for Muscle Based Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Katia Vega, Abel Arrieta, Felipe Esteves, and Hugo Fuks

The HARSim Application to the Task of Carrying School Supplies . . . . . 653

Ricardo Dagge and Ernesto Filgueiras Vilar

Human-Bed Interaction: A Methodology and Tool to Measure Postural

Behavior during Sleep of the Air Force Military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Gustavo Desouzart, Ernesto Filgueiras Vilar, Filipe Melo, and
Rui Matos

A Vibrant Evolution: From Wearable Devices to Objects as Mediators

of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Patricia J. Flanagan

Extended Senses in Responsive Environments: An Artistic Research

Project on Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Christiane Heibach, Andreas Simon, and Jan-Lewe Torpus
 Table of Contents – Part III XXV

Ultralight Backpack System for Heavy Loaded Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699

Michal Pelczarski

Human Interactive Wearable Devices: Applications of Artificial

Electronic Skins and Smart Bandages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
Kuniharu Takei

Aesthetically Enhanced RFID Inkjet Antenna Logos on

Skin (AERIALS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
James Tribe, Will Whittow, and John Batchelor

Retracted: ReFlexLab: Designing Transitive Wearable Technologies

towards Poetic Aesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Clemens Winkler and Soomi Park

Erratum

ReFlexLab: Designing Transitive Wearable Technologies towards Poetic

Aesthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1
Clemens Winkler and Soomi Park

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739

Design for Health
 User Experience in Training a Personalized
Hearing System

Gabriel Aldaz1, Tyler Haydell1, Dafna Szafer1, Martin Steinert2, Larry Leifer1
1
Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University
{zamfir,thaydell,dszafer,leifer}@stanford.edu

Abstract. In this paper, we introduce Awear, a context-aware hearing system

comprising two state-of-the-art hearing aids, an Android smartphone, and a
body-worn Streamer to wirelessly connect them. Awear aims to improve the
sound quality perceived by individual hearing aid wearers by learning from
their stated preferences. Users personalize, or “train,” the system by performing
several listening evaluations daily. The Awear app features two types of user-
initiated listening evaluations, the A/B Test and the Self-Adjustment Screen.
After a longitudinal (6-week) study in which hearing impaired participants (n =
16) used Awear, 10 of the participants stated a preference for training their
system using the A/B Test, 3 preferred using the Self-Adjustment Screen, and 3
stated No Preference. Of the 10 who chose the A/B Test, 7 named simplicity or
intuitiveness as the primary reason for this preference. We also found a strong
correlation between user level of functionality and listening evaluation
preference, and a supplemental interview (n = 24) verified this correlation.
Lastly, we discuss the most important aspects of the user experience: cognitive,
functional, and psychological dimensions.

Keywords: User experience, hearing aids, smartphones, personalization,

mobile apps, listening evaluations.

1 Background

According to the World Health Organization, 360 million people (over 5% of the
world’s population) have hearing loss [17]. In the United States, hearing loss affects
34.25 million people, more than 10% of the population; surprisingly only 1 in 4
Americans with hearing loss uses hearing aids [12]. In Germany, France, and the UK,
hearing aid adoption is only slightly higher, perhaps due to government incentives
[10].
For those who can benefit from hearing aids, have the financial means, and are
willing to take action, the first step to better hearing is often to undergo a thorough
evaluation by a hearing care professional. A fundamental part of the hearing care
professional’s audiological assessment is to use an audiometer to generate an
audiogram, a representation of the softest sounds a patient can hear at different
frequencies in each ear. Another important consideration during the audiological
assessment is choosing a fitting rationale. A fitting rationale is a prescriptive formula

A. Marcus (Ed.): DUXU 2014, Part III, LNCS 8519, pp. 3–14, 2014.
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
4 G. Aldaz et al.

describing the electro-acoustical characteristics of the hearing aids in response to

given inputs.
The audiogram and fitting rationale only partially address the fact that hearing loss
is an individual experience. How the brain processes sensory information varies from
person to person, and two people with similar audiograms and fitting rationales may
experience different levels of satisfaction in the long run [5]. Therefore, most fittings
require multiple office visits to fine-tune the parameters correctly.
A person wearing advanced hearing aids in their daily life benefits from the
devices’ real-time digital signal processing, implementing a selected fitting rationale
and employing sophisticated algorithms to automatically select settings to enhance
speech or suppress transient noise. Hearing aids have many automatic features, such
as turning Directionality and Noise Reduction on and off, as well as classifying the
current sound environment (quiet, noise, speech in noise, etc.). Nonetheless, a hearing
aid has very limited sensor inputs, relying entirely on its two on-board microphones to
collect information about incoming sounds. Furthermore, current adaptive algorithms
in hearing aids lack the ability to improve performance over time in response to
sensor inputs.
In 2007, Edwards described future hearing aids that could allow fine-tuning to be
done automatically outside of the clinician’s office and that would have the ability to
learn, making them “intelligent.” Edwards predicted a greater industry shift from
uniformity of patients and universal treatment to individuality of patients and therapy
[6]. While the relatively slow processing speed, small storage capabilities, and limited
user interface of hearing aids have largely prevented Edwards’ vision from becoming
reality so far, these limitations may be overcome by regarding the smartphone as part
of an intelligent hearing system.
The smartphone has the potential to revolutionize the way users interact with their
hearing aids, providing unprecedented personalization and increased satisfaction
levels. Smartphones provide a powerful mobile computing platform, with formidable
sensing, processing, communication, and memory capabilities. While the hearing aids
will continue to perform the real-time sound processing, the smartphone opens new
possibilities for an additional layer of processing that takes into account factors that
change on a much longer timescale – such as the user’s sound environment, location,
or even her intentions – known in the field of computer science as context awareness
[15].

2 Related Work

Although Awear is, to our knowledge, the first context-aware hearing system, there
are a number of hearing aid-related apps on the market today. These may be
segmented as enabling users to interact with their hearing instruments through their
smartphone, akin to a remote control, or as transforming a smartphone itself into a
“personal amplification device.”
 User Experience in Training a Personalized Hearing System 5

2.1 Remote Controls

Today’s advanced digital hearing aids can store several preset programs in their
memories, each created for a different listening situation. There may be a general-
purpose program, one for listening to music, and one for understanding speech in
noisy environments. Program changes, along with volume control, are the primary
mechanisms for users to make adjustments to improve sound quality. Presently, users
may change program and volume via buttons on the hearing aids themselves, on
gateway devices, or on dedicated remote controls.
ReSound [13] and Starkey [16] are two manufacturers that have launched apps that
enable remote control of hearing aids via a smartphone. The ReSound Control and
Starkey T2 Remote (Figure 1) have simple and straightforward interfaces that allow a
user to control her device’s volume and program on her smartphone. Although
Control and T2 Remote do not offer any novel features, they open the door to a world
of possibilities by giving users a much higher degree of convenience and discretion in
controlling the settings of their hearing devices.

Fig. 1. Starkey T2 Remote User Interface

2.2 Personal Amplification Apps

These apps use a smartphone’s built-in microphone to pick up sound, amplify and
adjust different qualities, and transmit the resulting sound using an off-the-shelf
earpiece. Their primary advantage of these personal amplification apps is that they
eliminate the need for users to purchase expensive hearing aids. However, software
running on smartphones lacks the sophisticated digital signal processing of hearing
aids and are often used without consulting a hearing care professional [2].
Furthermore, earpieces such as headphones and ear buds are not meant to be worn all
day.
6 G. Aldaz et al.

BioAid [1], created by a group at the University of Essex in England, aims to make
sound amplification more accessible to those who cannot afford the steep cost of real
hearing devices. The app offers six basic settings that the user can fine-tune using six
additional screens. Finally, a “Noise Gate” allows the user to adjust background noise
between 0-100%. This complicated interface raises the question of whether or not the
average user will know how to interpret and make use of moderately technical
language, or if users will ever even explore all twenty-four possible settings instead of
settling for one of the presets. The same holds true for other available apps that try to
mimic hearing aids without the actual devices. Apps including the SoundAMP from
GingerLabs [8], HearYouNow from ExSilent [7], and others allow the user to control
sound quality by adjusting the volume of individual frequencies, the volume of each
ear, and even in some cases the controls for a dynamic compressor.

Fig. 2. BioAid (left) and SoundAMP (right)

3 Awear: A Context-Aware Hearing System

3.1 Hardware

The Awear off-the-shelf hardware (Figure 3) comprises a pair of state-of-the-art

hearing instruments, an Android-based smartphone, and a gateway, a body-worn
device with a built-in microphone that wirelessly links the hearing aids to a mobile
phone. In the future, we expect technological advances to enable direct 2-way
communication between the hearing aids and the smartphone.
 User Experience in Training a Personalized Hearing System 7

Fig. 3. Hardware components of the Awear system

3.2 User Interface

Although the Awear user interface works as a remote control – allowing the user to
switch programs and change volume on the hearing instruments – its primary purpose
is to solicit current user preferences for hearing aid microphone Directionality (on or
off) and Noise Reduction (on or off)1. These interactions take place via user-initiated
listening evaluations. There are two kinds of listening evaluations: the A/B Test and
the Self-Adjustment Screen.

A/B Test. The A/B Test (Figure 4) is a standard method of comparing two variants
applied here in a novel way to compare two hearing aid settings, A and B. The
participant listens to both settings and gives a subjective, relative evaluation (“A is
better,” “B is better,” or “No difference”). The settings corresponding to A (for
example, “Directionality on and Noise Reduction off”) and B (for example,
“Directionality off and Noise Reduction off”) are randomized during each evaluation.

Fig. 4. A/B Test Screen Sequence

1
Hearing aid microphones can be configured to pick up sounds uniformly from all directions
(Directionality off) or primarily from the front (Directionality on). With Noise Reduction on,
the hearing aids attempt to reduce amplification of non-speech signals while preserving the
amplification of speech signals. Turning Noise Reduction off simply disables this digital
signal processing step.
8 G. Aldaz et al.

Self-Adjustment Screen. The self-adjustment screen (Figure 5) allows users to turn

Directionality on/off and Noise Reduction on/off until they find their absolute
preferred setting. Whereas the A/B test conceals the names of the settings, the Self-
Adjustment Screen explicitly labels the settings, making them visible to the users.

Fig. 5. Self-Adjustment Screen (Directional Listening has just been turned on)

4 Method
Between July and December of 2013, we conducted a longitudinal (6-week) study of
Awear with 16 participants (10 men, 6 women, mean age = 55.5 years) from the San
Francisco Bay Area, enrolled by various private audiology clinics. All participants
were at least 18 years old, had sufficient cognitive ability to successfully operate a
smartphone and Awear software, and had moderate to severe hearing loss.
To understand which type of listening evaluation (A/B Test or Self-Adjustment
Screen) benefited users more, we used a within-subjects study design. In the pre-
interview, we asked participants about their background and demographics. Most of
the data collected was self-explanatory, with the exception of “Experience” and
“Functionality.” Experience refers to that person’s familiarity and use of computer
and mobile technology. Table 1 is adapted from the typology in [9].

Table 1. User Experience Levels with Computer and Mobile Technology

Experience Typical Assets Typical Actions
High Laptop Use computers for programming, creative
Tablet work, or other advanced tasks
Smartphone Use mobile devices for calling, texting,
information, sharing, and entertainment
Medium Laptop Use computers regularly for information,
Cell Phone sharing, and entertainment
Use mobile phones for calling and texting
Low Desktop Use computer to explore internet and stay in
Cell phone touch with friends
Use mobile phones for calling and texting
Zero Landline phone No online access
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
flag was not completely hauled down, the Unionists were for a moment uncertain of
its import, but all firing was ordered to cease. In a minute more the white flag was
raised, and with cheer after cheer all along the batteries on Tybee, came down the
stars and bars. It was on the 11th of April, a year to a day from the time when the stars
and stripes were first dishonored by Americans at Fort Sumter.
General Hunter was aboard the McClellan with his aides, watching the
engagement. Generals Gillmore and Benham were active, and rode rapidly out to
Goat’s Point. On arriving at this place, General Gillmore, with his aid, Mr. Badeau,
and Colonel Rust, entered a boat and put off for the fort. The passage was rough, the
channel unknown, and the skiff got aground, and was nearly upset; but at last, soaked
and dripping, the party landed on Cockspur Island.
They were met near the landing-place by Captain Sims, of the Georgia Volunteers,
who conducted them to the fort. Colonel Olmstead, the commandant, stood at the
entrance, and received them courteously. He invited General Gillmore into his own
quarters, for a private interview. The terms of capitulation were arranged, and
General Gillmore was then conducted over the fort by the Colonel, and took his leave,
accompanied by Colonel Rust. General Hunter, in the mean time, had sent
messengers to the fort. Colonel Olmstead showed them around the works, and
conducted them to the interior, when the swords were delivered. This took place in
the Colonel’s headquarters, all standing. Major Halpine represented General Hunter.
As soon as this ceremony was over, the American flag was raised, and the stars and
stripes floated again on the walls of Fort Pulaski. In giving up his sword, Colonel
Olmstead said, “I yield my sword, but I trust I have not disgraced it.”
The arms of the privates had been previously stacked on the parade, and the men
marched to quarters. Both officers and men were allowed to remain all night in their
usual quarters. The interior of the fort presented a sorry picture. Blindages had been
put up extending on all the rampart, and a part rendered bomb-proof; but shot and
shell had burst through many of the sides—knocked in walls, broken down stairways,
entered casemates, upset guns, and piled up masses of rubbish and debris all around.
Seven guns on the parapet were dismounted; nearly every traverse had been struck
and partly torn to pieces; all the passageways were obstructed by piles of stones and
fallen timber; the magazine had been struck, and part of its outer casing of brick torn
away, while at the breach, the havoc was, of course, greatest of all. The breach was
entirely practicable; the ditch, sixty feet across, was more than half filled up by the
fragments that had fallen, and half a dozen men abreast could have entered the
aperture. The Colonel declared, however, that he should have held out until nightfall,
had the magazine not been struck. This, of course, settled his fate, and rendered any
prolonged resistance a useless risk of human life. Forty thousand pounds of powder,
seven thousand shot and shell, and forty-seven guns were captured. The prisoners
were three hundred and sixty in number, and belonged to the Georgia Volunteers, the
Oglethorpe Light Infantry, and to a German regiment. The Colonel excited the
sympathies of his captors by a bearing at once soldierly and subdued. The officers
invited the Unionists to their quarters, where several took supper, and some even
slept with the rebels whom they had been fighting a few hours before. There was no
apparent bitterness on either side; no desire to introduce personal animosities.
This long and severely contested siege resulted in the loss of only two lives, while
the number of wounded was very small. This fact is remarkable, in view of the
immense amount of shot and shell exchanged during the bombardment.
On Sunday, the 13th, the men were divided into two parties—the officers and about
two-thirds of the men forming the first, who were placed on the Ben de Ford—the
remainder on the Honduras, and taken to Bay Point. Here they were transferred to
the McClellan and Star of the South, to be sent to Fort Columbus, in the harbor of
New York.
 BATTLE OF SOUTH MILLS, CAMDEN, N. C.

April 20, 1862.

A short but severely contested engagement took place on the 20th

of April, between the command of General J. L. Reno, and a body of
rebels posted in a strong position to intercept the supposed advance
of the Federal troops on Norfolk. General Burnside directed General
Reno to make a demonstration on that city, and the latter, taking
with him from Newbern the Twenty-first Massachusetts and Fifty-
first Pennsylvania, proceeded to Roanoke, where he was joined by
detachments of the Eighty-ninth New York and Sixth New
Hampshire. With these forces he started for Elizabeth City, and
commenced disembarking at midnight, on the 19th, at a point about
three miles below the city, on the east side.
By three A. M. Colonel Hawkins’ brigade, consisting of the Ninth
and Eighty-ninth New York, and Sixth New Hampshire, were landed
and ready to move. Colonel Hawkins proceeded with his brigade
toward South Mills. General Reno remained to bring up the other
two regiments, which had been delayed by the grounding of their
vessels at the mouth of the river. They came up at daylight, and were
landed by seven A. M. General Reno marched directly toward South
Mills, and about twelve miles out met Colonel Hawkins, with his
brigade, who, either by the treachery or incompetency of his guide,
had been led some miles out of his way. As his men were very much
jaded by the long march, they were ordered to follow the Second
brigade, about four miles further, to within a mile and a half of South
Mills.
The rebels were posted here, and opened a fire of artillery, before
the advanced guard discovered them. General Reno reconnoitered
their position, and found that they were posted strongly in a line
perpendicular to the road, their infantry in ditches, their artillery
commanding all the direct approaches, and their rear protected by a
dense forest. He ordered the Fifty-first Pennsylvania immediately to
file to the right, and pass over to the edge of the woods, to turn their
left—the Twenty-first Massachusetts pursuing the same course; and
when Colonel Hawkins came up with his brigade, he was sent with
the Ninth and Eighty-ninth New York to their support.
The Sixth New Hampshire was formed in line to the left of the
road, and its commander ordered to support the four pieces of
artillery. Owing to the excessive fatigue of the men, they met with
some delay in reaching their position. Meanwhile the enemy kept up
a brisk artillery fire, which was gallantly responded to by the small
pieces under charge of Colonel Howard, of the Coast Guard. As soon
as the Fifty-first Pennsylvania and Twenty-first Massachusetts had
succeeded in turning their left, they opened a brisk musketry fire,
and, about the same time, the Ninth New York, also coming in range,
eager to engage, unfortunately charged upon the enemy’s artillery. It
was a most gallant charge, but they were exposed to a deadly fire of
grape and musketry, and forced to retire, but rallied immediately
upon the Eighty-ninth New York. General Reno then ordered both
regiments to form a junction with the Twenty-first Massachusetts. In
the meantime, the Fifty-first Pennsylvania and Twenty-first
Massachusetts kept up an incessant fire upon the rebels, who had
withdrawn their artillery, and commenced to retreat in good order.
The Sixth New Hampshire had steadily advanced in line to the left of
the road, and when within about two hundred yards poured in a
deadly volley, which completely demoralized the enemy and ended
the battle.
The men rested under arms in line of battle, until about ten
o’clock, P. M., when they were ordered to return to the boats, having
accomplished the principal object of the expedition, that of
conveying the idea that the entire Burnside Expedition was marching
upon Norfolk. Owing to a want of transportation, sixteen of the most
severely wounded were left behind. Assistant-Surgeon Warren was
left with them. Only about ten or fifteen prisoners were taken. Most
of them belonged to the Third Georgia regiment. The Ninth New
York suffered most severely, owing to their premature charge. The
total loss of the Federal troops in killed and wounded was about
ninety, some sixty of the number belonging to that regiment.
Just as the decisive volley of the Sixth New Hampshire had
compelled the rebels to abandon their position, a terrific thunder
storm broke upon the scene of conflict, and a heavy rain rendered the
hope of pursuit futile. After burying the dead, and taking a brief rest,
General Reno and his command took up their march for
headquarters, at Newbern. On the advance the sun beat fiercely upon
his exhausted men, the weather was intensely hot, and they were
almost prostrated with the fatigue of the battle and the labor of the
march, before they reached a place of rest.
 CAPTURE OF FORT MACON, N. C.

April 26, 1862.

The occupation of the town of Beaufort and Morehead City by the

Federal troops, on the 24th of March, was followed by active
preparations for the reduction of Fort Macon, which commanded the
entrance to the harbor. It was anticipated that on the retreat of the
rebel troops from Beaufort the overwhelming numbers and
equipment of the national forces would demonstrate to the
commander of the fort the hopelessness of any attempt to resist the
armament that would be brought against him in the event of his
refusal to surrender. This hope was not realized. Colonel M. J. White,
the commander, resolved to meet the Union forces with every
possible resistance, and if the fort was captured by the Federal arms,
the doughty rebel determined that it should be purchased at no slight
cost.
Fort Macon is situated on a bluff on Bogue’s Bank, nearly two
miles from the town of Beaufort. It commands the entrance to the
harbor, and no vessel can enter the main channel without coming
within range of its guns. Opposite the fort, at the entrance of the
harbor, is Shackelford Banks, distant about one mile and a half. Fort
Macon is of a hexagonal form, and has two tiers of guns—one in
casemated bomb-proof, and the other en barbette. Its armament
consisted of twenty 32-pounders, thirty 24-pounders, two 18-
pounders, three field pieces for flank defence, twelve flank howitzers,
eight 8-inch howitzers (heavy), eight 8-inch howitzers (light), one 13-
inch mortar, three 10-inch mortars, and two Cohorn mortars—total,
89 guns. The war garrison of the fort was 300 men. There are large
furnaces in the fort for heating shot, and before the investment there
was a considerable quantity of powder in the magazine. The
construction of Fort Macon was commenced in 1826, by Captain
Eliason, of the United States Engineer Corps, and was finished in
1860, by Captain, afterwards Brigadier-General John G. Foster.
This fort, like most others in the Southern States, at the opening of
the rebellion, was in an almost defenceless condition. Ordnance
Sergeant Alexander was the sole guardian of this important position
in April, 1861.
In March, the vote on the question of calling a State Convention
was taken in North Carolina, and a majority was given against the
Convention. Governor Ellis assured the officer in command that the
fort would not be taken from under the control of the government,
but on the 11th of April, a citizen of Beaufort, in the interest of the
secessionists, collected a body of fifty men, with whom he crossed
over to the fort and demanded its surrender. Sergeant Alexander
delivered up the keys, and the rebel flag was hoisted on its walls.
Subsequently stores and supplies for a garrison of 500 men were
collected and placed within it, and an efficient body of troops took
possession, under Colonel White.
On March 25th, 1862, Morehead City, on the mainland, opposite
Bogue Island, was occupied by a portion of General Parke’s division
of Burnside’s army. A few days subsequently a landing had been
effected on Bogue Island, and a camp established for the force
selected to operate against Fort Macon. On the 11th of April the
enemy’s pickets were driven in by the Fifth Rhode Island regiment
and one company of the Fourth Rhode Island, and eligible localities
for the batteries were selected by Captain Williamson, Topographical
Engineer on General Burnside’s staff. On the next day a working
party commenced the erection of the main battery, and from that
time the labor proceeded night and day. The troops employed in this
service were the Fourth and Fifth Rhode Island and the Eighth
Connecticut regiments. The labor was most severe. The men were
often on duty twenty-four hours at a time, and labored zealously to
accomplish their task in the shortest possible period. What rest they
got when on duty was obtained by sleeping on the sands, as no tents
or barracks could be erected, since these would have informed the
rebels of the location of the troops, and indicated the position of the
batteries. The picket duty performed by the men was also very
severe. All their work had to be done under a continuous and often
severe fire from the fort. From this, however, they were protected by
the peculiar formation of the ground, which consisted of a succession
of sand-hills up to within about half a mile of the fort.
Previous to the bombardment the garrison were allowed to send
letters to their friends at Beaufort.
Three batteries were erected for the reduction of the fort. The first
was mounted with four ten-inch mortars, and was built under cover
of a large sand-hill, near the edge of the marshes which line the
northern shore of the island, at a distance of about 1,400 yards from
the fort. This battery was allotted to Lieutenant Flagler, and manned
by a portion of battery I, New York Third artillery. The second was in
advance 100 yards, built and worked by Captain Lewis O. Morris,
and Lieutenants Gowan and Pollock. Three long thirty-pound siege
Parrott guns, rifled, composed its armament. The last battery
consisted of four eight-inch mortars. It stood 100 yards in advance of
the second battery, and was placed in charge of Lieutenant Prouty,
and manned by a detachment of battery I, Third New York artillery.
Rifle-pits and trenches were also excavated.
On the 24th of April, the preparations having been completed,
General Burnside arrived from Newbern, on the steamer Alice Price,
having in tow two barges, the Schrapnel and Grenade, fitted up as
floating batteries, each armed with two thirty-pound Parrott guns.
The Schrapnel had in addition a twelve-pounder rifled Ward gun.
They anchored about three miles below the fort.
During the afternoon a flag of truce was sent to the fort, in charge
of Captain Biggs, of General Burnside’s staff, with a demand for its
surrender. Colonel White refused to yield to the demand, and
announced his purpose to defend the fort to the last extremity. An
understanding was obtained, however, that the commander should
have a personal interview with General Burnside on the following
morning.
Accordingly, at an early hour on the 25th, the steamer Alice Price,
under a flag of truce, proceeded down the bay to a point previously
indicated, where General Burnside was soon joined by Colonel
White. The meeting was courteous. Colonel White said that he had
been placed in command of the fort for the purpose of holding it, and
should defend it to the best of his ability.
 On the following morning, the 26th, the Federal forces took their
respective posts at an early hour. The morning mists had not yet
disappeared, when orders were given for the opening of the siege,
and before six o’clock the loud thunder of the guns and the deep
boom of the heavy mortars broke on the ears of the sleeping citizens
of Beaufort, and roused the slumbering garrison of the belligerent
fort. Booming loudly over the waters, and rolling away in the
distance, the explosions followed in rapid succession for half an hour
before the garrison was ready to respond. When prepared, the rebels
bravely assumed their allotted positions, manned their guns, and
Fort Macon opened upon the national flag.
During the forenoon the eight-inch mortar battery of Lieutenant
Prouty sent its shells with regularity and precision into the fort, and
at each explosion the red dirt and sand of the glacis’ slopes,
ramparts, parapets and terrepleins were dashed in a cloud many feet
into the air. The flagstaff, with its defiant colors floating at the top,
was at times completely obscured in the smoke and dust which rose
with the bursting of the missiles. The ten-inch mortar battery was
not so successful in the morning. The shells from it burst beyond or
high in air over the fort, scattering the fragments of iron far and wide
into the water; but in the afternoon the battery played with an effect
that was evidenced in the decreased fire from the fort.
The battery of Parrott guns under command of Captain Morris, in
the mean time, kept up an incessant fire upon the ramparts. The
difficulty of obtaining accurate range was for some time experienced,
and the shots either went over the fort, ricocheting across the water
towards Shackleford Banks, or fell short and buried themselves in
the sand and glacis on its westerly side. But the range grew more
accurate with every shot, and from twelve o’clock until the close of
the fight Captain Morris seldom failed to plant his terrible conical
balls among the guns, on the edges of the ramparts, and against the
walls. The latter were pierced in two places, the balls passing through
into the casemates, from which their unceremonious visit hastily
expelled the occupants. Wherever these shots struck they tore
through all obstacles with a force that hurled fragments of iron and
brick, stones, grass-sods and sand bags about in every direction.
Many of the rebels were knocked down senseless by the flying sods.
When it is considered that the walls of the fort were protected by the
slopes of the glacis, the accuracy of the firing from the Parrott battery
will be perceived. That part of the walls just protruding above the
ramparts of the glacis was the only target presented whereat to aim
for the purpose of penetrating the casemates.
About two o’clock, P. M., Major Allen went out with a flag of truce to
carry letters written to the garrison from their friends in Beaufort.
Many of these entreated the officers to prevail upon Colonel White to
surrender the fort. Some ladies in Beaufort set on foot a petition to
that effect.
The precision attained by the practice of the forenoon, and the
facility of loading and firing, which even the experience of a few
hours had given, were now evidenced in the successful results of each
shot from the Union batteries. The scene assumed its grandest aspect
after two o’clock. A flash and a puff of smoke betokened a discharge;
an interval elapsed, which terminated with the report of the piece;
then came the sonorous hum of the shell as it flew through the air;
another puff of smoke soon followed by a second report, and the
deadly missile had exploded.
With glasses every manœuvre in the fort could be distinctly seen.
The look out was ensconced behind a pile of sand bags upon the
ramparts, and spectators fancied they could hear him ejaculate the
word “Down!” as he marked the approach of every shot. Its effect was
like magic. As he himself disappeared, down out of sight went the
crowd of men around the guns, to reappear again when the shot had
accomplished its errand.
Little remains to tell of the bombardment. The garrison had at first
responded with some seven or eight guns, exclusive of carronades,
which were made to serve the purpose of mortars. The squads of
gunners could be observed passing about, alternating with the pieces
as they became hot under the discharges. Gradually the fire
slackened to four, then to three, and then to two guns. The Federal
shot and shell were doing their duty, and subsequent examination
showed that fifteen guns were dismounted or disabled on the fort.
To those who worked the mortars of the Federal batteries, the
matter was entirely new, and to Captain Ammon’s men, of the Third
New York artillery, the greatest praise is deserved for their cool and
unflinching conduct in this their first experience under fire. The
exposed nature of Captain Morris’ battery of siege guns drew upon it
almost the concentrated fire of the fort, and shot and shell rained
around it. The only injury sustained by the battery was the
temporary dismounting of one of the guns by a thirty-two-pound
solid shot, which came through the embrasure and carried off a
wheel. Another carriage was in readiness, and the gun was soon
remounted. One of the guns was slightly dented by a solid shot,
which struck the reinforce or band around the breech, and then
glanced off. The sand bags in all the batteries were disturbed more or
less by the concussions, and the embrasures of the three-gun battery
were begrimed and black with powder. Eleven hundred shots in all
were fired on the Federal side, and of these five hundred and sixty
struck the fort.
The firing from the fort gradually slackened as the guns one after
another became disabled, until at last the iron thunderers ceased to
respond to the continuous peals of the Federal batteries. About half-
past four o’clock a white flag was run up over one of the guns, dimly
seen through the smoke that had just before issued from it in a heavy
cloud. Not long after two officers left the fort, bearing a flag of truce.
They advanced towards the batteries, and Captain Pell, of General
Burnside’s staff, and Lieutenant Hill, of General Parke’s staff went
out to meet them. They were Captains Pool and Guion, with a
message from Col. White, asking the terms of surrender. General
Parke replied that the only terms were unconditional surrender, but
that he would communicate with General Burnside, who might make
different arrangements. The inquiry was telegraphed to Beaufort,
and a messenger was sent off to General Burnside, who was on board
the Alice Price, some distance up the river. In the morning General
Burnside returned to the harbor, and had an interview with Colonel
White, on board the Alice Price, when the terms of capitulation were
agreed upon. The fort, armament and garrison were to be
surrendered to the United States, the officers and men being released
on parole, until properly exchanged, returning to their homes with
their private effects, such as clothing, bedding, books, etc.
Immediately after the return of Colonel White to his quarters,
preparations for the surrender commenced. After a little interval the
gates were thrown open and a train of soldiers marched out, and
forming a square on the green, just outside, stood a few moments in
impressive stillness. Then they formed into line, where they stacked
their arms, and returned to their quarters.
General Burnside, General Parke, and Captains Biggs and King
directly after this ceremony, returned from the fort, and the Fifth
Rhode Island being ordered into line, came up. General Burnside
unfolded the new colors presented by the State of Rhode Island,
inscribed with the words “Roanoke” and “Newbern,” which had been
just received, and returned them to the color-bearer, who took his
place at the head of the column. The regiment then moved forward in
order, to take formal possession of the fort.
The time had at last come for the great event. The wharves and
houses of Beaufort were crowded with spectators. The surrounding
waters were covered with small craft, hovering near the scene. The
squadron of gunboats, with steam up and colors flying, lay off and on
outside the bar. At half-past ten o’clock a squad of men from the
garrison, detailed by Colonel White for the purpose, cut loose the
halliards and hauled down the rebel flag. Ten minutes later four of
the Rhode Island boys hoisted the American ensign, the glorious
stars and stripes, and a loud cheer broke from the men, which was
caught up and echoed by the sailors on shipboard, and even by the
citizens over the harbor, in Beaufort, whose shout came cheerily on
the breeze.
The Federal fleet, consisting of the steamers State of Georgia,
Chippewa, Daylight, and bark Gemsbok, under command of Flag-
officer S. Lockwood, took an active part in the bombardment in the
forenoon.
The destruction effected by the bombardment was like that at Fort
Pulaski. The works outside as well as inside, gave incontestible proof
of the execution of the heavy projectiles hurled at the fort. They also
showed as clearly the bravery of the men who defended it, and
proved that though they were engaged in rebellion, they had the
courage and energy of heroic soldiers.
The garrison consisted of about four hundred and fifty men,
exclusive of the officers. There were found in the fort nearly twenty
thousand pounds of powder, shot and shell in proportion, and a large
quantity of provisions.
 The rebel loss was 7 killed, 18 wounded; Federal, 1 killed and 3
wounded.
 SIEGE OF YORKTOWN, VA.

On Sunday, the 9th of March, the rebel camps at Centreville,

Manassas and vicinity were evacuated, and on the 10th, the army of
General McClellan commenced a forward movement from the
vicinity of Washington toward the abandoned works of the enemy.
On the same day a portion of General Kearney’s forces reached
Centreville, and Federal scouts had explored the deserted works at
Manassas Junction. The enemy continued their retreat on the line of
the Orange railroad, burning the bridges, and destroying the railroad
property on their route.
On the 14th, General McClellan issued an address to the army
from his headquarters at Fairfax Court-House, complimenting the
men on their discipline, equipment, and patience during the long
delay incident to the work of preparation. They were now to be
brought face to face with the enemy, and he besought the army to
place perfect trust in him, though his plans of action might seem at
times unaccountable.
The cheering news of the capture of New Madrid, the evacuation of
Columbus, and the victory at Pea Ridge, now filled all loyal hearts
with enthusiasm; and it was fully believed that the army of the
Potomac was on the direct route to Richmond, destined to give the
death-blow to the rebellion before the month of April should open.
Will the rebels make a stand? asked many a confident Unionist,
hopeful that the prestige of McClellan’s splendid army would compel
the enemy to retire from point to point without risking a battle.
The month of March passed;—and while the public mind was
animated with the most cheering details of the western victories—the
capture of Newbern, and the defeat of the enemy at Winchester, the
great army of the Potomac appeared for the time to have passed from
recollection. The Government censorship restrained the publication
of any reports of McClellan’s movements, and the people, left
entirely to hope and conjecture, were sanguine in anticipation of the
speedy possession of the Confederate capital.
Late in the month, rumors reached the northern cities of the
arrival of forces at Old Point, on the James river, twenty miles from
Norfolk, which were supposed by the Richmond papers to be
reinforcements for Burnside. Again curiosity was awakened by the
immense number of transports called for and chartered by the
Government, daily arriving at the mouth of the Chesapeake. On the
26th, Great Bethel was taken possession of by the Federal troops,
and on the 29th a reconnoissance in force was made toward
Yorktown. It was now generally known that the large army under
General McClellan had been conveyed by transports to Old Point,
and was marching to attack the rebel entrenchments at Yorktown,
the key of the Peninsula.
On the 5th of April, General McClellan’s dispatch to the Secretary
of War, announced that his army had that day arrived in front of the
enemy’s works, having met with but slight opposition on its route.
During this period the weather was unfavorable for military
operations. Heavy storm-clouds frowned inauspiciously on the
approaching army, rain fell almost daily in torrents, and this at a
time when there could be no adequate provision for shelter.
The Federal army was now destined to undergo an experience of
toil and privations calculated to try its endurance to the utmost.
Solid roads were absolutely necessary for transportation from the
landings to the various encampments, as it was impossible to draw
the immense siege and supply trains over or through the soft alluvial
mire formed by the unremitting rains, while the creeks and water
courses were swollen into torrents. Skirmishing was of daily
occurrence—for the enemy neglected no opportunity to annoy their
formidable opponents, while the Federal army found it necessary to
push its advances within commanding reach of the rebel
entrenchments, which stretched from the York to the James rivers, a
distance of six miles. The rebel earthworks were ponderously built—
some of them of a height and thickness hitherto unparalleled in any
war.
 The Union soldiery toiled incessantly in the trenches, while
covering parties, with efficient batteries, stood guard in their
defence, and daily sacrificed some of their brave numbers while
protecting their toiling comrades.
The labors of the Federal army soon became apparent. Formidable
earthworks began to show their heads, and artillery of the largest
calibre was put in position. The rebel generals were struck with
astonishment and dismay when the evidences of engineering skill
hitherto unsuspected, stood revealed before them.
On the other hand, every day more fully revealed the extensive and
intricate line of the rebel defences. Their strength in forts, lunettes
and rifle-pits—their constantly increasing numbers, and untiring
activity, with their accurate knowledge of the topography of the
country, increased the magnitude of the work before the Federal
army. The natural obstacles to its progress were by no means few or
trifling. The sinuous windings of the line of attack they were obliged
to assume—the innumerable swamps and pools of water confronting
them on every side, the almost impenetrable forests and tangled
undergrowth added to their labors and their sufferings. Cold and
shivering under garments saturated anew by the rains of to-day, ere
those of yesterday had been vaporized, the soldiers endured the
pangs of hunger and fatigue unappalled. In view of the terrific
struggle before them, human suffering counted for nothing with
these brave men. No signs of discontent were manifest. Even in their
hardest trials the utmost cheerfulness prevailed; and in more remote
positions, where a less rigid discipline was enforced, the patriotic
strains of “The Star Spangled Banner” and the “Red, White and
Blue,” were heard ringing up through the storm. Not unfrequently,
with faces turned toward the patriot homes from whence they came,
would they sing “Do they Miss me at Home?” or “Let me Kiss him for
his Mother”—while they breathed the silent prayer that, through the
uncertainties of war, they might be permitted again to mingle with
their friends in the enjoyment of a bravely won peace.
Daily would some adventurous band of Federal soldiers explore
the intricacies of the rebel defences, coming constantly in collision
with the enemy. In these adventures the new and efficient regiments
of sharpshooters, just introduced into the United States army,
rendered valuable service.
 A month before the Union army invested Yorktown, the iron
battery Merrimac had made her advent in Hampton Roads, and after
destroying the noble old frigates Cumberland and Congress—the
pride of a past era—she met the Monitor, her conqueror and the
nation’s champion. The combat that ensued has stamped a glorious
page on the world’s history for all time. Like Lucifer in his fall, the
rebel monster shrank with “despairing, cursing rage” behind the
batteries at Yorktown, while the terrors of her exploits, and
rejoicings at her defeat, quickened the nation’s heart-pulses from
Maine to Maryland.
The noble Minnesota, resting in calm and majestic repose on the
waters of the Chesapeake, hitherto would have acknowledged no
superior in a naval combat. An exposure for two hours to the heavy
guns of the Merrimac, which pierced her wooden walls with shot and
shell, while her own missiles were ineffective as pebbles on the scales
of the leviathan, destroyed her prestige and her pride of strength.
An efficient fleet of gunboats had been ordered to act in
conjunction with McClellan’s forces in the reduction of Yorktown;
but the presence of the Merrimac no doubt frustrated their plans. On
the 15th of April several of the gunboats commenced shelling the
woods below Gloucester. One boat approaching within two miles of
Yorktown, brought her guns to bear on that place, until driven off by
the rebel batteries.
About the same time a portion of the Potomac flotilla ascended the
Rappahannock, meeting with but slight opposition, visiting the
towns of Urbana and Tappahannock, and destroying the enemy’s
batteries and huts at Lowry’s Point.
 BATTLE OF LEE’S MILLS, VA.

April 16, 1862.

The defence of Yorktown prompted the rebel chiefs to project a

line of batteries and earthworks across the peninsula which has been
rendered so prominent in historic interest by the series of important
events that have occurred between Richmond and Fortress Monroe.
In the course of completing this line, a battery was commenced at a
point on the Warwick road, on the estate of Mrs. Garrow, between
Lee’s Mills and Winn’s Mills. There is here an extensive field, with
woods to the right and left, and in the rear of the road. In front, at
the foot of a gradually descending slope, is a branch of the Warwick
river. The stream had been dammed up between these mills, the
water covering a breadth of from thirty to forty rods, and in the
deepest parts about four and a half feet deep. On the bank was a
rifle-pit, and above it, on the hill, breastworks, with their embrasures
for guns, frowned upon the water.
The arrest of this work, and the expulsion of the rebels, became
necessary, in order to prevent the completion of what might have
become a formidable obstacle. Accordingly, on the morning of the
16th, a party of skirmishers from the Fourth Vermont was thrown
out, and took a position near the enemy’s one gun battery, at the
point named, a New York battery being also advanced at the same
time. Opposite the enemy’s works at that place there was a
considerable space clear of large wood, overgrown with low shrubs
and young pine, and surrounded in every direction except towards
the enemy by a dense forest. Warwick Creek—from four to five feet
deep and about twenty rods wide—separated this field from the rebel
battery. Through the low shrubs and young pine the Vermonters
made their way up to the edge of the stream, and poured upon the
enemy a storm of rifle shot that he soon found it impossible to
withstand. After a few moments of this fire not a man was to be seen
within the enemy’s lines.
Two pieces of the battery—ten-pound Parrots, under Lieutenant
Flynn—then took up a position in the edge of the wood, at one
thousand yards from the enemy’s line, and opened fire. Then the
enemy came bravely up to the business, and responded with the large
gun in his one gun battery, and with two others in a battery behind it.
Lieutenant Stewart, with the second section of the same battery—two
twelve-pound Napoleon guns—was ordered up, with the left section,
under Lieutenant O’Donald. With this reinforcement the fire became
heavy between the artillery on both sides; the Union skirmishers and
numbers of the enemy’s skirmishers also pouring in their fire
whenever they saw an opportunity.
At about ten A. M., after nearly two hours’ sharp firing, the enemy
ceased to respond, not, it was thought, because his guns had been
disabled, but because the Union riflemen held his position so entirely
under fire that it was almost certain death for his men to be seen.
It was now deemed necessary to ascertain the enemy’s force at this
point and his disposition to fight. Upon consultation between
General McClellan and two division commanders, it was determined
to make a more decided demonstration of attack, and, accordingly,
between three and four P. M., three batteries were ordered forward
into the exposed field, and opened fire at about five hundred yards.
This woke the enemy up; he responded warmly for twenty minutes,
and once more relapsed into silence. In no way deceived by this, the
three batteries continued to play upon his position for some minutes
longer, when word was brought to the General of the Vermont
brigade that the creek was easily fordable, at some distance to the
right, and Colonel Hyde, in command of four companies of the
Vermont Third, who had skirmished in advance, was ordered to send
two of his companies across the creek at the point where it was said
to be only knee-deep, advance them to the enemy’s left, and charge
the work in rear. He accordingly sent across companies D and F, and
supported them very closely with companies E and K. Meanwhile the
Federal batteries became silent. No sooner were the Vermonters in
the stream than the water was found to be much deeper than had
been stated; the men went up to their arm-pits, and every charge of