European Union External

Environmental Policy: Rules,

Regulation and Governance Beyond
Borders 1st Edition Camilla Adelle
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/european-union-external-environmental-policy-rules-r
egulation-and-governance-beyond-borders-1st-edition-camilla-adelle/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

External Governance as Security Community Building: The

Limits and Potential of the European Neighbourhood
Policy 1st Edition Pernille Rieker (Eds.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/external-governance-as-security-
community-building-the-limits-and-potential-of-the-european-
neighbourhood-policy-1st-edition-pernille-rieker-eds/

External Energy Security in the European Union Small

Member States Perspective Matus Misik

https://textbookfull.com/product/external-energy-security-in-the-
european-union-small-member-states-perspective-matus-misik/

Finance and Industrial Policy: Beyond Financial

Regulation in Europe 1st Edition Cozzi

https://textbookfull.com/product/finance-and-industrial-policy-
beyond-financial-regulation-in-europe-1st-edition-cozzi/

Corporate Power and Regulation: Consumers and the

Environment in the European Union Sandra Eckert

https://textbookfull.com/product/corporate-power-and-regulation-
consumers-and-the-environment-in-the-european-union-sandra-
eckert/
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and
the European Union (EU) : Regionalism and External
Influence 1st Edition Johannes Muntschick (Auth.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-southern-african-
development-community-sadc-and-the-european-union-eu-regionalism-
and-external-influence-1st-edition-johannes-muntschick-auth/

Governance and Security Issues of the European Union

Challenges Ahead 1st Edition Jaap De Zwaan

https://textbookfull.com/product/governance-and-security-issues-
of-the-european-union-challenges-ahead-1st-edition-jaap-de-zwaan/

China, the European Union, and the International

Politics of Global Governance Jianwei Wang

https://textbookfull.com/product/china-the-european-union-and-
the-international-politics-of-global-governance-jianwei-wang/

European Union Policy-Making: The Regulatory Shift in

Natural Gas Market Policy 1st Edition Nicole Herweg
(Auth.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/european-union-policy-making-
the-regulatory-shift-in-natural-gas-market-policy-1st-edition-
nicole-herweg-auth/

Eastern European Popular Music in a Transnational

Context: Beyond the Borders Ewa Mazierska

https://textbookfull.com/product/eastern-european-popular-music-
in-a-transnational-context-beyond-the-borders-ewa-mazierska/
THE EUROPEAN UNION IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
RULES, REGULATION AND
GOVERNANCE BEYOND BORDERS

Edited by
Camilla Adelle, Katja Biedenkopf
and Diarmuid Torney
 The European Union in International Affairs

Series editors
Sebastian Oberthür
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium

Knud Erik Jørgensen

University of Aarhus, Denmark

Philomena B. Murray
University of Melbourne, Australia

Sandra Lavenex
University of Geneva, Switzerland

This very closely edited volume makes the very first systematic attempt to
catalogue and explain the EU’s efforts to shape environmental quality well
beyond its own borders. By bringing together leading experts on specific
instruments, issues and geographical areas of influence in a unique and
insightful way, it opens up a whole new perspective on the way that the
EU is thought about in international affairs.
—Professor Andrew J. Jordan,
University of East Anglia, UK
The EU plays a critically important role in shaping global environmental
policies but too much writing on the subject is self-congratulatory. This
book offers a systematic and critical assessment of the effectiveness of EU
external policy. It deserves to be read widely.
—Dr Robert Falkner,
London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
Although the European Union (EU) undeniably plays a key role in inter-
national politics, law and economics, it faces serious international and
domestic challenges. The EU remains a key actor in the development of a
number of international policies and as a promoter of effective multilater-
alism. It continues to ‘import’ and ‘export’ both policies and norms. The
EU is also a key interlocutor for states and regional bodies throughout the
world. It may even serve as a reference point for many regions, for policy
design or institutional development. However, changes in the interna-
tional system and various international crises have an impact on the inter-
national role of the EU and its member states, testing the latters’ ability to
act and adapt. Domestically, a persistent set of mutually reinforcing chal-
lenges, ranging from refugees to public debt to the rise of Euro-scepticism,
have serious repercussions for the EU’s international role.
Against this dynamic backdrop, this Book Series aims to be a central
resource for the growing community of scholars and policy-makers who
engage with the evolving interface between the EU and international
affairs. The Series provides in-depth, cutting-edge and original contribu-
tions of world-class research on the EU in international affairs by high-
lighting new developments, insights, challenges and opportunities. It
encompasses analyses of the EU’s international role, as mediated by its
own Member States, in international institutions and in its strategic bilat-
eral and regional partnerships. Books in the series might examine evolving
EU internal policies that have external implications and the ways in which
these are both driven by, and feed back into, international developments.
Grounded in Political Science, International Relations, International
Political Economy, Law, Sociology and History, the Series reflects a com-
mitment to inter-disciplinary scholarship.
We welcome book proposals relating to the changing role of the EU in
international affairs across policies and the Union’s relations with different
parts of the world, as well as relations with states and multilateral institu-
tions. We are interested in research on values and norms, interests and
global governance and welcome both theory-informed studies and studies
comparing the EU with other major global actors. We encourage propos-
als from young and promising scholars, mid-career academics and estab-
lished experts.

More information about this series at

http://www.springer.com/series/14438
 Camilla Adelle • Katja Biedenkopf
Diarmuid Torney
Editors

European Union
External
Environmental Policy
Rules, Regulation and Governance Beyond Borders
Editors
Camilla Adelle Katja Biedenkopf
University of Pretoria University of Leuven
Pretoria, South Africa Leuven, Belgium

Diarmuid Torney
School of Law and Government
Dublin City University
Glasnevin, Ireland

The European Union in International Affairs

ISBN 978-3-319-60930-0    ISBN 978-3-319-60931-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60931-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017953879

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub-
lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu-
tional affiliations.

Cover image: Thomas Vogel

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Foreword

In the mid-eighteenth century, an industrial revolution started in Europe

that gradually spread out over the whole world. After the Second World
War, this development intensified and its latest phase is currently happen-
ing in Asia. It generated spectacular increases in income and wealth, and
allowed for a steady expansion of the world’s population. In 1900 there
were some 1 billion people on the globe, today there are more than 7 bil-
lion, and we may well be heading for some 9 or 10 billion by 2050.
That industrial model of economic development turned out to be
highly intensive in the use of natural and energy resources. Moreover, it
created significant nuisances in the form of air and water pollution, the
generation of waste and the retreat of biodiversity, just to name a few.
Economists talked about a serious environmental externality that was not
accounted for by the market. As of the 1970s evidence was mounting not
just about local environmental problems, but increasingly about a possible
global dimension. Scientists proved, for example, that the ozone layer was
getting worryingly thinner in polar and mountainous regions, causing skin
cancers, following emissions of chemicals originating from heavily indus-
trialised areas located on the other side of the globe. Similarly, studies were
increasingly showing the effects of global warming following the use of
fossil fuels, primarily happening in industrialised nations.
To cope with these worrying developments, Europe and the USA were
developing environmental policies: firstly addressing the local problems,
but gradually shifting to tackling global ones. That required a new agenda
of action for policymakers, as well as new skills diplomats had to learn
about. The Americans were learning these skills as fast as the Europeans,

v
vi FOREWORD

but it was the European Union and its member states that consistently and
successfully developed a truly international diplomacy over the last
decades. Based on the corrections they made to their economic policies,
new less polluting and more sustainable technologies were brought to the
market. In fact, many started to think about ways to prevent the rest of the
world from going through similar polluting phases when they were look-
ing for advice on their economic development.
International environmental negotiations and diplomacy are both a
great opportunity and challenge for any country in the world. For the
European Union, it was even more problematic as its institutions were still
developing over an expanding number of member states. The skilful craft-
ing of outreach strategies, demonstrating leadership and devising means
to improve environmental conditions not only at home but also in remote
places, is indeed not an easy task. The European Union has gradually
become a key international environmental player and, over the past
decades, has improved the ways in which it masters this task. This book
provides an excellent and systematic overview of the plethora of activities
through which the EU conducts its external environmental policy.
Negotiations and agreements are an essential element of the EU’s
international work but by far not the only one. Development cooperation,
trade agreements and policy dialogue are other crucial tools. This book
truly shows the multifaceted ways in which EU external environmental
policy is conducted. In doing so, it goes beyond mere description and
offers an evaluation of efforts. Its core strength is the way in which EU
external environmental policy is approached: from various angles while
conducting a coherent and systematic analysis. The analysis is based on
solid case studies and provides valuable insights.
In a challenging global political context, EU environmental and climate
leadership has become more important than ever. This book makes a con-
tribution to understanding EU leadership. I commend the authors for
their constructive contribution to academic research and policymaking.

DG Climate Action, European Commission Jos Delbeke

Brussels, Belgium
 Acknowledgements

This book has benefitted from the support offered by a number of people
and institutions. The authors of this book first met in 2015 at a workshop
on the external dimension of EU environmental policy hosted by the
University of Pretoria in South Africa. It was held under the auspices of
the European Studies Association of sub-Saharan Africa and generously
funded by a European Union Jean Monnet project (553076-EPP-1-­
2014-1-ZA-EPPJMO-Project). Discussions at a workshop hosted by the
KFG “The Transformative Power of Europe” at the Free University of
Berlin in April 2013 provided additional initial sparks that led to this book
project.
We would like to thank the authors for remaining enthusiastic and
committed to the project as it moved steadily, if not rapidly, towards this
output as an edited volume. We would also like to thank Imogen Gordon
Clark and Ambra Finotello at Palgrave for their excellent assistance in the
production process, as well as Ciaran O’Driscoll.
Our home universities provided us with the necessary financial and
research support to enable our work on this book. Particular support was
provided by the KU Leuven Research Fund (Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds
KU Leuven) and the Dublin City University Faculty of Humanities and
Social Sciences Book Publication Scheme.
Finally we would like to acknowledge the influence of Marc Pallemaerts
on our interest in the EU’s external environmental policy. Marc’s early

vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

work in this field was just one of his many contributions to the field of
environmental governance. He is dearly missed.

Camilla Adelle
Katja Biedenkopf
Diarmuid Torney
 Contents

1 Introduction: European Union External Environmental

Policy   1
Diarmuid Torney, Katja Biedenkopf, and Camilla Adelle

Part I Instruments  17

2 Multilateral Environmental Agreements: A Key

Instrument of Global Environmental Governance  19
Tom Delreux

3 Environmental and Climate Diplomacy: Building

Coalitions Through Persuasion  39
Diarmuid Torney and Mai’a K. Davis Cross

4 Environmental Instruments in Trade Agreements:

Pushing the Limits of the Dialogue Approach  59
Evgeny Postnikov

ix
x Contents

5 Environmental Instruments in Development Cooperation:

Promoting Better Development and Environmental
Outcomes?  81
Camilla Adelle, Sarah Delputte, Frederik De Roeck,
and Sally Nicholson

Part II Issues 103

6 Climate Change: Adapting to Evolving Internal and

External Dynamics 105
Claire Dupont, Sebastian Oberthür, and Katja Biedenkopf

7 Water: Promoting EU Policy Through Dialogue and

Capacity Building 125
Camilla Adelle, David Benson, and Kirsty Agnew

8 Biodiversity: Strong Policy Objectives Challenged by

Sectoral Integration 147
Marianne Kettunen

9 Forests: A Multi-sectoral and Multi-level Approach

to Sustainable Forest Management 167
Pauline Pirlot, Tom Delreux, and Christine Farcy

10 Chemicals: Pioneering Ambitions with External Effects 189

Katja Biedenkopf

Part III Countries and Regions 209

11 Latin America: A Pragmatic Approach and a Modest

Contribution 211
Roberto Dominguez
 Contents 
   xi

12 Neighbourhood Countries: Promoting Environmental

Protection Close to Home 233
Aron Buzogány

13 Africa: Searching for Shared Issues and Overcoming

Asymmetries 253
Camilla Adelle and Simon Lightfoot

14 China: Deepening Cooperation on Climate and

Environmental Governance 275
Diarmuid Torney and Olivia Gippner

15 USA: Oscillating Between Cooperation, Conflict

and Coexistence   297
Katja Biedenkopf and Hayley Walker

Part IV Outlook and Conclusions 317

16 The Limits of Ambitious Environmental Policy in

Times of Crisis 319
Charlotte Burns and Paul Tobin

17 Conclusions 337
Katja Biedenkopf, Diarmuid Torney, and Camilla Adelle

Index 359
 Acronyms

AA/DCFTA Association Agreements/Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area

ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific
AMCEN African Ministerial Conference on Environment
AMCOW African Ministerial Council on Water
AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States
AWG African Working Group
B4Life Biodiversity for Life
CAHOSCC Conference of African Heads of States on Climate Change
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CCICED China Council for International Cooperation on Environment
and Development
CCS Carbon Capture and Storage
CDAP Climate Diplomacy Action Plan
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CELAC Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
CETA Comprehensive and Economic Trade Agreement
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora
CLIMACAP Integrated Climate Modelling and Capacity Building Project
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CONAMA Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente
COPs Conferences of the Parties
COREPER Committee of the Permanent Representatives of the
Governments of the Member States to the European Union
CSF Civil Society Forum
CSP Country Strategy Paper
DAC Development Assistance Committee

xiii
xiv Acronyms

DCFTA Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreements

DCI Development Cooperation Instrument
DEVCO Directorate-General for International Cooperation and
Development
DG Directorate-General
DG CLIMA Directorate General for Climate Action
EaP Eastern Partnership Initiative
EaP GREEN Greening Economies in the European Union’s Eastern
Neighbourhood
ECHA European Chemicals Agency
EDF European Development Fund
EEAS European External Action Service
EEC European Economic Community
EECCA Eastern European Caucasus and Central Asia
EGP Environmental Governance Project
ENGO Environmental NGO
ENP European Neighbourhood Policy
ENRTP Environment and Sustainable Management of Natural
Resources Including Energy Thematic Programme
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPAs Economic Partnership Agreements
EPL Environmental Protection Law
ETS Emissions Trading System
EU European Union
EUWI EU Water Initiative
EUWI-EECCA EUWI in Eastern Europe Caucasus and Central Asia
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
FBOMS Brazilian Forum of NGOs and Social Movements for the
Environment and the Development
FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade
FTA Free Trade Agreements
GCCA Global Climate Change Alliance
GDN Green Diplomacy Network
GEF Global Environment Facility
GGWSSI Great Green Wall of the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security
GMOs Genetically Modified Organisms
GNI Gross National Income
GPGC Global Public Goods and Challenges
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability
 Acronyms 
   xv

INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions

IPBES International Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
ISDS Investor-State Dispute Settlement
ITTA International Tropical Timber Agreement
ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization
IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management
JAES Joint Africa-EU Strategy
JI Joint Implementation
KOREU FTA EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement
LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreements
MEP Ministry of Environmental Protection
MOF Ministry of Finance
MOP Meetings of the Parties
MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification
NDC Nationally Determined Contributions
NDRC National Development and Reform Commission
NEIA National Environmental Investment Agency
NGO Non-governmental Organisations
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PMR Partnership for Market Readiness
POP Persistent Organic Pollutants
PTA Preferential Trade Agreements
RALCEA Red Latino Americana de Centros de Excelencia en Aguas
REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of
Chemicals
REDD Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
REIOs Regional Economic Integration Organisations
SADC Southern African Development Community
SAICM Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management
SCM System Management Consulting
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
SEIS Shared Environmental Information System
SIA Sustainability Impact Assessments
SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises
TAED Transatlantic Environmental Dialogue
TCCA Toxic Chemicals Control Act
TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
TTIP Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
UK United Kingdom
UMIC Upper Middle Income Country
xvi Acronyms

UN United Nations
UNCCD UN Convention to Combat Desertification
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNECE UN Economic Commission for Europe
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNFF United Nations Forum on Forests
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organisation
VPA Voluntary Partnership Agreements
WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene
WATERCLIMA Watershed and Coastal Management in the Context of
Climate Change
WFD Water Framework Directive
WPIEI Working Party on International Environmental Issues
WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development
WTO World Trade Organisation
WWF World Wildlife Fund
 List of Figure and Tables

Fig. 2.1 EU negotiation set-up in the run-up to the Paris Agreement 28

Table 8.1 Programmed development cooperation funds for
biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa under the 2014–2020
EU budget 159
Table 9.1 Main venues of EU external forest policies 169
Table 11.1 EU environmental programmes in Latin America 220
Table 17.1 Use of external policy mechanisms 343

xvii
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction: European Union External

Environmental Policy

Diarmuid Torney, Katja Biedenkopf, and Camilla Adelle

Introduction
The global environment is, by many measures, in a perilous state.
Humankind is pushing the earth system beyond safe limits in a variety of
ways, endangering the conditions that supported the development of
human civilizations. According to the “planetary boundaries” framework,
several earth system processes have been pushed beyond—in some cases
well beyond—the safe operating space for humanity. At the global scale,
genetic diversity as well as biochemical flows are rated as “high risks” of
destabilization of the earth system, while climate change and land-system
change are rated as “increasing risk” (Steffen et al. 2015). The extent to
which humankind has altered the bio-geo-physical characteristics of the

D. Torney (*)
School of Law and Government, Dublin City University,
Glasnevin, Ireland
K. Biedenkopf
LINES, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
C. Adelle
Centre for the Study of Governance Innovation, University of Pretoria,
Pretoria, South Africa

© The Author(s) 2018 1

C. Adelle et al. (eds.), European Union External Environmental
Policy, The European Union in International Affairs,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60931-7_1
2 D. TORNEY ET AL.

earth system has led scientists to christen the current epoch the
Anthropocene, a functionally stratigraphically distinct geological age from
the previous Holocene (Waters et al. 2016).
There are, however, signs of progress in terms of governance responses.
For example, the Paris Agreement on climate change, concluded at the
COP21 climate conference in December 2015, was the first legally bind-
ing global climate change treaty with universal applicability, though par-
ties’ mitigation commitments are not legally binding. Moreover, data from
the International Energy Agency show that, following decades of inexo-
rable rise,1 global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion remained flat
over the years 2014–2016 despite continued growth of the global econ-
omy, indicating a decoupling of CO2 emissions from economic growth
(International Energy Agency 2017). Nonetheless, while growth in annual
emissions may have halted (at least temporarily), atmospheric concentra-
tions of CO2—which ultimately is what matters—continue to rise steadily.
Similar tendencies can be noted in other policy areas. The trade, pro-
duction and use of chemicals have been addressed by a set of international
treaties. However, these treaties have not achieved all of their objectives of
avoiding environmental and health damage. The loss of biodiversity has
been recognized as a global threat, with an international convention—the
Convention on Biological Diversity—negotiated in response. While it
seems likely to have slowed down biodiversity loss, the Convention did
not achieve its initial goal of halting any further loss of biological diversity
by 2010.
Against this backdrop of global ecological strain and partial governance
response, this book charts the role the European Union (EU)2 has played
in shaping environmental policies beyond its borders. Over recent decades,
the EU has developed into an important actor in global environmental
governance. This marks a tremendous development and transformation,
given that the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic
Community in 1957 did not even mention the environment as a sphere of
policymaking. As EU environmental policy moved from “incidental”
(Hildebrand 1992) to a “system of environmental governance” (Weale
et al. 2000), EU environmental rules, regulations and objectives have
increasingly impacted not only on its own member states but also on the
wider world.
However, systematic analysis of the EU’s environmental policies has
largely focused on the internal dimension, namely, how the EU pursues its
 INTRODUCTION: EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 3

environmental objectives within its own borders (e.g., Jordan and Adelle
2012; Knill and Liefferink 2007). The EU’s external environmental pol-
icy—how it pursues its environmental objectives outside of its borders—
remains comparatively under-researched. Existing academic reflection in
this field has focused principally on the EU’s activities in multilateral envi-
ronmental agreements (MEAs) (e.g., Delreux 2011, 2014; Oberthür and
Groen 2015) and most recently on its role in global climate negotiations
(e.g., Groen and Niemann 2013; Bäckstrand and Elgström 2013; van
Schaik and Schunz 2012). This existing scholarship leaves many unan-
swered questions, which this book seeks to address.
Consideration of the EU’s external environmental policies falls within
the realm of the broader development of a distinctive and visible interna-
tional profile by the EU. It has done so not only through the institution-
alization of its Common Foreign and Security Policy and traditional
external policy areas such as trade and development assistance, but increas-
ingly also through wider policy areas such as environmental, energy and
chemicals policy. The EU’s attempts to build a more visible international
profile have been conceptualized by scholars in various ways, including
normative and civilian power (Manners 2002; Duchêne 1972; Bull 1982),
market and trade power (Damro 2012; Meunier and Nicolaïdis 2006),
international actorness (Jupille and Caporaso 1998; Bretherton and
Vogler 2006) and leadership (Oberthür and Roche Kelly 2008; Parker and
Karlsson 2010; Torney 2015a, b). A relatively new perspective on the
EU’s international relations seeks to explore the external impacts of seem-
ingly internal policy areas as part of a new broader understanding of the
EU’s role in international affairs, and of the EU’s more comprehensive
approach to external relations (Lavanex 2014; Lavenex and Wichmann
2009).
For the purpose of this book, we consider the EU’s external environ-
mental policy to include attempts to transfer the EU’s environmental
rules, regulations and objectives to third countries and international orga-
nizations. As a result, we focus on the EU’s purposeful environmental
activities and not the significant unintentional, sometimes negative, impact
of some of its non-environmental policies, such as the Common
Agricultural Policy, trade, and consumption and production patterns.
However, we do consider explicit, intentional attempts to use some
­non-­environmental instruments such as trade to achieve environmental
policy goals.
4 D. TORNEY ET AL.

Mapping the Contours of EU External

Environmental Policy
Over the last four decades the EU has developed a wide body of environ-
mental measures, or acquis communautaire, which encompasses multiple
issue areas, from air and water pollution to biotechnology (Jordan and
Adelle 2012). As a result, no other international organization reaches so
deeply into the environmental affairs of its members. As the EU has
expanded the scope of its internal environmental competences, it has also
acquired parallel external powers allowing it to conclude MEAs on all
those issues on which it has adopted internal environmental policy
(Delreux 2012). However, only when it is able to adopt ambitious policy
in the respective area of environmental protection can it credibly exert
influence on non-EU jurisdictions. The EU attempts to lead by example
or transfer its policies in areas such as climate change or chemicals
regulation.
This volume explores the environmental rules, regulations and objec-
tives that the EU seeks to promote outside its borders. The chapters
uncover which parts of the acquis communautaire relating to the environ-
ment the EU seeks to extend beyond its borders, and which specific envi-
ronmental rules, regulations and objectives the EU seeks to promote.
They also consider whether there are synergies, complementarities or con-
flicts between different domains of the EU’s environmental rules, regula-
tions and objectives. The chapters furthermore consider to what extent
the content of the EU’s external environmental policies has changed over
time.
As well as what the EU seeks to promote abroad, this volume is also
concerned with how the EU does so. The structure of EU foreign policy
and external relations has changed over time, including as a result of the
2009 Lisbon Treaty. Environmental policy integration and policy coher-
ence have become more important, and, since 2001, the EU has increas-
ingly attempted to include environmental objectives in other policy areas,
including external action. Traditionally, the EU has pursued its external
environmental objectives through MEAs and other forms of high-level
diplomacy and negotiations. In addition, early studies looking at the
extension of the Union’s policies in the context of EU enlargement
emphasized the predominance of “governance by conditionality”, using
the leverage of EU accession to impose policy changes (e.g., Schimmelfennig
and Sedelmeier 2004). However, now that accession is becoming less of
 INTRODUCTION: EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 5

an option, and as one moves further away from the EU’s immediate bor-
ders, this type of external policy becomes a less viable option. This is push-
ing the EU to experiment with other forms of governance, often—but not
always—relying on subtler/softer logics of action such as capacity building
and persuasion. In many cases, a combination of EU instruments is
applied.
This leaves many questions about which instruments of external envi-
ronmental policy, and what combination of these instruments, are used by
the EU to pursue its environmental objectives. In this book, we distin-
guish between three principal governance mechanisms: (a) manipulating
utility calculations, which involves the use of incentives and punishment
such as conditional market access or conditional payments, to push for the
pursuit of environmental policy objectives; (b) capacity building, which
can involve both financial aid and other forms of support such as technical
assistance, training and personnel exchanges and through which the EU
seeks to enable third countries to pursue environmental policy objectives;
and (c) dialogues and negotiations, which entails the use of argumentation
and persuasion to encourage a country to pursue environmental policy
objectives.
This volume characterizes the EU’s external environmental policy
across a diverse range of policies and geographical regions in terms of
these three mechanisms. The chapters consider the conditions under
which the EU resorts to one mechanism or another in particular circum-
stances, and the factors that determine the choice of mechanism in a given
context. They also assess whether the EU pursues these different mecha-
nisms in isolation from one another or in combination, and how the
mechanisms interact with each other in particular circumstances.

Explaining the Effectiveness of EU External

Environmental Policy
As well as mapping the contours of EU external environmental policy,
this volume is also centrally concerned with how effective the EU is in
shaping environmental policies beyond its borders. We define effective-
ness as “the extent to which EU rules [and policy] are effectively trans-
ferred to third countries” (Lavanex and Schimmelfennig 2009, 800). Yet,
EU rules are often embedded in overarching international norms (Lavenex
and Wichmann 2009, 94–98), which can make it difficult to identify the
6 D. TORNEY ET AL.

independent impact of the EU specifically, as distinct from broader forces

shaping environmental policy outcomes in third countries.
In this respect, the contributions to this volume are careful to avoid
automatically interpreting policy change in a given third country as evi-
dence of EU effectiveness in the absence of clear empirical evidence trac-
ing the policy change to the impact of the EU. Accordingly, in assessing
EU effectiveness, the chapters look for evidence of change in a third
country/region that corresponds with convergence on an EU rule, reg-
ulation or policy but also ask whether the rule, regulation or policy in
question is distinctively European or is of broader or global origin.
Moreover, authors examine whether a causal connection can be made
between the policy change and the role of the EU, including through
process tracing.
Building on this examination of EU effectiveness, we are interested in
explaining variation in the level of EU effectiveness uncovered by the con-
tributions to this volume. Relevant explanatory factors can be located
within the EU itself, in the third country or region in question or at the
global level.
One set of explanatory factors relates to the EU itself and its relations
with the country/region in question. The chapters examine how power
relations between the EU and third countries, and specifically the bargain-
ing power of the EU, affect the selection (or otherwise) of EU-inspired
environmental policies by third countries. Do higher levels of power asym-
metry favouring the EU enable it to manipulate utility calculations of third
countries? How important is it that the environmental policies the EU
seeks to transfer to third countries are supported and complied with within
the EU, and to what extent is successful transfer of policies affected by
those EU policies being in line with broader international rules beyond
the EU (Lavanex and Schimmelfennig 2009)?
A second set of explanatory factors looks at the characteristics of the
third country or region in question. The chapters assess the importance
of capacity in third countries to implement and enforce policies pro-
moted by the EU. Relevant factors in this respect include third coun-
tries’ institutional structure but also the availability of relevant knowledge
and data. To what extent do similarities or differences in interests and
norms between the EU and third countries facilitate or constrain the
external effectiveness of the EU? And what role do political priorities
in non-EU jurisdictions play in shaping policy change or slowing it
down? This relates to third countries’ interests and norms but also
 INTRODUCTION: EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 7

includes policy entrepreneurship and struggles between different actors

and interests.
A final set of explanatory factors stems from the broader global context.
Other countries and actors can either support the EU’s efforts or compete
with them, for example, by providing alternative sources of financing and
export markets. The chapters seek to uncover how this broader global
context shapes the effectiveness of the EU’s external environmental poli-
cies, particularly in circumstances where EU demands seem more cumber-
some than other actors’ demands. How important is the absence or
presence of global consensus on particular environmental policies or
approaches in shaping acceptance of EU efforts in some non-EU
jurisdictions?

Outline of the Book

The chapters of this volume each address some or all of the themes and
questions elaborated above. Collectively, they provide a holistic picture of
the environmental rules, regulations and objectives the EU seeks to pro-
mote in the wider world, the means by which it attempts to do so, the
effectiveness of those actions and factors that explain the effectiveness or
otherwise of EU actions. The book is divided into four sections dealing
respectively with the instruments at the EU’s disposal, the principal policy
areas that are the focus of EU external environmental policy, some of the
most important countries and world regions with which the EU engages
and the outlook for EU external environmental policy in an increasingly
turbulent world.
Part I provides an overview of the principal policy instruments at the
EU’s disposal. In Chap. 2, Tom Delreux examines the EU’s support for
MEAs as a key instrument of global environmental governance. He dis-
cusses how the EU participates in international negotiation processes in
the context of MEAs by investigating the formal provisions as well as the
informal practices. This is illustrated with a case study on the EU’s partici-
pation in the negotiation of the Paris Agreement on climate change. The
chapter also analyses the EU’s effectiveness by assessing and explaining the
extent to which the EU is actually able to impact upon MEA
negotiations.
Chapter 3 explores the contribution diplomacy has made to the EU’s
external environmental and climate policies. Diarmuid Torney and Mai’a
Davis Cross examine the EU’s activities in the area of environmental and
8 D. TORNEY ET AL.

climate diplomacy and elaborate upon the factors that influence the effec-
tiveness or otherwise of the EU’s external environmental policies. They
trace the development of the EU’s key institutional mechanism for coor-
dinating environmental and climate diplomacy, the Green Diplomacy
Network. They use the case of EU involvement in the COP21 climate
conference to illustrate how diplomacy matters for effectiveness of EU
external environmental relations. However, they also note that climate
change is a special case of environmental diplomacy due to the very high
global attention it has attracted compared with other environmental issues.
Chapter 4, by Evgeny Postnikov, considers the degree to which the EU
has used preferential trade agreements (PTAs) with multiple countries
across the developing world to further environmental policy objectives.
He argues that these agreements play an important role in the toolkit of
EU external environmental policy instruments by including environmen-
tal standards requiring trading partners to maintain proper levels of envi-
ronmental protection. This chapter offers a much-needed assessment of
the effectiveness of environmental standards in EU PTAs. Postnikov traces
the evolution of the EU’s approach toward environmental provisions,
focussing on their policy mechanisms. He also examines their implementa-
tion in EU PTA partners, assessing government and civil society involve-
ment in this process and pointing to deficiencies of the EU’s approach,
such as their limited scope and soft enforcement.
Chapter 5 focuses on the EU’s track record of integrating, or main-
streaming, environmental objectives into its development policy. Camilla
Adelle, Frederik De Roeck, Sarah Delputte and Sally Nicholson set out the
relevant legal and policy framework before introducing the main policy
instruments into which environmental objectives can be integrated. These
include the Development Cooperation Instrument and the European
Development Fund, as well as the Global Public Goods and Challenges
(GPGC) programme. They examine empirically how effectively environ-
mental integration is implemented in the 2014–2020 development cycle
in Ghana with a specific focus on climate policy integration. Despite
changes to EU development policy and practice over the years, difficulties
still remain in integrating the environment in practice. The authors argue
that environmental objectives can, at times, appear at odds with develop-
ment objectives.
Part II examines some of the most important environmental policy
issues that have been the focus of EU external environmental policy. In
Chap. 6, Sebastian Oberthür, Claire Dupont and Katja Biedenkopf zoom
 INTRODUCTION: EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 9

in on the different mechanisms through which the EU pursues climate

policy effects beyond its borders. The EU has quite consistently been a
reasonably influential player in international climate diplomacy and the
UN climate negotiations. The EU’s influence in international climate
diplomacy has benefitted from providing incentives and capacity building
to developing countries. By doing so, the EU has altered the incentive
structure of the recipients and enabled them to pursue more ambitious
climate policy objectives. While EU external climate policy remains closely
tied to domestic EU climate policy, further challenges loom large, includ-
ing Brexit and the US climate policy U-turn under President Trump.
Chapter 7, by Camilla Adelle, David Benson and Kirsty Agnew,
explores the EU’s attempts to export its water policy through three main
policy tools. They examine the EU Water Initiative, launched in 2002,
which is implemented through five regional partnerships or networks
that bring together stakeholders in water policy reform in individual
partner countries alongside EU officials and experts. This creates oppor-
tunities for the transfer of EU water policy to third countries. They also
look at EU development aid to the water sector especially in sub-Saharan
Africa, through which it attempts to influence water governance in third
countries. Furthermore, they trace a growing interest in “water diplo-
macy” on the part of EU foreign ministers resulting from transboundary
tensions over water access. However, they note that the effectiveness of
these instruments in successfully promoting EU water policy in third
countries is constrained by various factors which are discussed in the
chapter.
Marianne Kettunen traces the EU’s contribution to halting the global
loss of biodiversity in Chap. 8. The EU does so through conservation
efforts within its own territory as well as at the global level. She outlines
the EU’s external biodiversity policy, the objectives pursued and the mix
of policy mechanisms used. Kettunen explores the effectiveness of existing
mechanisms and activities in achieving the EU’s external ambitions, focus-
ing on two key external biodiversity objectives set out in the EU 2020
Biodiversity Strategy: curbing illegal wildlife trade and mobilizing
resources for biodiversity conservation in third countries. Kettunen con-
cludes that key challenges remain with respect to EU external biodiversity
policy, including the need for further monitoring of its effectiveness.
In Chap. 9, Pauline Pirlot, Tom Delreux and Christine Farcy evaluate
and explain the effectiveness of EU external action on forests. Despite its
lack of competence on forests, the EU seeks to promote sustainable forest
10 D. TORNEY ET AL.

management through various policies and measures. Some are explicitly

focused on forests, such as the EU’s participation in the United Nations
Forum on Forests, while others rely on related fields to achieve sustainable
forest management, such as the Forest Law Enforcement, Governance
and Trade Voluntary Partnership Agreements. The authors show that vari-
ous external forest policies of the EU are characterized by varying levels of
effectiveness. Despite the EU’s effort to create synergies and complemen-
tarities between them, different objectives are not always reconciled and
EU external forest policies remain incoherent.
Chapter 10 focuses on regulation of the chemicals industry. Katja
Biedenkopf traces the evolution of the EU as a relatively ambitious driver
of internal and external chemicals policy. She argues that the EU has been
an active participant in international negotiations, oftentimes advocating
for relatively ambitious multilateral chemicals treaties. Strong domestic
EU chemicals policy provides a solid baseline for the Union’s international
engagement, generating a unified common position and activities. The
EU’s large global chemical market share and the high degree of globaliza-
tion of the chemicals industry lend the EU a certain degree of leverage to
alter non-EU countries’ utility calculations. This can lead to increased
receptiveness of certain countries to engage in dialogue and capacity
building provided by the EU. Yet, the international policy context and
positions of other major players such as the US and China have condi-
tioned the EU’s effectiveness.
Part III of the book attempts to capture the diversity of the EU’s
relations with third countries and regions. While not comprehensive,
this part of the book nonetheless provides insights into some of the
EU’s most important relationships. In Chap. 11, Roberto Dominguez
considers the EU’s attempts to transmit its conception of sound envi-
ronmental practices to the Latin American region over recent decades.
He finds that the contribution of the EU has been limited. He argues
that this is due to the comparatively minimal economic and political
sway of the EU in the region, the region’s pre-existing commitment to
implementing international environmental norms, internal demands for
better environmental standards and strong bilateral environmental
cooperation with the United States. Though EU policies are broadly
effective in their stated objectives, they are comparatively underwhelm-
ing in terms of funding, constituting but one of several nuances which
contour the formation of national environmental policies throughout
the region.
 INTRODUCTION: EUROPEAN UNION EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 11

Chapter 12, by Aron Buzogány, looks at the EU’s relations with its
near neighbourhood. The EU places special emphasis on establishing
environmental governance institutions and developing horizontal policy
instruments in this region. Countries that have chosen to engage with
the EU politically, such as Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia, are obliged
through Association Agreements to implement the EU’s environmental
acquis in a stepwise manner. However, Buzogány notes that their incen-
tives to do so are often unrelated to environmental or climate policy but
concern political goals such as access to the European single market or
liberalizing visa regulations with the EU. EU capacity building efforts
place an increased emphasis on the administrative potential of the neigh-
bourhood states to implement international commitments and the inclu-
sion of business actors in the policy process. In parallel, the EU reaches
out to domestic environmental NGOs, which are becoming local trans-
lators of EU rules and can act as watchdogs overseeing the implementa-
tion of these rules.
The African continent is the focus of Chap. 13. Simon Lightfoot and
Camilla Adelle outline the main mechanisms through which the EU pur-
sues its external environmental objectives in Africa, namely, high-level
political dialogue in the form of the Joint Africa-EU Strategy, capacity
building through development projects and programmes and manipulat-
ing utility calculations in the Economic Partnership Agreements. They
show that environment and climate change have become more central in
EU-Africa relations over the last decade. However, they also argue that
the EU’s attempts at pursuing its external environmental policies through
high-level political dialogue have been constrained by many of the same
weaknesses that undermine its wider relationship with Africa. On the other
hand, capacity building appears to have been relatively successful, espe-
cially when aligned with African initiatives and priorities.
Chapter 14, by Diarmuid Torney and Olivia Gippner, examines an
increasingly broad and deep EU relationship with China on environment
and climate change. This has been underpinned, they argue, by the
increased attention paid by China’s political leadership to the ecological
limits of rapid economic growth. As this concern has grown, China’s lead-
ers have looked beyond their borders for solutions. They argue that China
has looked to—and adopted—European-inspired environmental policies
and institutions. However, they also note that the EU is not the only game
in town. Other non-European actors have also played prominent roles in
China. Furthermore, European-inspired policies have been modified,
12 D. TORNEY ET AL.

sometimes significantly, in the process of adoption in China, and chal-

lenges remain with respect to their implementation and ultimate effective-
ness in a Chinese context.
Katja Biedenkopf and Hayley Walker assess the EU’s relationship with
the United States in Chap. 15. They find that the two sides’ relationship
on environmental, climate and energy policy is multifaceted and without a
clear direction of influence from one jurisdiction to the other. Mutual
influence and cooperation can be observed in some policy areas, coexis-
tence of divergent policies and conflict in others. The nature of EU-US
interaction has fluctuated over the course of time and with domestic polit-
ical changes. Both are actors of similar strength and with highly developed
environmental policies so that capacity building is largely absent from
EU-US environmental interaction. Given the symmetry of environmental
power and capacity, manipulating utility calculations tends to be less pro-
nounced. The authors conclude that formal and informal policy dialogue
has been the main mechanism of interaction in this relationship.
Part IV reflects on the outlook for the EU’s external environmental
policies in an increasingly turbulent world and sets out the book’s conclu-
sions. In Chap. 16, Charlotte Burns and Paul Tobin consider the range of
crises that have beset the EU since the late 2000s. The global financial and
economic crises have led to the pursuit of austerity measures across the
EU, limiting the ability and willingness of political elites to pursue ambi-
tious environmental policy. The authors review the impact of these crises
upon the EU’s external policy ambition, including consideration of how
the United Kingdom’s decision to leave the Union may impact the EU’s
wider environmental policy goals.
Chapter 17 draws together the findings of the various chapters. It
reflects on the questions posed above and explains variation in the effec-
tiveness of the EU’s external environmental policies across instruments,
policy areas and geographic regions of the world. The findings of the book
show that while the EU has made a significant contribution to global envi-
ronmental governance over recent decades, much remains to be done.
This is particularly the case when the level of progress made is compared
with the scale of regional and global environmental challenges. The
EU’s—and the world’s—tasks are made all the greater by turbulent events
in world politics, most notably the election as US President of Donald
Trump. If the EU is to contribute to the global community’s search for
effective solutions to environmental challenges, policymakers would do
well to learn from the lessons and findings of this volume.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Humming in misery “Non è ——”
He thinks not of the west so brightly ——
Nor listens to the faint and distant ——
But dreams of the false fair to whom is ——
The wo which never, never, will take ——.

Answer

367.
Convert the following into a couplet, perfect in rhyme and rhythm,
without adding or omitting a single letter:

“O Deborah, Deborah! wo unto thee

For thou art as deaf as a post.”

Answer

368.
One and the same word of two syllables, answers each of the
following triplets:
I. MY FIRST springs in the mountains;
MY SECOND springs out of the mountains;
MY WHOLE comes with a spring over the mountains.

II. MY FIRST runs up the trees;

MY SECOND runs past the trees;
MY WHOLE spreads over the trees.

III. MY FIRST runs on two feet;

MY SECOND runs without feet;
MY WHOLE just glides away.

IV. To catch MY FIRST, men march after it;

 To capture MY SECOND, they march over it;
To possess MY WHOLE, they go through a march before it.

Answer

369.

Said the Moon to the Sun:

“Is the daylight begun?”
Said the Sun to the Moon:
“Not a moment too soon.

You’re a full Moon,” said he;

She replied, with a frown,
“Well! I never did see
So uncivil a clown!”

Query: Why was the Moon so angry?

Answer

370.

It is as high as all the stars,

No well was ever sunk so low;
It is in age five thousand years,
It was not born an hour ago.

It is as wet as water is;

No red-hot iron e’er was drier;
As dark as night, as cold as ice,
Shines like the sun, and burns like fire.

No soul, nor body to consume—

No fox more cunning, dunce more dull;
’Tis not on earth, ’tis in this room,
 Hard as a stone, and soft as wool.

’Tis of no color, but of snow,

Outside and inside black as ink;
All red, all yellow, green and blue—
This moment you upon it think.

In every noise, this strikes your ear,

’Twill soon expire, ’twill ne’er decay;
Does always in the light appear,
And yet was never seen by day.

Than the whole earth it larger is,

Yet, than a small pin’s point, ’tis less;
I’ll tell you ten times what it is,
Yet after all, you shall not guess!

’Tis in your mouth, ’twas never nigh—

Where’er you look, you see it still;
’Twill make you laugh, ’twill make you cry;
You feel it plain, touch what you will.

Answer

371.

My FIRST, so faithful, fond and true,

Will ne’er forsake or injure you;
My SECOND, coming from the street
You often trample under feet;
My THIRD you sleep on every night,
Serene and calm, without affright;
My WHOLE is what you should not be
When talking with your friends or me.

Answer

372.
 My FIRST is a little river in England that gave name to a
celebrated university; my SECOND is always near; my THIRD sounds
like several large bodies of water; and my WHOLE is the name of a
Persian monarch, the neighing of whose horse gave him a kingdom
and a crown.
Answer

373.

A horse in the midst of a meadow suppose,

Made fast to a stake by a line from his nose;
How long must this line be, that, feeding all ’round,
Permits him to graze just an acre of ground?

Answer

374.

FIRST, A house where man and beast

Find themselves at home;
SECOND, Greatest have and least
Wheresoe’er you roam;
THIRD, A pronoun, meaning many,
(You must add an L);
ALL, The manner of our meeting
When you ring my bell.

Answer

375.
 A DINNER PARTY.
THE GUESTS,

(Who are chiefly Anachronisms and other Incongruities.)

The First: Escaped his foes by having his horse shod backward.
Second: Surnamed, The Wizard of the North.
3d: Dissolved pearls in wine; “herself being dissolved in love.”
4th: Was first tutor to Alexander the Great.
5th: Said “There are no longer Pyrenees.”
6th: The Puritan Poet.
7th: The Locksmith King.
8th: The woman “who drank up her husband.”
9th: The Architect of St. Peter’s, Rome.
10th: The Miner King.
11th: Surnamed The King Maker.
12th: The woman who married the murderer of her husband, and
of her husband’s father.
13th: The Architect of St. Paul’s, London.
14th: The man who spoke fifty-eight languages; whom Byron
called “a Walking Polyglot.”
15th: A death-note, and a father’s pride.
16th: The Bard of Ayrshire.
17th: The Knight “without fear, and without reproach.”
18th: Refused, because he dared not accept, the crown of
England.
19th: Whose vile maxim was “every man has his own price.”
20th: The king who had an emperor for his foot-stool.
21st: The conqueror of the conqueror of Napoleon.
 22d: The inventor of gunpowder.
23d: The king who entered the enemy’s camp, disguised as a
harper.
24th: The greatest English navigator of the eighteenth century.
25th: The inventor of the art of printing.
26th: Whom Napoleon called “the bravest of the brave.”
27th: Who first discovered that the earth is round.
28th: The diplomatic conqueror of Napoleon.
29th: The inventor of the reflecting telescope.
30th: The conqueror of Pharsalia.
31st: The inventor of the safety lamp.
32d: First introduced tobacco into England.
33d: Discovered the Antarctic Continent.
34th: The present poet laureate of England.
35th: His immediate predecessor.
36th: The first of the line.
37th: Surnamed “the Madman of the North.”
38th: The young prince who carried a king captive to England.
39th: First sailed around the world.
40th: Said “language was given us to enable us to conceal our
thoughts.”
41st: The Father of History.

DISHES, RELISHES, DESSERT.

1: Natural caskets of valuable gems.
2: Material and immaterial.
 3: The possessive case of a pronoun and an ornament.
4: A sign of the zodiac, (pluralized).
5: One-third of Cesar’s celebrated letter, and the centre of the
solar system.
6: Where Charles XII. went after the battle of Pultowa.
7: Whose English namesake Pope called “the brightest, wisest,
meanest of mankind.”
8: A celebrated English essayist.
9: Formerly a workman’s implement.
10: The ornamental part of the head.
11: An island in Lake Ontario.
12: Timber, and the herald of the morning.
13: A share in a rocky pathway.
14: The unruly member.
15: The earth, and a useful article.
16: An iron vessel, and eight ciphers.
17: A letter placed before what sufferers long for.
18: Like values, and odd ends.
19: A preposition, a piece of furniture, and a vowel, (pluralized).
20: An insect, followed by a letter, (pluralized).
21: The employment of some women, and the dread of all.
22: A kind of carriage, and a period of time.
23: A net for the head, an organ of sense, an emblem of beauty.
24: By adding two letters, you’ll have an Eastern conqueror.
25: Five-sevenths of a name not wholly unconnected with Bleak
House and Borrioboola Gha.
26: An underground room, and a vowel.
27: Skill, part of a needle, and to suffocate, (pluralized).
28: Antics.
29: An intimation burdens.
30: What if it should lose its savor?
31: Where you live a contented life; a hotel, and a vowel.
32: The staff of life.
33: What England will never become.
34: Scourges.
35: Running streams.
36: A domestic fowl, and the fruit of shrubs.
37: Married people.
38: A Holland prince serene, (pluralized).
39: To waste away, and Eve’s temptation, (pluralized).
40: Four-fifths of a month, and a dwelling, (pluralized).
41: Busybodies.
42: What Jeremiah saw in a vision.
43: Very old monkeys.
44: Approach convulsions.
45: Small blocks for holding bolts.
Answer
 UNGUESSED RIDDLES.
As, on Louis Gaylord Clarke’s authority, “no museum is complete
without the club that killed Captain Cook”—he had seen it in six—so
no collection of riddles can be considered even presentable without
the famous enigma so often republished, and always with the
promise of “£50 reward for a solution.” It was first printed in the
Gentlemen’s Magazine, London, in March, 1757.
The compiler of this little book has no hope of winning the prize,
and leaves the lists open to her readers, with a hope that some one
of them may succeed in “guessing” not only this, but the next riddle,
of whose true answer she has not the faintest idea.

The noblest object in the works of art;

The brightest scenes which Nature can impart;
The well-known signal in the time of peace;
The point essential in a tenant’s lease;
The farmer’s comfort as he drives the plough;
A soldier’s duty, and a lover’s vow;
A contract made before the nuptial tie;
A blessing riches never can supply;
A spot that adds new charms to pretty faces;
An engine used in fundamental cases;
A planet seen between the earth and sun;
A prize that merit never yet has won;
A loss which prudence seldom can retrieve;
The death of Judas, and the fall of Eve;
A part between the ancle and the knee;
A Papist’s toast, and a physician’s fee;
A wife’s ambition, and a parson’s dues;
A miser’s idol, and the badge of Jews.
If now, your happy genius can divine
The corresponding word in every line,
By the first letter plainly may be found
An ancient city that is much renowned.
 The other unguessed, if not unguessable, riddle claims to come
from Cambridge, and is as follows:

A Headless man had a letter to write;

It was read by one who had lost his sight;
The Dumb repeated it, word for word;
And he was Deaf who listened and heard.

(See Key.)

QUESTIONS NOT TO BE ANSWERED UNTIL THE

WORLD IS WISER.
Considering how useful the ocean is to mankind, are poets
justified in calling it “a waste of waters”?
How can we catch soft water when it is raining hard?
Where is the chair that “Verbum sat” in?
How does it happen that Fast days are always provokingly slow
days?
How is it that a storm looks heavy when it keeps lightening? And
the darker it grows, the more it lightens?
When it is said of a man that “he never forgets himself,” are we to
understand that his conduct is absolute perfection, or that it is the
perfection of selfishness?

PARADOXES.
1st. Polus instructed Ctesiphon in the art of pleading. Teacher
and pupil agreed that the tuition-fee should be paid when the latter
should win his first case. Some time having gone by, and the young
man being still without case or client, Polus, in despair of his fee,
brought the matter before the Court, each party pleading his own
cause. Polus spoke first, as follows:
“It is indifferent to me how the Court may decide this case. For, if
the decision be in my favor, I recover my fee by virtue of the
judgment; but, if my opponent wins the case, this being his first, I
obtain my fee according to the contract.”
Ctesiphon, being called on for his defense, said:
“The decision of the Court is indifferent to me. For, if in my favor, I
am thereby released from my debt to Polus. But, if I lose the case,
the fee cannot be demanded, according to our contract.”
2d. A certain king once built a bridge, and decreed that all
persons about to cross it, should be interrogated as to their
destination. If they told the truth they should be permitted to pass
unharmed; but, if they answered falsely, they should be hanged on a
gallows erected at the centre of the bridge. One day a man, about to
cross, was asked the usual question, and replied:
“I am going to be hanged on that gallows!”
Now, if they hanged him, he had told the truth, and ought to have
escaped; but, if they did not hang him, he had “answered falsely,”
and ought to have suffered the penalty of the law.
 PART II.

FANCY TITLES FOR BOOKS.

Furnished by Thomas Hood for a blind door in the Library at
Chatsworth, for his friend the Duke of Devonshire.
Percy Vere. In Forty Volumes.
Dante’s Inferno; or Descriptions of Van Demon’s Land.
Ye Devyle on Two Styx: (black letter).
Lamb’s Recollections of Suet.
Lamb on the Death of Wolfe.
Plurality of Livings: with Regard to the Common Cat.
Boyle on Steam.
Blaine on Equestrian Burglary; or the Breaking-in of Horses.
John Knox on Death’s Door.
Peel on Bell’s System.
Life of Jack Ketch, with Cuts of his own Execution.
Cursory Remarks upon Swearing.
Cook’s Specimens of the Sandwich Tongue.
Recollections of Banister. By Lord Stair.
On the Affinity of the Death-Watch and Sheep-Tick.
Malthus’ Attacks of Infantry.
McAdam’s Views of Rhodes.
The Life of Zimmermann. By Himself.
 Pygmalion. By Lord Bacon.
Rules of Punctuation. By a Thoroughbred Pointer.
Chronological Account of the Date Tree.
Kosciusko on the Right of the Poles to Stick up for Themselves.
Prize Poems. In Blank Verse.
Shelley’s Conchology.
Chantry on the Sculpture of the Chipaway Indians.
The Scottish Boccaccio. By D. Cameron.
Hoyle on the Game Laws.
Johnson’s Contradictionary.

When Hood and his family were living at Ostend for economy’s
sake, and with the same motive Mrs. Hood was doing her own work,
as we phrase it, he wrote to a friend in England: “Jane is becoming
an excellent cook and housemaid, and I intend to raise her wages.
She had nothing a week before, and now I mean to double it.”

It has been estimated that of all possible or impossible ways of

earning an honest livelihood, the most arduous, and at the same
time the way which would secure the greatest good to the greatest
number, would be to go around, cold nights, and get into bed for
people! To this might be added, going around cold mornings and
getting up for people; and, most useful and most onerous of all,
going around among undecided people and making up their minds.

In these days of universal condensation—of condensed milk,

condensed meats, condensed news—perhaps no achievement of
that kind ought to surprise us; but it must be acknowledged that
Thackeray’s condensing feat was the most extraordinary on record.
To compress “The Sorrows of Werther”—that three volumed novel: a
book of size—and tears, full of pathos and prettiness, of devotion
and desperation—into four stanzas that tell the whole story, was a
triumph of art which—which it is very possible GOETHE would admire
less than we do.

Werther had a love for Charlotte

Such as words can never utter.
Would you know how first he met her?
She was cutting bread and butter.

Charlotte was a married lady,

And a moral man was Werther,
And, for all the wealth of Indies,
Would do nothing for to hurt her.

So he sighed, and pined, and ogled,

And his passion boiled and bubbled,
Till he blew his silly brains out,
And no more was by it troubled.

Charlotte, when she saw his body

Borne before her on a shutter,
Like a well conducted person,
Went on cutting bread and butter.

Theodore Hook was celebrated not more for his marvelous

readiness in rhyming than for the quality of the rhymes themselves.
In his hands the English language seemed to have no choice: plain
prose appeared impossible. Motley was the only wear; fantastic
verse the only method of expression. No less does he press into his
service phrases from the languages, as in the curious verses which
follow, in praise of

CLUBS.
If any man loves comfort and
Has little cash to buy it, he
 Should get into a crowded club—
A most select society!

While solitude and mutton cutlets

Serve infelix uxor, he
May have his club (like Hercules),
And revel there in luxury.

Here’s first the Athenæum club,

So wise, there’s not a man of it
That has not sense enough for six;
(In fact, that is the plan of it).

The very waiters answer you

With eloquence Socratical,
And always lay the knives and forks
In order mathematical.

The Union Club is quite superb;

Its best apartment daily is
The lounge of lawyers, doctors, beaux,
Merchants, cum multis aliis.

The Travellers are in Pall Mall,

And smoke cigars so cozily,
And dream they climb the highest Alps,
Or rove the plains of Moselai.

These are the stages which all men

Propose to play their parts upon;
For clubs are what the Londoners
Have clearly set their hearts upon.

OTHER WORLDS.
Mr. Mortimer Collins indulges in sundry very odd speculations
concerning them.

Other worlds! Those planets evermore

In their golden orbits swiftly glide on;
 From quick Hermes by the solar shore,
To remote Poseidon.

Are they like this world? The glory shed

From the ruddy dawn’s unfading portals?
Does it fall on regions tenanted
By a race of mortals?

Are there merry maidens, wicked-eyed,

Peeping slyly through the cottage lattice?
Have they vintage bearing countries wide?
Have they oyster patties?

Does a mighty ocean roar and break

On dark rocks and sandy shores fantastic?
Have they any Darwins there, to make
Theories elastic?

Does their weather change? November fog,

Weeping April, March with many a raw gust?
And do thunder and demented dog
Come to them in August?

Nineteenth century science should unravel

All these queries, but has somehow missed ’em.
When will it be possible to travel
Through the solar system?

STILTS.

Behold the mansion reared by dædal Jack,

See the malt stored in many a plethoric sack,
In the proud cirque of Ivan’s bivouac.
Mark how the Rat’s felonious fangs invade
The golden stores in John’s pavilion laid.
Anon, with velvet foot and Tarquin strides,
Subtle Grimalkin to his quarry glides—
Grimalkin grim, that slew the fierce rodent,
Whose tooth insidious Johann’s sackcloth rent.
Lo! now the deep mouthed canine foe’s assault,
That vexed the avenger of the stolen malt,
Stored in the hallowed precincts of the hall,
That rose complete at Jack’s creative call.
Here stalks the impetuous Cow with crumpled horn,
Whereon the exacerbating hound was torn,
Who bayed the feline slaughter beast that slew
The Rat predacious, whose keen fangs ran through
The textile fibres that involved the grain,
That lay in Hans’ inviolate domain.
Here walks forlorn the Damsel crowned with rue,
Lactiferous spoils from vaccine dugs who drew,
Of that corniculate beast whose tortuous horn
Tossed to the clouds, in fierce, vindictive scorn,
The harrying hound whose braggart bark and stir
Arched the lithe spine and reared the indignant fur
Of Puss, that with verminicidal claw,
Struck the weird Rat, in whose insatiate maw
Lay reeking malt, that erst in Ivan’s courts we saw.
Robed in senescent garb that seems, in sooth,
Too long a prey to Chronos’ iron tooth;
Behold the man whose amorous lips incline,
Full with young Eros’ osculative sign,
To the lorn maiden, whose lac-albic hands
Drew albu-lactic wealth from lacteal glands
Of the immortal bovine, by whose horn
Distort, to realm ethereal was borne
The beast catulean, vexer of that sly
Ulysses quadrupedal, who made die
The old mordacious Rat, that dared devour
Antecedaneous ale, in John’s domestic bower.
Lo here, with hirsute honors doffed, succinct
Of saponaceous lock, the Priest, who linked
In Hymen’s golden bands the torn unthrift,
Whose means exiguous stared from many a rift,
Even as he kissed the virgin all forlorn,
Who milked the cow with implicated horn,
Who in fine wrath the canine torturer skied,
That dared to vex the insidious muricide,
Who let the auroral effluence through the pelt
Of the sly Rat that robbed the palace Jack had built.
The loud, cantankerous Shanghai comes at last,
Whose shouts aroused the shorn ecclesiast,
Who sealed the vows of Hymen’s sacrament,
 To him who robed in garments indigent,
Exosculates the damsel lachrymose,
The emulgator of that hornèd brute morose,
That tossed the dog, that worried the cat, that kilt
The rat, that ate the malt, that lay in the house that Jack built.

The Home Journal having published a set of rather finical rules

for the conduct of equestrians in Central Park, a writer in Vanity Fair
supplemented and satirized them as follows:

ETIQUETTE OF EQUITATION.
When a gentleman is to accompany a lady on horseback,
1st. There must be two horses. (Pillions are out of fashion, except
in some parts of Wales, Australia and New Jersey.)
2d. One horse must have a side saddle. The gentleman will not
mount this horse. By bearing this rule in mind he will soon find no
difficulty in recognizing his own steed.
3d. The gentleman will assist the lady to mount and adjust her foot
in the stirrup. There being but one stirrup, he will learn upon which
side to assist the lady after very little practice.
4th. He will then mount himself. As there are two stirrups to his
saddle, he may mount on either side, but by no means on both; at
least, not at the same time. The former is generally considered the
most graceful method of mounting. If he has known Mr. Rarey he may
mount without the aid of stirrups. If not, he may try, but will probably
fail.
5th. The gentleman should always ride on the right side of the lady.
According to some authorities, the right side is the left. According to
others, the other is the right. If the gentleman is left handed, this will of
course make a difference. Should he be ambidexter, it will be
indifferent.
6th. If the gentleman and lady meet persons on the road, these will
probably be strangers, that is if they are not acquaintances. In either
case the gentleman and lady must govern themselves accordingly.
Perhaps the latter is the evidence of highest breeding.
 7th. If they be going in different directions, they will not be
expected to ride in company, nor must these request those to turn and
join the others; and vice versa. This is indecorous, and indicates a
lack of savoir faire.
8th. If the gentleman’s horse throw him he must not expect him to
pick him up, nor the lady; but otherwise the lady may. This is important
to be borne in mind by both.
9th. On their return, the gentleman will dismount first and assist the
lady from her horse, but he must not expect the same courtesy in
return.
N. B.—These rules apply equally to every species of equitation, as
pony riding, donkey riding, rocking horse riding, or “riding on a rail.”
There will, of course, be modifications required, according to the form
and style of the animal.

SONG OF THE RECENT REBELLION.

AIR: “Lord Lovell.”

Lord Lovell he sat in St. Charles’ Hotel,

In St. Charles’ Hotel sat he;
As fine a case of a rebel swell,
As ever you’d wish to see, see, see,
As ever you’d wish to see!

Lord Lovell the town had sworn to defend,

A-waving his sword on high;
He swore that the last ounce of powder he’d spend,
And in the last ditch he would die, die, die,
And in the last ditch he would die.

He swore by black and he swore by blue,

He swore by the stars and bars,
That never he’d fly from a Yankee crew
While he was a son of Mars, Mars, Mars,
While he was a son of Mars.

He had fifty thousand gal-li-ant men,

Fifty thousand men had he,
Who had all sworn with him they would never surren-