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ENAMINES
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactions
ENAMINES
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactions
SECOND EDITION,
REVISED AND EXPANDED
Edited by
A. Gilbert Cook
VALPARAISO UNIVERSITY
VALPARAISO, INDIANA
N eith er this book nor any part may be reprodu ced or transm itted in
any form or b y any means, electron ic or mechanical, including ph oto
co p y in g , m icrofilm ing, and re c o rd in g , or b y any information storage
and re trie v a l system , without permission in w ritin g from the publisher.
MARCEL DEKKER, IN C .
270 Madison A ven u e, New Y o rk , New Y o rk 10016
"A n d these are but the outer frin g e o f His w orks, how faint the
w hisper we hear o f Him! Who then can understand the thu nder o f His
p o w er?” Job 26:14.
A . Gilbert Cook
Contents
Preface 2001)
Contribu tors 2001)
A . G ilbert Cook
A . G ilbert Cook
vi / C ontents
A . G ilbert Cook
Otakar C ervin ka
Index 701
Contributors
G . H. A L T
Research Departm ent, A gricu ltu ra l D ivision , Monsanto
Company, St. Louis, Missouri
I. Introduction 1
II . Electronic Structure 3
III. Framework Stru cture 27
A . Therm ochem istry and Isomerization 27
B . Enamines o f C yclic Ketones 34
C. Enamines o f A cyclic Ketones and A ldeh ydes 54
IV . Physical P rop erties o f Enamines 60
A . In frared Spectra 60
B . U ltraviolet Spectra 66
C. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra 66
D. Mass Spectra 74
E. B asicity 77
R eferen ces 83
I. INTRODUCTION
The term ’’enamine” was firs t introduced b y W ittig and Blumenthal [1]
as the n itrogen analog o f the term ” e n o l.” Enamine chem istry was the
subject o f stu dy b y Mannich and Davidsen [2] in 1936, but it was the
\ \ / oH
/ c==c\ / c= c \
enamine enol
7
2 / Cook
pion eerin g work o f Stork and his co-w ork ers [3,148] that strikingly-
brou gh t it to the attention o f the organic chem istry w orld.
The two most significan t featu res o f te rtia ry enamine reactions that
make them so useful are: (a ) the nucleophilic nature o f the 3 ~carbon
atom that makes it susceptible to electrophilic attack ( 1.); and ( b ) a fter
addition o f an electrophile to the 3 -carbon atom to form an iminium ion,
Nu
( 1) ( 2)
A lthou gh nitrogen its e lf is not stro n gly electron eg a tive, it can act
as an e ffe c tiv e electron sink in such reactions b y virtu e o f the
fact that it is easily protonated and can form cationic unsaturated
adducts easily. The ease o f formation o f these charged compounds
more than makes up fo r the low elec tro n eg a tivity o f n itr o g e n , so
that n itrogen is gen erally more e ffe c tiv e as an electron sink than
o x y g e n , which is more electron egative but forms a cation at neu
tral pH with such great d iffic u lty as to be re la tive ly in active as an
electron acceptor b y this mechanism.
C o n vers ely , the ease with which n itrogen can donate an electron
pair permits it to act as a sort o f lo w -e n e rg y carbanion; the
enamine can easily donate electrons to form a new bond to a carbon
atom ( 1 ) , whereas the formation o f a tru e carbanion is a much
h igh er e n erg y process.
The electronic stru ctu re o f an enamine can be most simply represen ted
by the Lewis stru ctu re with con tribu tin g resonance forms indicated
below b y (3 a ) and ( 3 b ). For a shorthand notation o f enamines which
shows something o f the electronic nature o f enamines, this Lewis stru c-
\-. \ (+)
\ / N-
/C=cx ---------- - >c- c x
(a ) (b )
(3 )
\ / N
orbital is then orthogonal to the nuclear C=C^ system and parallel
4 / Cook
/ N \
(4 ) (5 )
( 6a)
Q ( 6b )
HN(CH3)2
( 6c ) (7 )
■
N(C H 3 )2
(8)
-0 . 6 5 + 0.70 -0 . 2 1
Children Children
Children Children
Children
c h 2= c h n h 2
(9 )
Children
Children
Children
Children
Children
Structure R IP 1 IP 2 (IP 2 “ IP i) R e f.
'N'
i
R O 7.10 9.51 2.41 28
H 8.77 — 27
CHn 8.29 — 27
8.00 38
7.96 28
( c h 3 ) 2c h c h 2- .17 28
Structure R IP 2 ( I P 2 ~ I P X) R e f.
H 8.64 — 27
CH r 8.29 ~ 27
o 7.93 — 28
( c h 3) 2CHCH2- 8.16 — 28
CH r *.24 — 32
R
(C H 3 ) 2C = C H - 8.20 9.41 1.21 40
8.88 — — 7
o- 8.18— — 28
8.46— — 28
(C H 3) 2CHCH2-
S t r u c t u r e and P h y s ic a l P r o p e r tie s / 77
Table 1 (Continued)
20
o 7.46 9.76 2.30
H 9.04 — — 27
(C H 3) 2n - R
o 7.46 9.76 2.30 33
( c h 3) 2n -
o- 7.57 9.50 1.93 33
Table 1 (Continued)
A
Structure R IP1 IP 2 (IP 2 ~ IP p R ef.
H 8.9 — — 20
7.82 — — 9
8.09 — — 33
8.34 — — 33
7.50 — — 9
CH 3CH 2 ~
C H 2= C H R h — 10.51 — — 5a
10.01 — — 42
8.95 — — 9
( tt) resu lts from decreased s-ch a ra cter fo r n itrogen orb ita l. So a lo w e r
in g o f IP-l should mean grea ter n - T T resonance in teraction . This has
been o b served in many cases [ 28,32] (s e e Table 1 ). For example, N-
cy clop en ty lp yrro lid in e (1 0 ) has an IP^ o f 8.00 eV , whereas l - ( N - p y r -
ro lid in y l)-ey elo p en te n e (1 1 ) has in I P o f 7.10 eV , a decrease o f 0.9
eV in goin g from a saturated amine to an enamine.
H ow ever, in using this method, one must take into account oth er
effects that influence IP^ values, such as simple in d u c tiv e -fie ld e f
fec ts . The magnitude o f the oth er sources has been studied using the
enamine dehydroquinuolidine ( 1 2 ) and the correspon d in g saturated
amine quinuclidine (13) [3 3 ]. D ehydroquinuclidine (1 2 ) is an a, (3-un-
saturated amine in which resonance interaction between the lon e-p air
n itrogen electrons and the alkene tt-system is impossible because the
potential in tera ctin g orbitals are orthogonal to each o th er. Many o f
the chemical and physical p rop erties o f 12 d iffe r m arkedly from those
o f normal enamines [34] . Unsaturated amine 12 has a low er e n e rg y
orbital fo r its lon e-p air electrons than does its saturated counterpart
13_ b y 0.42 eV (8.4 4 eV fo r In v e r s u s 8.02 eV fo r 13). This stabiliza
tion is due to the in d u ctive-field e ffe c t o f the TT-bond. Note that this
in d u ctive-field e ffe c t is in the opposite direction (satu rated amine ->
enamine, IP^ increase or n -orbital stabilization ) from resonance in te r
action stabilization (satu rated amine enamine, IP^ decrease or n - o r
bital d e s ta b iliz a tio n ).
A s an in te restin g aside, the second ionization potential ( I P 2) o f
enamine 12 (9.4 1 e V ) is h igh er than its carbocyclic analog, bicyclo
[2 .2 .2 ]o c t-2 -e n e (1 4 ) (9.01 e V ) , b y an amount similar to the IP^ lo w e r
in g discussed a bove. This means that the in d u c tiv e -fie ld e ffe c t o f the
n itrogen on the alkene system is similar in magnitude (about 0.4 eV )
and direction (s ta b iliz in g the system ) as the in d u ctive-field e ffe c t o f
the alkene system on the n itrogen lon e-p air o rb ita l.
This method was also used to determine the amount o f resonance
interaction between an amine group and a benzene rin g in a series o f
substituted anilines. Aniline was taken as the re fere n ce point fo r com
plete participation (IP 10.48 e V ) , and cyclohexylam ine was used fo r
the compound h avin g no interaction (I P 8.53 e V ) [35] .
An extension o f this method is the use o f the bond separation
between IP^ and I P 2 fo r an enamine as a rough measure o f the re la tive
amount o f interaction between an amino group and the double-bond
unit. A IP ( IP 2-IP i ) should be a maximum when the interaction is the
greatest [2 0 ]. This argument is completely supported b y quantum-
chemical calculations [ 2 0 , 12] and is supported to a less er d eg ree b y
experim ental observation s (s e e Table 1 ). In contrast to the nonenamine-
like character o f dehydroquinuclidine (1 2 ), N - m e th y l-l,2 ,3 ,4 -te tr a h y -
d rop yrid in e (1 5 ) shows a v e r y la rg e A IP o f 2.83 eV (7.57 and 10.40
e V ) , in dicating probable stron g n - T T interaction [37] . This is reason-
CH'3
(15a) (15b )
74 / Cook
able since compound 15fs most stable conform er is the h alf-ch a ir form
( 15b) in which maximum overlap can take place with no rotation about
the ca rb on -n itrogen bond.
The rotational b a rrie r about the C — N bond in enamines has been
determ ined th eoretically [44d] and experim entally [3 6 ]. The b a rriers
seems to be on the o rd er o f 4—6 kcal/mol. Rotational b a rriers are
another good method fo r determ ining conjugative interaction in enam
in es.
Some other experim ental methods that can be used to determine the
amount o f n - 7r participation in an enamine molecule are u ltraviolet spec
tro sco p y, , and nuclear magnetic resonance sp ectroscop y.
This topic will be discussed in la ter sections o f this chapter that deal
sp ecifica lly with those kinds o f spectroscopy as applied to enamines.
Other experim ental data that can be indicators o f n-Ti interaction
are bond distances. As the s-ch aracter o f a bond in creases, the bond
becomes sh orter [38] . In terms o f enamine n-ir in teraction , as the
amount o f interaction in creases, the n itrogen atom a-bonds in crease in
s-ch a ra cter; that is , th ey approach sp ^ -h yb rid iza tio n . Hence the
C — N bond distances sh orten. A nother way o f describin g this phenom
enon in terms o f resonance is to say that the re la tive importance o f
resonance con tribu tin g form 3b becomes more important and form 3a
less important as n - tt interaction in creases. This means more dou ble
bond ch aracter to the C — N bond (and a sh orter bond distan ce) and
less double-bond character to C = C (and a lo n ger bond d ista n ce).
This parallel between bond distance and n - T i interaction (u s in g d ecrea s
in g pyram idality at the n itrogen atom as a measure o f n-TT in tera ction )
was o b served in the x - r a y crysta llogra p h ic studies o f several c r y s ta l
line enamines [ 25] . T h ere is a pronounced shortening o f the enamine
C — N bond distance (a s n - T r interaction in crea ses) from about 1.42 to
about 1.38 A . The C = C distance stayed almost constant, showing
only a slight len gth en in g with increased n-Tr in teraction .
Quantum mechanical calculations o f organ ic molecules such as enam
ines have reached a stage o f sophistication at which th ey are v e r y use-
ful in showing how certain chemical and physical p rop erties a rise, and
th ey reliab ly p red ict some untested p ro p e rties. Many calculations show
in g the extent o f enamine n-Tr interaction along with oth er p rop erties
have been made [ 7,12,15—22,31,43—46]. The geom etrical pictu re o f
ground state N ,N-dim ethylam inoethene ( 8) as calculated using the mo
lecular mechanics semiempirical method [234] is shown in F igu re 3.
T h ere are two geom etrical param eters that determine how much n-Tr
interaction can take place. In oth er w ords, th ey describe how closely
the unpaired electron orbital on n itrogen parallels the p -o rb ita ls in the
alkene tt - system . These geom etrical param eters are: (a ) the pyram id-
ality around the n itrogen atom (w hen the enamine geom etry is planar,
the n itrogen atom is sp ^-h ybridization with an orthogonal p -o rb ita l fo r
lo n g -p a ir electron s; when the enamine geom etry is pyram idal, the n i
trogen atom is sp ^-h ybridization with a 109.5° sp 3-orbital fo r lon e-p air
electron s) (s e e F igu re 5 ); and ( b ) the torsional tw ist around the C — N
bond (s e e Figu re 6) . When the n itrogen atom is planar (com pletely
n on p yra m id a l), the sum o f the th ree bond angles is (3 ) (1 2 0 °) = 360°.
When the n itrogen atom is completely pyram idal, the sum o f the three
bond angles is (3 ) (1 0 9 .5 °) = 328.5°. So the percen t pyram idality o f a
. . , 360 - I three N-bond angles , innN
n itrogen atom is defined as -------------rr-r------ --- -------- 52---- (1 0 0 ). This
obU — 6 Z o . o
book on enamines deals prim arily with simple te rtia ry h yd roca rb on -su b
stituted enamines. H ow ever, even though the chemical preparations
and reactions o f the n on -h ydrocarbon -su bstitu ted enamines is beyond
the scope o f this book, it is important to review the electronic changes
brou ght about in enamines b y the presence o f these su bstitu ents. We
will use stru ctu re as our generalized template fo r a substituted
/ R’
N— W
Y — CH =C
X
( 16 )
16 / Cook
Si
Table 2 MNDO Calculations on Some (E ) - Substituted N ,N-Dim ethylam inoethenes^2 (A ll Independent Bond
D istances, Bond A n g le s , and Dihedral A n gles Allowed to V a r y )
H NfCH
Y X
Pyramidal
1
o
Hc
00
o
( 8) H 57 1.44 1.34 0.78 0 . 0 1 -0.06 -0.09 20.2
EC
o
(1 8 ) H 89 45 1.44 1.36 0.75 0.06 -0.14 -0.09 13.5
CO
(1 9 ) ch 3 ch 3 87 28 1.44 1.36 0.55 0.04 -0.13 - 0.10 6.6
LA MINE
Je n’ai jamais connu, sur mer, un équipage plus gai, plus vaillant,
plus allant, depuis le dernier des novices jusqu’au commandant, qui
disait aux passagères inquiètes : « Mais non, mesdames, ils ne nous
couleront pas ! Nous sommes trop petits !… Quoique ça, ne quittez
pas vos ceintures de sauvetage, et dormez sur le pont ! »
C’était pendant la guerre, en 1917, et ils ont tous été noyés, les
pauvres diables, noyés comme des rats, par un sous-marin
allemand, un mois plus tard, entre Corfou et Brindisi, dans
l’Adriatique. Je n’avais passé que trois jours avec eux, et ça me fait
peine encore, quand j’y pense, une vraie peine, comme si on m’avait
tué de très vieux, de très sûrs amis.
C’était un tout petit vapeur, qui s’appelait l’Édouard-Corbière, du
nom de son ancien propriétaire, père du poète Tristan Corbière. Ce
vieux capitaine au long cours, qui fut corsaire, négrier, journaliste,
romancier et même poète, était un homme d’entreprise : il avait créé,
entre je ne sais plus quel port d’Armorique et l’Angleterre, une petite
ligne de navigation dont le fret le plus habituel se composait de
cochons engraissés en France et destinés à la nourriture des
insulaires de Grande-Bretagne. Les vieux matelots du bord
rappelaient en riant cette époque de paix et de tranquillité. Ces gens
qui chaque jour attendaient la mort — et qui l’ont reçue — étaient
d’une sublime et magnifique insouciance. Chaque jour ils prenaient
leurs repas de l’après-midi en plein air, devant le poste d’équipage,
sur un prélart qui couvrait l’entrée de la cale, tout près du hublot de
ma cabine. Ils ne me voyaient point, ignoraient ma présence et
causaient librement. J’ai entendu là, de leur bouche, sans qu’ils s’en
pussent douter, les plus belles histoires, presque toutes fausses.
Les marins sont comme les enfants : ils ne demandent jamais
« si c’est arrivé » ; ils lisent peu, ou pas du tout ; leur âme ingénue et
malicieuse à la fois a besoin pourtant de romans : ils inventent des
romans parlés. Toutes les races de nos côtes étaient représentées
parmi ces condamnés à mort, et qui le savaient sans doute, si
simplement et joyeusement braves : les mokos de la rive
méditerranéenne, les pêcheurs du golfe de Gascogne, les Bordelais,
les Vendéens, les Bretons, les Normands de Granville et de Saint-
Malo, les gens de Boulogne, de Calais, de Dunkerque. Il y en avait
— c’était le plus grand nombre — qui ne faisaient qu’écouter et rire,
ou s’émouvoir, mais rire le plus souvent. Par réaction contre le
danger, ils semblaient, en effet, préférer le rire aux larmes. Ils
goûtaient mieux, par un sentiment populaire, instinctif, l’aventure qui
finit bien ; ils aimaient aussi celle qui réserve une surprise à la fin, et
déconcerte. A leur manière, ils avaient le goût aiguisé, ils étaient des
amateurs difficiles. Et celui qui contait le mieux ce que nos voisins
d’Angleterre nomment le yarn, ce que nos compatriotes du Midi
appellent la galéjade, n’était point, chose surprenante, de Toulon ou
de Marseille : un Flamand de Bray-Dunes, pêcheur à l’Islande, puis
marin à l’État. Je me souviens de son nom, un nom de mon pays :
Bogaërt. Ça se prononce « Bogart », en faisant sonner le t. Il était
lourd, rond, puissant, musculeux et gras, avec un air d’assurance
pour affirmer les choses les plus invraisemblables ; il filait le conte
comme un curé son prêche, si sérieusement qu’on y était toujours
pris. Voilà une de ses histoires. Je vais m’efforcer de la dire autant
que possible telle que je l’ai entendue :
… Il se pouvait que celle-là ne fût pas seule, qu’elle fît partie d’un
chapelet. Le grand paquebot ralentit sa marche. Il n’avança plus
qu’avec prudence, comme à tâtons. Les vagues poussèrent à sa
rencontre de larges lambeaux de chair, de l’huile, de la graisse qui
surnageaient.
— Pauvre bête ! dit un passager en frissonnant.
— J’aime mieux que ce soit elle que nous, répondit un autre : elle
nous a rendu un fier service !
A vingt milles de là, les cachalots étaient remontés à la surface.
Une femelle se rapprocha d’un vieux mâle, un pacha fier de son
harem ; sa carapace de lard était toute couturée de cicatrices,
nobles traces des batailles d’amour qu’il avait livrées.
— Qu’est-ce que c’était que ça, dit-elle, Qu’est-ce que ça veut
dire ?…
— Une mine ! grogna le vieux mâle. C’est honteux ! Ça ne nous
regarde pas, ces choses-là, ce n’est pas pour nous !