Experimental Vibration Analysis for

Civil Structures: Testing, Sensing,

Monitoring, and Control 1st Edition Joel
P. Conte Et Al. (Eds.)
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/experimental-vibration-analysis-for-civil-structures-tes
ting-sensing-monitoring-and-control-1st-edition-joel-p-conte-et-al-eds/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas

https://textbookfull.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-
loucas/

Multi axis Substructure Testing System for Hybrid

Simulation 1st Edition Riadh Al-Mahaidi Et Al.

https://textbookfull.com/product/multi-axis-substructure-testing-
system-for-hybrid-simulation-1st-edition-riadh-al-mahaidi-et-al/

Mechanical vibration : analysis, uncertainties, and

control Fourth Edition Benaroya

https://textbookfull.com/product/mechanical-vibration-analysis-
uncertainties-and-control-fourth-edition-benaroya/

Vibration theory and applications with finite elements

and active vibration control 1st Edition Palazzolo

https://textbookfull.com/product/vibration-theory-and-
applications-with-finite-elements-and-active-vibration-
control-1st-edition-palazzolo/
Composite Structures: Design, Mechanics, Analysis,
Manufacturing, and Testing 1st Edition Manoj Kumar
Buragohain

https://textbookfull.com/product/composite-structures-design-
mechanics-analysis-manufacturing-and-testing-1st-edition-manoj-
kumar-buragohain/

The ITC International Handbook of Testing and

Assessment 1st Edition Frederick T. L. Leong Et Al.
(Eds.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-itc-international-handbook-
of-testing-and-assessment-1st-edition-frederick-t-l-leong-et-al-
eds/

Dynamic Systems Vibration and Control Fred Barez

https://textbookfull.com/product/dynamic-systems-vibration-and-
control-fred-barez/

Smart civil structures 1st Edition He

https://textbookfull.com/product/smart-civil-structures-1st-
edition-he/

Application of Management Theories for STEM Education:

The Case of SWOT Analysis 1st Edition Orit Hazzan Et
Al.

https://textbookfull.com/product/application-of-management-
theories-for-stem-education-the-case-of-swot-analysis-1st-
edition-orit-hazzan-et-al/
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
Joel P. Conte
Rodrigo Astroza
Gianmario Benzoni
Glauco Feltrin
Kenneth J. Loh
Babak Moaveni Editors

Experimental
Vibration
Analysis for Civil
Structures
Testing, Sensing, Monitoring,
and Control
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Volume 5
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering (LNCE) publishes the latest developments in
Civil Engineering - quickly, informally and in top quality. Though original research
reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core of LNCE, edited
volumes of exceptionally high quality and interest may also be considered for
publication. Volumes published in LNCE embrace all aspects and subfields of, as
well as new challenges in, Civil Engineering. Topics in the series include:

– Construction and Structural Mechanics

– Building Materials
– Concrete, Steel and Timber Structures
– Geotechnical Engineering
– Earthquake Engineering
– Coastal Engineering
– Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering
– Environmental Engineering and Sustainability
– Structural Health and Monitoring
– Surveying and Geographical Information Systems
– Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
– Transportation and Traffic
– Risk Analysis
– Safety and Security

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15087

Joel P. Conte Rodrigo Astroza
•

Gianmario Benzoni Glauco Feltrin

•

Kenneth J. Loh Babak Moaveni

•

Editors

Experimental Vibration
Analysis for Civil
Structures
Testing, Sensing, Monitoring,
and Control

123
Editors
Joel P. Conte Glauco Feltrin
Department of Structural Engineering Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials
University of California at San Diego Science and Technology (EMPA)
La Jolla, CA Zürich
USA Switzerland

Rodrigo Astroza Kenneth J. Loh

Faculty of Engineering and Applied Department of Structural Engineering
Sciences University of California at San Diego
Universidad de los Andes La Jolla, CA
Las Condes, RM - Santiago USA
Chile
Babak Moaveni
Gianmario Benzoni Department of Civil and Environmental
Department of Structural Engineering Engineering
University of California at San Diego Tufts University
La Jolla, CA Medford, MA
USA USA

ISSN 2366-2557 ISSN 2366-2565 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
ISBN 978-3-319-67442-1 ISBN 978-3-319-67443-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67443-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017953432

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

Research, development, and applications in Experimental Vibration Analysis for

Civil Engineering Structures are being fed by the continuous progress in the fields
of sensor and testing technologies, instrumentation, data acquisition systems,
computer technology, and computational modeling and simulation of large and
complex civil infrastructure systems. The objectives and challenges are to under-
stand the behavior and state of health of structural, geo-structural, and soil–foun-
dation–structural systems as well as predicting their remaining useful life using
vibration data collected from these systems when subjected to operational and
extreme loads. Advanced data analysis (e.g., system and damage identification)
methods are required to extract the needed information from the data and to gain
from the information the knowledge required to support decision making related to
maintenance and inspection, retrofit, upgrade, and rehabilitation of these systems as
well as in case of emergency response. These data analysis methods are developed
using numerically simulated structural response data, experimental data from
small-scale physical structural models, experimental data from large- or full-scale
physical structural specimens tested under laboratory conditions, or field data
collected from civil structures under in-situ conditions.
EVACES, the International Conference on Experimental Vibration Analysis for
Civil Engineering Structures, is a premier venue where recent progress in the field is
presented and discussed by experts from all over the world. After the first six
successful editions of EVACES which took place in Bordeaux, France (2005);
Porto, Portugal (2007); Wroclaw, Poland (2009); Varenna, Italy (2011); Ouro
Preto, Brazil (2013); and Dübendorf, Switzerland (2015), EVACES 2017 was
organized by the University of California at San Diego and held on the main
campus of the University in July 12–14, 2017.
The papers presented at EVACES 2017 are subdivided into the following sub-
areas: (1) keynote papers; (2) damage identification and structural health moni-
toring; (3) testing, sensing, and modeling; (3) vibration isolation and control;
(4) system and model identification; and (5) coupled dynamical systems (including
human–structure, vehicle–structure, and soil–structure interactions).

v
vi Preface

We express our sincere thanks to the members of the Organizing Committee, the
members of the Scientific Committee, and, in particular, all the authors and par-
ticipants for their essential and valuable contributions.

Joel P. Conte
Rodrigo Astroza
Gianmario Benzoni
Glauco Feltrin
Kenneth Loh
Babak Moaveni
Organization

Editors/Organizing Committee

Joel P. Conte
Professor, Ph.D.
Department of Structural Engineering
University of California, San Diego
USA
jpconte@ucsd.edu

Rodrigo Astroza
Assistant Professor, Ph.D.
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Universidad de los Andes
Chile
rastroza@miuandes.cl

Gianmario Benzoni
Research Scientist, Ph.D.
Department of Structural Engineering
University of California, San Diego
USA
gbenzoni@ucsd.edu

Glauco Feltrin
Senior Researcher, Ph.D.
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA)
Switzerland
glauco.feltrin@empa.ch

vii
viii Organization

Kenneth Loh
Associate Professor, Ph.D.
Department of Structural Engineering
University of California, San Diego
USA
kjloh@ucsd.edu

Babak Moaveni
Associate Professor, Ph.D.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Tufts University
USA
babak.moaveni@tufts.edu

Scientific Committee

A. Emin Aktan Drexel University, USA

Rodrigo Astroza Universidad de los Andes, Chile
Flavio Barbosa Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil
Jan Bien Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Elsa Caetano University of Porto, Portugal
Joel P. Conte University of California San Diego, USA
Christian Cremona Bouygues Construction, France
Alvaro Cunha University of Porto, Portugal
Alexandre Cury Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil
Guido De Roeck KU Leuven, Belgium
Glauco Feltrin EMPA, Switzerland
Alain Fournol AVLS, France
Carmelo Gentile Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Raid Karoumi KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Mieszko Kuzawa Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Antonino Morassi University of Udine, Italy
Alex Pavic University of Exeter, UK
Patrick Paultre University of Sherbrooke, Canada
Luis F. Ramos University of Minho, Portugal
Contents

Keynote Papers
Assessment of Small Damage by Direct Modal
Strain Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
G. De Roeck, E. Reynders, and D. Anastasopoulos
Flexible Architectures for Full-Scale Performance Evaluation
of Tall Buildings: Burj Khalifa and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Tracy Kijewski-Correa and Andrew Bartolini
Information-Driven Modeling of Structures
Using a Bayesian Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Costas Papadimitriou, Costas Argyris, and Panagiotis Panetsos
Development of a High Accuracy and High Sampling Rate
Displacement Sensor for Civil Engineering Structures Monitoring . . . . 62
Hoon Sohn, Kiyoung Kim, Jaemook Choi, Gunhee Koo,
and Junyeon Chung

Damage Identification and Structural Health Monitoring

A New Approach to Damage Detection in Bridges
Using Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
A.C. Neves, Ignacio González, John Leander, and Raid Karoumi
Vibration Based Damage Identification Method for Cantilever
Beam Using Artificial Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Putti Srinivasa Rao and N.V.D. Mahendra
Advanced Statistical Techniques Applied to Raw Data
for Structural Damage Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Alan S. Torres, Vinicius N. Alves, Alexandre A. Cury,
and Flavio S. Barbosa

ix
x Contents

Virtual Laboratory for Leveraging Technology for Bridges

and Constructed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Emin Aktan, Ivan Bartoli, Franklin Moon, Marcello Balduccini,
Kurt Sjoblom, Antonios Kontsos, Hoda Azari, Matteo Mazzotti,
John Braley, Charles Young, Shi Ye, and Andrew Ellenberg
Radio-Frequency Identification Triggering System
for Structural Health Monitoring of Highway Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Johnn Judd, Richard Schmidt, McKenzie Danforth, James Branscomb,
and Michael Jung
Evaluating Vibration Serviceability Using Experimental
Modal Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Anthony R. Barrett, D. Bradley Davis, and Thomas M. Murray
Damage Detection by Experimental Modal Analysis
in Fiber-Reinforced Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
C.A. Geweth, F. Saati Khosroshahi, K. Sepahvand, C. Kerkeling,
and S. Marburg
Retrofitting of Damaged Structure Using Vibration
Monitoring Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Vishisht Bhaiya, Shiv Dayal Bharti, Mahendra Kumar Shrimali,
and Tushar Kanti Datta
Experimental Damage Identification Using SVD-Based Sensitivities
of Truncated Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Mohammad Rahai, Ali Bakhshi, and Akbar Esfandiari
Vibration-Based Support Vector Machine for Structural
Health Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Hong Pan, Mohsen Azimi, Guoqing Gui, Fei Yan, and Zhibin Lin
Structural Health Monitoring of a Curved Segment
of an Elevated Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Carlos H. Huerta-Carpizo, David Murià-Vila, Gerardo Aguilar,
and Abraham R. Sánchez
Performance Evaluation of Hinges in Cantilever Steel Truss
Bridges by Temperature Induced Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Takeshi Miyashita, Eiji Iwasaki, and Masatsugu Nagai
Vibration-Based SHM of Railway Bridges Using Machine Learning:
The Influence of Temperature on the Health Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Elisa Khouri Chalouhi, Ignacio Gonzalez, Carmelo Gentile,
and Raid Karoumi
Contents xi

Finite Element Model Calibration of a Historic Wiegmann–Polonceau

Truss Based on Experimental Modal Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Hoa T.M. Luong, Werner Lorenz, Rolf G. Rohrmann, Volkmar Zabel,
and Samir Said
General Conditions for Full-Field Response Monitoring
in Structural Systems Driven by a Set of Identified
Equivalent Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Eliz-Mari Lourens and Dominik Fallais
Experimental Vibration Tests in Fatigue Evaluation
of a Riveted Truss Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Mieszko Kużawa, Tomasz Kamińki, and Jan Bień
Damage Sensitivity Evaluation of Vibration Parameters
Under Ambient Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
John James Moughty and Joan Ramon Casas
Operational Damage Localization of Wind Turbine Blades . . . . . . . . . . 261
Yaowen W. Ou, Vasilis K. Dertimanis, and Eleni N. Chatzi
Study on the Vibration Feature of Concrete Deck Slabs
Under Fatigue Wheel Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Chen Xu and Hiroshi Masuya
Fuzzy Pattern Recognition in Vibration-Based Structural
Health Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Mohammad Azarbayejani
Efficient Finite Elements Model Updating for Damage
Detection in Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
M. Saidou Sanda, O. Gauron, N. Turcotte, C.-P. Lamarche, P. Paultre,
M. Talbot, and J.-F. Laflamme
A Comparison of Damage Detection Methods Applied
to Civil Engineering Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Szymon Gres, Palle Andersen, Rasmus Johan Johansen,
Martin Dalgaard Ulriksen, and Lars Damkilde
A Displacement Reconstruction Strategy for Long, Slender Structures
from Limited Strain Measurements and Its Application
to Underground Pipeline Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Mayank Chadha and Michael D. Todd
xii Contents

Testing, Sensing and Modeling

Displacements Monitoring of Suspension Bridge
Using Geodetic Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Wojciech Anigacz, Damian Beben, and Jacek Kwiatkowski
Modelling of Pot Bearings – A Preliminary Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Mahir Ülker-Kaustell, Gabriel F. Boschmonar, Pablo B. Isusi,
Stefan Trillkott, Claes Kullberg, and Raid Karoumi
Full-Scale Dynamic Testing of a Railway Bridge
Using a Hydraulic Exciter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Andreas Andersson, Johan Östlund, Mahir Ülker-Kaustell,
Jean-Marc Battini, and Raid Karoumi
A Practical Multi-cross-line Model for Simulating Nonlinear Cyclic
Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall in Super
High-Rise Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Baoyin Sun, Quan Gu, Peizhou Zhang, and Jinping Ou
Dynamic Shake-Table Tests on Two Full-Scale, Unreinforced
Masonry Buildings Subjected to Induced Seismicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Gabriele Guerrini, Francesco Graziotti, Andrea Penna, and Guido Magenes
Utilising an Advanced Technology of People Tracking
in Vibration Serviceability Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Ahmed S. Mohammed and Aleksandar Pavic
Forced-Vibration Tests of the Daniel-Johnson Multiple-Arch Dam . . . . 397
O. Gauron, Y. Boivin, S. Ambroise, P. Paultre, J. Proulx, M. Roberge,
and S.-N. Roth
Experimental Vibration Analysis of Composite Bridge
Superstructure with Excessive Deformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Mieszko Kużawa and Jan Bień
Real-Time Structural Instrumentation as an Emergency Response
and Business Continuity Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Erik Bishop, Kenny O’Neill, Drew Nielson, Dave Swanson,
David Gonzalez, and Derek Skolnik
A Comparison of Two Data Acquisition Techniques for Modal
Strain Identification from Sub-microstrain FBG Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Dimitrios Anastasopoulos, Kristof Maes, Guido De Roeck,
and Edwin Reynders
Strong Motion Structural Monitoring in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
K. O’Neill, E. Bishop, D. Swanson, D. Aveyard, D. Skolnik,
and M. Fraser
Contents xiii

A Bio-inspired Framework for Highly Efficient Structural

Health Monitoring and Vibration Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Maria-Giovanna Masciotta, Alberto Barontini, Luís F. Ramos,
Paulo Amado-Mendes, and Paulo B. Lourenço
Development of the UPRM Hybrid Simulation Facilities:
Substructuring Techniques Coupled Numerical Simulations . . . . . . . . . 469
Maria D. Cortes-Delgado and Lemuel González Hernández
Shake-Table Testing and Performance Assessment
of a Partially Grouted Reinforced Masonry Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Andreas Koutras and P. Benson Shing

Vibration Isolation and Control

Vortex-Induced Vibration of Stay Cables, Verification
on the Footbridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Shota Urushadze and Miroš Pirner
Vertical Vibration Mitigation of a Bridge Cable
Using a Non Smooth Absorber Under Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Mathieu Weiss, Bastien Vaurigaud, A. Ture Savadkoohi,
and C.-H. Lamarque
An Assessment of a Fractional Derivative Model Applied
to Simulate the Dynamic Behavior of Viscoelastic Sandwich Beam . . . . 514
Waldir Felippe and Flavio Barbosa
Modal Phase Compensation for Application of Direct Velocity
Feedback to Active Control of Floor Vibration
Under Impact Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Kai Xue, Akira Igarashi, and Takahiro Kachi
Application of a 240 Metric Ton Dual-Use Tuned Mass
Damper System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Christian Meinhardt
Mitigate Seismic Response of Three-Span Bridge Using MR
Damping System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
G. Heo, C. Kim, S. Jeon, C. Lee, and S. Seo
An Analytic Comparison Regarding Steady-State Damping
Performance Between the Twin Rotor Damper and a Dynamic
Vibration Absorber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Richard Bäumer, Richard Terrill, and Uwe Starossek
Design of Test Setup for Prototype Testing of Base Isolators . . . . . . . . . 568
Shiv Dayal Bharti, Mahendra Kumar Shrimali, Arnav Anuj Kasar,
and Tushar Kanti Datta
xiv Contents

Comparison of State-of-the-Art Methods of Estimating & Controlling

Floor Vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Austin Devin and Paul J. Fanning
Optimal Design of Active Tuned Mass Dampers for Mitigating
Translational–Torsional Motion of Irregular Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Mohsen Azimi, Hong Pan, Mehdi Abdeddaim, and Zhibin Lin
Active Vibration Control of a Three Degree of Freedom
Oscillator Using Two Eccentrically Rotating Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
R. Terrill, R. Bäumer, and U. Starossek

System and Modal Identification

Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Geometric Nonlinearities
on Structural Resonances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Reyolando M. Brasil and Alexandre M. Wahrhafitg
The Selection of a Dynamic Model of a RC Chimney Based
on In Situ Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Tadeusz Tatara and Bartłomiej Ratajewicz
A New System Identification Method Operated in the Pole Domain . . . 631
Qianying Cao, Bin Gao, Huajun Li, and Sau-Lon James Hu
Discussion of Several “RSID” Algorithms to Linear Time-Varying
System and System with Abrupt Change of Joint Failure . . . . . . . . . . . 644
Chin-Hsiung Loh and Jun-Da Chen
Dynamic Characteristics of a 55-Story Building Before
and After Retrofit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
Mehmet Çelebi, Toshihide Kashima, S. Farid Ghahari, Shin Koyama,
Ertuǧrul Taciroğlu, and Izuru Okawa
Time-Frequency Analysis of Suspension Bridge Response
for Identification of Vortex Induced Vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Daniel Cantero, Ole Øiseth, and Anders Rønnquist
Dynamic Characteristics of Layered Stone Pagoda System . . . . . . . . . . 676
Byeong Hwa Kim
Identification of Symmetrical Structures with Fabrication
and Damage Induced Asymmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Abhineet Gupta, Wei Zhao, Chris Regan, Peter Seiler,
and Rakesh K. Kapania
Experimental Incremental System Identification Method
Using Separate Time Windows on Basis of Ambient Signals . . . . . . . . . 694
Simon Schleiter, Okyay Altay, and Sven Klinkel
Contents xv

Effect of Cross-Section and Discontinuities on Damping

Enhancement in Composites: An Experimental Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Komal Chawla and Samit Ray. Chaudhuri
Modal Strain Energy Based Structural Parameter Identification
from Limited Vibration Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
D. Bandyopadhyay and J.S. Ali
Experimental Modal Properties of a Steel Arch Bridge During
the Static Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
Fabrizio Gara, Vanni Nicoletti, Davide Roia, and Andrea Dall’Asta
Evaluation of Vibration Problems in Existing Office Buildings . . . . . . . 736
Matthew A. Pavelchak
Post-earthquake Field Measurement-Based System Identification
and Finite Element Modeling of an 18-Story Masonry-Infilled
RC Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
Mohammed A. Mohammed, Hanshun Yu, Andre Furtado,
Andre R. Barbosa, Babak Moaveni, Humberto Varum, Hugo Rodrigues,
Nelson Vila-Pouca, and Richard L. Wood
Study of the Environmental Influence on the Dynamic Behavior
of Adobe Walls: Preliminary Test in Laboratory Specimens . . . . . . . . . 758
Rick Delgadillo, Giacomo Zonno, Rubén Boroschek, Paulo B. Lourenço,
and Rafael Aguilar
Assessing the Performance of a Heavy Haul Railway Viaduct
Through Monitoring Traffic Loads and Dynamic Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . 770
Fulvio Busatta and Pilate Moyo
Specific Dynamic Properties of SFRC Based on Waste
Ceramic Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
Jacek Katzer and Jacek Domski
Parametric Estimation of Wave Dispersion for System
Identification of Building Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
Hamed Ebrahimian, Monica Kohler, Anthony Massari,
and Domniki Asimaki

Coupled Dynamical Systems (Includes Human-Structure,

Vehicle-Structure and Soil-Structure Interaction)
Experimental Testing of Soil-Steel Railway Bridge Under
Normal Train Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Damian Beben
Analysis of Records from Downhole Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816
Erdal Şafak and Eser Çaktı
xvi Contents

Effect of Soil-Structure Interaction on Low to Medium-Rise

Steel Frames Through Shake Table Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
B. Vivek and Prishati Raychowdhury
Natural Vibration Characteristics and Seismic Response Analysis
of Train-Bridge Coupling System in High-Speed Railway . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Zhi Liu, Hui Jiang, Lanfang Zhang, and Endong Guo
Simulation of Human Induced Vibration of a Lively Footbridge . . . . . . 839
Eleonora Lai and Maria G. Mulas
Vibrations in Multilayered Soils: A Simplified and Robust
Prediction Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
Abdul Karim Jamal Eddine, Luca Lenti, and Jean-Francois Semblat
The Effect of Traffic Modeling on Damage Detection Procedure
of Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860
A.H. Hadjian Shahri and A.K. Ghorbani-Tanha
Soil-Foundation Compliance Evidence of the “Chiaravalle Viaduct” . . . 871
Marco Regni, Fabrizio Gara, Francesca Dezi, Davide Roia,
and Sandro Carbonari
Experimental Analysis of Arroyo Bracea II Bridge in Madrid – Sevilla
High-Speed Railway Line: Dynamic Response of the Structure
and Effect of Soil Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882
Pedro Galvín, Antonio Romero, Emmanuela Moliner,
and María D. Martínez-Rodrigo
Dynamic Modeling of Train and Bridge with Stepped-Beam
Cross-Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
Hani Nassif, Yingjie Wang, and Peng Lou
Nonlinear Stay Cable – Bridge Deck Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902
Benedikt Weber
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Keynote Papers
 Assessment of Small Damage by Direct Modal
Strain Measurements

G. De Roeck(&), E. Reynders, and D. Anastasopoulos

Department of Civil Engineering,

KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
guido.deroeck@kuleuven.be

Abstract. Vibration based Structural Health Monitoring was and is still a hot
topic in research. Much progress has been made both from the theoretical as well
as the practical side. Vibration-based SHM traditionally makes use of
uniaxial/triaxial accelerometers or velocity meters. Also sometimes inclinome-
ters are installed. Recent trends in SHM are the use of high-rate GPS receivers
[1], wave propagation-based piezoelectric ceramic sensing technology and
optical fiber sensors for dynamic strain and temperature measurements [2].
A particular challenge for structural health assessment is the discovery of
small local damage. It is well known that for small damages, the changes in
natural frequencies remain very low. Moreover, they are considerably influenced
by environmental conditions (mainly temperature) [3], which influence has to be
eliminated on beforehand [4, 5]. Also modal displacements are rather insensitive
to small stiffness perturbations. On the contrary, modal strains (or curvatures)
are very receptive to small stiffness changes. Additionally, they immediately
spot the damage location. Some authors have tried to derive curvatures from
modal displacements but this procedure is very prone to even slight measure-
ment and/or identification errors. Therefore, the key issue is the direct mea-
surement of (modal) strains. However, the development of a distributed strain
sensor network able to cope with the very low strain intensities during ambient
excitation is still a challenge. In this paper by recent experiments on steel and
concrete beams the extreme accuracy of dynamic measurements with optical
FBG strain sensors is demonstrated.
Another possibility to obtain precise modal strains would be the development
of a transducer that amplifies the strains. In a recent research project, by using
Topology Optimization [6], a transducer was developed that measures differ-
ential axial displacements over a sufficient long distance and at the same time is
upscaling the strains. Results obtained with this transducer are reported.
In this context, a new challenge for Optimal Sensor Placement [7] is to deal
with different sensor types, e.g. displacement transducers, accelerometers and
strain sensors.
For localization and quantification of damage, the most powerful method is
FE-model updating based on minimizing differences between measured and
calculated modal parameters [8]. The addition of modal strains to the objective
function of the minimization problem will improve the damage identification
process.

Keywords: Modal analysis
Modal strains
Damage assessment
Structural

health monitoring
Optical strain fibers

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

J.P. Conte et al. (eds.), Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Structures,
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 5, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67443-8_1
4 G. De Roeck et al.

1 Introduction

Vibration-based structural health monitoring (SHM) is based on the principle that

modal parameters of a structure are like a signature of structural behaviour.
Output-only or operational modal analysis (OMA) became very popular as no artificial
vibration source is needed which is anyhow impossible in many cases. Powerful time
domain system identification algorithms like Stochastic Subspace Iteration (SSI) have
replaced the obsolete “peak-picking” method [9, 10].
Vibration-based SHM traditionally makes use of uniaxial/triaxial accelerometers or
velocity meters. Also sometimes inclinometers are installed. Recent trends in SHM are
the use of high-rate GPS receivers [1], wave propagation-based piezoelectric ceramic
(PZT) sensing technology and optical fiber sensors (OFS) for dynamic strain and
temperature measurements [2].
Because of the omission of cables, wireless networks (WNs) have a lot of evident
advantages, like the ease of system setup, the largely reduced installation time, the
possibility of local data processing, data interpretation and anomaly detection. In a
recent project a wireless measurement with high time-synchronization accuracy was
developed [11]. Spatial jitter was reduced to 125 ns, far below the 120 µs required for
high-precision acquisition systems and much better than the 10-µs current solutions,
without adding complexity. Moreover, the system is scalable to a large number of
nodes to allow for dense sensor coverage of real-world structures.
In most of modal testing campaigns, there are more degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) to
be measured than sensors available. The whole measurement grid then needs to be
covered in several phases by different measurement setups. A number of reference
locations are then selected and transducers at these points are often kept fixed in all
setups. The ideal location for a reference sensor is a position where all modes have
relatively large modal amplitudes. However, there exists no guidelines or general
principles for evaluating whether a chosen number of reference sensors leads to suffi-
ciently accurate mode shape estimates. In practice, even when measuring large struc-
tures, often a very limited number of reference sensors is allocated. The other
transducers are roved in successive setups, hence these transducers are often termed
`roving’ sensors, so that by the end of the last setup, vibration responses at all grid points
will have been recorded. So for any measurement campaign, the following questions
have to be answered: (i) the location of the reference sensors, (ii) their number, (iii) the
location of the roving sensors in the different setups. Answers can be given by applying
Optimal sensor location (OSL) approaches. In [7] their practical applicability has been
illustrated on a large-scale operational modal test of a five-span steel truss railway
bridge. The measurement layout was designed according to intuitive reasoning, based
on the modal results of a preliminary Finite Element analysis. Afterwards, this test
design has been reviewed using OSL. A new challenge is to deal with different sensor
types, e.g. displacement transducers, accelerometers and strain sensors.
Results can be used for calibration of numerical FE-models inherently containing
uncertainties especially related to boundary conditions, joint stiffnesses, structural
contribution of non-bearing parts, material parameters, damping, …
 Assessment of Small Damage by Direct Modal Strain Measurements 5

Subsequently, properly calibrated FE-models can be used to derive from response

measurements the actual excitation like moving loads on road or railway bridges and
wind forces on tall structures. Moreover, these models can be used to obtain from the
response measurements in a limited number of sensors information in otherwise dif-
ficult to assess points, like strains close to weldings or forces in bolts [12].
Other interesting applications relate to the follow-up of critical phases during
erection of constructions.
Moreover, changes in modal parameters (i.e. natural frequencies, damping ratios,
mode shapes and modal strains) can be used as features to detect and to identify
damage. Compared to other approaches for structural damage identification, vibration-
based damage identification has the advantages of (1) being nondestructive, (2) being
able to identify damage that is invisible at the surface, (3) being ‘global’ because no a
priori location of the damage needs to be assumed as opposed to local methods such as
ultrasonic testing. A good overview of recent trends is given in [13].
Unfortunately, modal parameters are not only sensitive to damage, but also to
changing environmental conditions such as temperature variations, and moreover, their
estimation from vibration response data is also prone to experimental errors. This is well
known for natural frequencies but less observed and understood for mode shapes and
modal strains. Challenge is to eliminate the environmental influences by prediction models
that just rely on estimated modal properties (i.e. output-only models [4]) or on the mea-
sured environment as input and the estimated modal parameters as output (i.e. input-output
models [5]). These models are trained by using data gathered in undamaged condition.

2 Small Local Damage

2.1 Background
A particular challenge for structural health assessment is the discovery of small local
damage. Not only natural frequencies and mode shapes will hardly be affected but also
its influence hidden in the uncertainty blur. Therefore, the development of a distributed
strain sensor network able to cope with the very low strain intensities during ambient
excitation is a challenge. Optical fiber sensors with Bragg grating technology perma-
nently attached to the structure could be a good choice in this respect. Interrogation
units are still quite expensive but can be coupled and uncoupled when adopting a
periodic monitoring maintenance strategy. An additional advantage of the measured
strain field is that it can be directly related to the stress field. Such a system will also be
able to measure quasi-static deformation as occurs in case of shrinkage, creep, thermal
expansion and very slowly applied dynamic loads. The idea of directly measuring
accurate strains is explored in the next sections.

2.2 Upscaling Strain Transducer

During ambient excitation strains are very small so extracting modal strains is rather
cumbersome. Moreover, in concrete structures when mean strains are measured over a
long enough stretch, the classical Bernoulli assumption that plane sections remain plane
6 G. De Roeck et al.

is still reasonably well fulfilled. This also implies that (modal) curvatures can be used
for damage assessment.
Therefore a transducer that measures differential axial displacements over a suffi-
cient long distance and at the same time amplifies the strains would be of great benefit.
In a recent research project such transducer was developed by using Topology Opti-
mization [14]. The transducer is connected by bolts to the test structure (Fig. 2: points 1
and 2). The actual strain is the one between the two bolts. The goal of the Topology
Optimization is to amplify the strain occurring between points A and B (Fig. 1), which
is measured by a Bragg grating on an optical fiber between these two points.

Fig. 1. Grid used in the topology optimization.

In Topology Optimization, a design is obtained by optimizing the distribution of a

certain amount of material in the design domain. This design domain (grid) is displayed
in Fig. 2. Note that some elements of this design domain are filled with material in
advance. This due to the way the transducer and optical fiber will be mounted. The
objective of the optimization is to minimize the horizontal displacement at the fixation
point of the fiber, in case a positive horizontal force is applied at the fixation bolt of the
transducer. This obtained by defining a minimum compliance optimization function as
described in Wang (2011) [19]:

min cðxÞ
x

V
subject to : KU ¼ F;  fv ; 0  xe  1 ð1Þ
V0

In this equation, x is the vector with the element densities xe, ranging from 0 (void)
to 1 (solid). These element densities will be altered to obtain an optimal objective value
c. K is the global stiffness matrix, U is the global displacement vector containing the
displacements in all degrees of freedom and F is the global force vector. V is the
material volume and V0 is the total volume of the design domain. The ratio of these
parameters must be smaller than a prescribed volume fraction fv. This volume con-
straint is applied to this optimization, ensuring the total amount of material remains
below a certain amount. Through calibration a volume constraint of 50% was selected,
as a higher volume would not result in a higher objective value but would have a
negative influence on the natural frequencies of the transducer.
 Assessment of Small Damage by Direct Modal Strain Measurements 7

The optimum of the objective function is calculated using the Method of Moving
Asymptotes [6]. This algorithm will iteratively calculate the optimum. Convergence
will be assumed when a change in material distribution of less than 5% occurs. This
standard optimization approach results in one node hinges and bending in the optical
fiber. To obtain a more robust design, extra constraints are applied. The first constraints
ensured a local length scale control, preventing one node hinges. Another constraint
was added, ensuring the mounting platforms of the optical fiber will not rotate, pre-
venting bending of the fiber. This algorithm will iteratively calculate the optimum.
Convergence will be assumed when a change in material distribution of less than 5%
occurs.
The result of the optimization is shown in Fig. 2. A strain amplification by a factor
120 can theoretically be obtained.

Fig. 2. Strain transducer from Topology Optimization.

Figure 3 shows a displacement plot by ANSYS for the right half of the sensor.
A compression between 1 and 2 results in an elongation of AB. A prototype of this

Fig. 3. Displacement plot.

8 G. De Roeck et al.

sensor has been produced by laser cutting and its upscaling factor tested in the labo-
ratory [14].

2.3 Strain Optical Fiber Network

To demonstrate the high accuracy that can be obtained from optical fiber strain sensors,
an extensive experimental modal analysis test has been performed on a steel I-beam
IPE 100 (Fig. 4) at the Structural Mechanics Laboratory of KU Leuven [15, 16]. The
length of the beam is 3.0 m and steel plates are welded at its ends. The boundary
conditions are set to approximate free-free conditions. For that purpose, the beam was

Fig. 4. Instrumented steel beam.

suspended on flexible springs. The beam was excited through a shaker located at the
left end (Fig. 5) with various force amplitudes (2.3–13.5 N) and excitation signals
(pure random, swept sign, periodic random) from [0:200] Hz and from [0:500] Hz. The
low forces produce strain RMS values below one micro-strain.

Fig. 5. FBGs setup - front view.

Fig. 6. Accelerometers setup - top view.

 Assessment of Small Damage by Direct Modal Strain Measurements 9

The beam was instrumented with a chain of multiplexed Bragg Grating (FBG) strain
sensors glued at the top and the bottom flange of the beam (Fig. 5) and accelerometers
(Fig. 6). The sampling frequency was fs = 20000 Hz for the accelerometers and fs =
950 Hz for the FBGs.
FBG based sensing relies on tracking the Bragg peak wavelength as it shifts with a
change in the measured peak. Recently a fast and accurate peak detection algorithm has
been recently proposed [17]. The fast phase-correlation (FPC) algorithm determines the
wavelength shift from the phase shift between the undisturbed FBG spectrum and the
perturbed spectrum.
Three modal analyses were performed by applying the Matlab toolbox MACEC
[18] with two algorithms, SSI-cov and CSI [10]: (1) using FBG strain data; (2) using
accelerometer data; (3) using both data. In the latter case, the accelerometer data were
down-sampled at 950 Hz.
In the interval [0:200] Hz 2 bending modes and 3 torsional modes could be
identified. An excellent correspondence with FE calculated modal properties is
observed [16]. Moreover, the obtained modal characteristics from the combined modal
analysis show a high consistency with the ones obtained from the separate analyses.
The differences in modal displacements are less than 5%. The combined analysis, using
data from both FBG strain sensors and accelerometers, allows to obtain mass nor-
malized modal strains. Mass normalization is possible because acceleration was
measured at the same location and direction as the applied force. Figure 7 shows the

Fig. 7. Normalized modal strains of the third torsional mode T3.

comparison between calculated and measured mass normalized strains. Remarkable is

the excellent agreement, taken into account the very low strain levels and the longi-
tudinal orientation of the FBG strain fibers. They sense the torsional modes because of
the restrained warping effect.
10 G. De Roeck et al.

2.4 Damage Identification by Modal Strains

In a very recent experiment the ability of modal strains to identify more accurately
structural damage in reinforced concrete beams is investigated. In order to comply with
the Bernoulli assumption for beams, mean strains have to be measured over a suffi-

Fig. 8. Connector system for optical strain fiber.

ciently long length (e.g. typically one or two crack distances). Small measurement
lengths will show a clear discontinuous behavior, depending on the location of the
strain sensor: above a crack or between cracks.
A connector (Fig. 8) has been developed to clamp an optical glass fiber containing

Fig. 9. Beam cross section.

several Bragg gratings at discrete points with proper spacing.

The experiment is aiming to identify the dynamic characteristics of a reinforced con-
crete beam at increasing damage levels. The beam has a length of 1.7 m and a rectangular
cross section with dimensions 125  225 mm (Fig. 9). Steel reinforcement consists of 2
bars of 12 mm diameter at the tensile side and 2 bars of 8 mm at the compression side.

Fig. 10. FBG sensors setup - front view.

 Assessment of Small Damage by Direct Modal Strain Measurements 11

Shear reinforcement is by stirrups of 6 mm diameter. Concrete cover of these

stirrups is 25 mm.

Fig. 11. Accelerometers setup - top view.

Two chains of multiplexed FBG strain sensors were attached: one on the front side
at the bottom and on the back side at the top (Fig. 10). Each chain contains 14 FBG

Fig. 12. Four point bending static test setup.

sensors which measure the average strain along a length of 100 mm. The chains
measure the strains of the beam at a distance of about 1 cm from its edges.
At the top side of the beam 20 accelerometers were installed (Fig. 11). The distance
between the accelerometers was about 20 cm.
Prior to the dynamic tests, damage is induced by static loads in a four point bending
configuration (Fig. 12).
After each static test producing progressive damage, the beam is suspended from
flexible springs, approaching dynamic free-free boundary conditions, to perform a
modal identification. Dynamic response is provoked by hammer impacts and by a
12 G. De Roeck et al.

shaker, exciting both the bending and the torsion modes. Input signal to the shaker is a
sine sweep. The sampling frequency of the FBG strain acquisition system (FAZT I4) is
fs = 1000 Hz and 10000 Hz for the acceleration acquisition system (NI PXI-1050
chassis with NI PXI-4472B modules).
In the initial state, by using the acceleration data in MACEC, three vertical bending

Table 1. Natural frequencies

Mode Type f (Hz) ANSYS f (Hz) measured Difference (%)
1 L1 172 168 2.5
2 B1 304 301 1.3
3 L2 460
4 T1 589 590 −0.2
5 B2 767 761 0.7
6 L3 865
7 A1 1175
8 T2 1179 1184 −0.4
9 B3 1356 1371 −1.1
10 L4 1360
11 T3 1771 1766 0.3

modes (B1, B2, B3) and three torsional modes (T1, T2, T3) are identified (Table 1).
When applying system identification to the strain data, only one lateral bending mode
(L1) and one vertical bending mode (B1) could be extracted due to the limited sam-
pling frequency of the FBG strain acquisition system. No axial modes (A) are found. In
Table 1 also a comparison is made with a FE model (ANSYS) consisting of solid
elements for the concrete and truss elements for the reinforcement.
Table 2 gives a view of the corresponding experimental mode shapes.
Damage is applied at different static loads (Fig. 12) till failure. Dynamic tests are
performed after each unloading and change of boundary conditions to free-free, by
attaching the beam to flexible springs. The extensive dataset is currently analyzed. Some
preliminary results obtained after applying a static load P of 80 kN are presented. This
load exceeds the crack load (about 30 kN). Table 5 resumes the frequency shifts. Despite
the clear decrease of natural frequencies, the changes in mass normalized mode shapes
are rather small, as shown in Table 3 for the first bending mode B1 and the third bending
mode B3. The changes for the higher mode B3 are more pronounced, but still small.
The simultaneous measurement of accelerations (at the location of the applied load)
and strains also allows to obtain mass normalized modal strains.
Table 4 shows for mode B1 the mass normalized modal strains at the top (left
column) and at the bottom (right column). Results are given at initial undamaged state
and at P equal to 80 kN. The initial modal strains, measured over a length of 10 cm)
show a very good correspondence with the mass normalized strains from the FE model.
For the damaged beam the modal strains are more irregular. One of the reasons
could be the short measurement length (10 cm) compared to the mean crack spacing,
which is about 9 cm. Integrating over a longer length (by summing up over several
 Assessment of Small Damage by Direct Modal Strain Measurements 13

Table 2. Mode shapes

Table 3. Mass normalized mode shapes B1 and B3, before (blue) and after damage (red).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
6747 Shaughnessey J C 6A Aug
24
Aug
4446 Shannan E Art 6H
1
24 Aug
5645 Shenk S W Bat
- 14
Apr
290 Shaw Alex Art 3K
1
15 Sept
9667 Shaw T I Cav
M 24
Mar
12814 Shaw W Art 7F 65
25
69 Sept
7660 Shay John 64
B 3
July
3360 Sheldon M Art 7B
15
Shepardson L, 22 July
4247 Cav
Cor E 29
Aug
5474 Shaw J “ 2E
13
52 Sept
7798 Shuler Chas
G 4
76 Sept
8335 Shaw M
D 10
Sept
9924 Sheppard W H 9F
28
5 Sept
8205 Sherer H Cav
- 8
2 Oct
10930 Sherridan J “
- 14
76 Aug
4676 Sherwood J E
G 4
720 Shields Richard 132 Apr
 F 25
52 Apr
701 Shilts E
K 23
97 Oct
10495 Shidler Geo
F 8
15 Sept
8206 Shindler J Art
E 8
85 Sept
7437 Shirlock R
K 1
85 Aug
5837 Shippey F
D 16
24 June
2430 Shirley P Bat
- 23
111 June
2151 Shats C
F 18
164 Aug
5755 Shortey Robert
B 15
Aug
5343 Shotliff J, S’t Art 7L
11
118 July
2975 Shults Jno
F 7
76 Aug
6633 Shultz F
F 23
Nov
12194 Shultz Wm Art 7C
29
66 Nov
11822 Shultz C, Cor
F 5
100 Nov
11813 Shumaker P
K 4
125 Oct
11280 Shuhps P D
K 22
54 June
2462 Shuster ——
C 25
2922 Slater F 48 July
F 5
120 Apr
700 Slater Jno
H 23
Jan
12534 Slater Jas, S’t 7K 65
27
Oct
11162 Slater Richard 2E 64
19
32 Mar
12811 Sleight C 65
I 24
140 Oct
10377 Sloat Wm 64
E 5
76 Aug
6819 Sloates F
F 25
146 Oct
10125 Slimp W
A 11
Sept
7628 Smades W 9D
2
53 Nov
12083 Small S
F 18
22 Sept
7783 Smarty Jno Cav
G 4
18 Aug
7406 Smead L Art
D 31
140 Apr
762 Smalley Geo
H 27
Jan
12503 Smith A Art 7F 65
21
Oct
11371 Smith A 9A 64
23
85 Aug
7326 Smith A J
D 30
802 Smith Bernard, 132 Apr
 Cor B 29
May
1310 Smith Benjamin C 2H
23
61 June
2659 Smith Chas
A 29
52 July
3735 Smith Chas
E 21
100 Aug
4534 Smith Chas
B 2
15 Sept
7612 Smith Chas Art
K 2
Sept
10052 Smith Chas 9G
30
61 Oct
11283 Smith E
D 22
48 June
1819 Smith F
F 10
99 May
1246 Smith Frank
I 20
Nov
11839 Smith G R Cav 2H
5
July
3872 Smith N “ 9C
15
132 May
1247 Smith Henry
C 20
5 July
3238 Smith J Cav 64
- 12
July
3504 Smith J “ 4B
18
115 Aug
4834 Smith J
G 6
52 Sept
9300 Smith J
A 20
10456 Smith J, Cor Cav 13 Oct
D 7
46 Feb
12627 Smith J 65
E 10
20 May
1245 Smith Jas Cav 64
M 20
Aug
7004 Smith Jas 6A
27
57 Nov
11787 Smith Jas
B 4
85 Sept
7610 Smith Jackson
I 2
52 Oct
11210 Smith J
A 20
71 April
305 Smith Jno
C 1
April
534 Smith Jno Cav 3E
14
41 Aug
5496 Smith Jno
E 13
66 Aug
5602 Smith Jno
F 14
95 Aug
6428 Smith Jno
D 22
69 Oct
10547 Smith Jno
G 9
109 Aug
5882 Smith Jno J
C 16
59 Oct
11454 Smith J M
A 25
22 Sept
10079 Smith K Cav
K 30
5009 Smith L A 115 Aug
 F 8
125 Sept
9973 Smith Levi
B 28
Smith John C, 48 Sept
7706
Cor E 3
11 July
2780 Smith S
I 2
132 Aug
5854 Smith S A
F 16
147 Aug
6709 Smith T
E 24
47 Aug
6361 Smith Thos
C 21
Sept
9499 Smith T R 2E
21
99 Mar
139 Smith Wm
H 24
April
325 Smith Wm Art 3K
2
104 April
532 Smith Wm
A 14
106 April
812 Smith Wm
B 30
Sept
7550 Smith Wm 2L
2
76 Oct
10164 Smith Wm
K 1
Jan
12394 Smith H 7C 65
5
111 July
3708 Snedegar A J 64
D 21
25 Aug
7173 Snyder A
E 29
4448 Snyder B 2B Aug
1
Sept
10076 Snyder Wm Drag 1E
30
52 May
1319 Sombeck Geo
I 23
Aug
5169 Somers John 2E
9
132 July
2773 Sopher James
F 2
102 June
2403 Sopher S
K 24
47 July
4352 Sotter J M
C 31
July
3534 Southard H Cav 5C
18
Oct
10526 Southard N 2H
8
18 Oct
11346 Southard W A
I 23
69 July
2877 Souther Henry
K 4
22 Sept
8124 Southworth R Cav
E 8
Oct
10488 Skall S Art 7L
7
66 Nov
12029 Skeeley T
H 15
16 Sept
9954 Spark G, S’t Art
C 28
10 Aug
6975 Sparks E
B 27
5421 Spaulding H Cav 1F Aug
 12
66 Aug
5567 Spellman John
B 13
93 Feb
12712 Spencer A 65
D 28
51 Oct
10989 Sperry A 64
F 16
147 July
3532 Span Jas
H 18
14 Aug
5982 Spanbury S Art
C 17
10 Aug
5821 Sprague E H Bat
- 16
85 July
3593 Sprague J
I 19
24 Oct
10730 Sprig Jas A Cav
E 11
146 Aug
4877 Sprink A
F 6
15 Sept
9035 Struts Jno
A 17
99 May
889 Stacey Jno
I 4
39 Aug
4574 Stadler J, S’t
A 2
106 Sept
10078 Stancliff A B
H 30
22 June
2570 Stanton H H 64
E 27
100 Aug
5187 Stark J D, Cor
A 9
146 Nov
11740 Starkweather L
E 2
12650 Star C 15 Feb 65
D 13
Aug
7381 Stanton L H Art 7K 64
31
121 June
2520 Stark J H
A 26
85 June
1698 Stanley J C, Cor
C 7
16 Oct
10290 St Dennis L
F 4
Sept
9903 Stewart Peter 5B
27
120 Sept
7636 Stevens E
C 2
132 Mar
95 Stevenson Wm
G 22
15 July
3782 Sternhoff A Art
C 22
100 Aug
4678 Stevens Jno S
F 4
Aug
5530 Steiner C Art 7M
13
99 Aug
7028 Stevens Wm
I 27
115 June
2546 Stead J
F 27
85 Aug
6531 Stebins C
C 23
10 July
3872 Stevenson W
F 24
15 Aug
6443 Stead J
D 22
2034 Stewart Jno 89 June
 - 15
85 June
1863 Stebbins H
B 12
22 Aug
6049 Stelrocht D Cav
C 18
169 Oct
10149 Stickler E
A 1
111 Nov
11755 Stivers R
F 2
132 Aug
7075 Still D
D 28
Aug
6102 Stump W 6K
18
164 July
4193 Still Jas
E 29
July
4385 Stillwell S Art 2E
31
May
915 Stone Jno, Mus Cav 5C
16
111 Oct
11043 Stoddard J
F 17
24 Aug
6722 Stone L
E 24
15 June
2053 Stoup J
A 16
July
3415 Strue G A Art 1B
16
51 July
3997 Storing A
B 26
Sept
8520 Strain A W Cav 2 I
12
76 July
3905 Streeter F
F 24
4665 Storms A N Art 7 I Aug
4
178 Aug
4798 Strale J
B 5
85 Aug
5342 Strater Geo
K 11
140 Aug
6988 Stratton J H
H 27
42 Nov
11967 Strip W, Cor
E 11
127 Mar
116 Streight Lewis
A 23
125 June
2401 Stratten Chas
K 24
Sept
7845 Sturdevant G Cav 5 I
4
39 Aug
5994 Stutzman P
D 17
60 Aug
6102 Stump W
K 18
Nov
11832 Styler G W Art 7 I
5
Sept
9953 Sughem I HA -B
28
69 April
640 Sullivan Ed
A 20
69 Aug
6048 Sullivan M
K 18
99 May
1492 Sullivan Pat, Cor
H 31
155 Sept
7728 Sullivan P C, Cor
E 3
5440 Susear Fred 39 Aug
 I 12
15 Oct
10661 Sutliff E, Cor Cav
M 11
Feb
1 Swarner J H Cav 2H
27
July
4005 Swarner J, Bu. Cav 2H
26
Aug
6466 Swartz M Cav 2M
22
103 Dec
12267 Swager G
F 12
155 June
2322 Sweeney Jas
I 22
122 Aug
5835 Sweeney M
C 16
93 July
3527 Sweet E
F 18
July
2921 Sweet L Art 4M
5
140 Aug
4960 Sylurs S
E 7
Mar
12765 Swancent J 2A 65
13
76 Oct
10559 Stratton E 64
E 10
June
1934 Taylor A Cav 2F
14
115 Aug
4867 Taylor C
F 6
154 April
551 Taylor Chas B 64
- 14
149 Oct
11321 Taylor D
D 22
2742 Taylor R H 125 July
F 1
10 April
493 Taylor Thos B Cav
E 11
147 Sept
9993 Taylor L B, Cor
K 29
12 Dec
12290 Taylor W Cav
A 15
42 Jan
12480 Taylor W 65
B 17
Oct
10370 Taylor W H Art 7C 64
5
Oct
10738 Taylor W H Cav 7C
11
22 Oct
10157 Taylor Wm Cav
C 1
Sept
8961 Taylor W W, S’t 2 I
16
Sept
8988 Tarvis G W Drag 1K
17
115 Sept
9480 Tare W
D 21
16 July
3681 Tambrick A Cav
A 21
July
3976 Tanner M 1E
25
15 July
4326 Tanschivit Ed Art
E 30
59 Aug
7019 Tell Wm
C 27
Sept
9143 Thompson A 9D
18
133 Terry Aaron, S’t 12 Mar
 K 24
14 Sept
9064 Teneyck M Art
E 17
99 Aug
4909 Tewey J
H 6
85 Aug
6445 Terwilliger D R
D 22
Oct
10352 Thomas J Cav 2D
5
88 July
3598 Thomas H
D 19
July
3711 Thomas W, S’t 3H
21
85 Aug
4619 Thomas J
G 3
1 Oct
10361 Thearer J Bat
- 5
85 Sept
8161 Thompson C W
K 8
39 Aug
4781 Thompson J
H 5
6 Aug
5510 Thompkins Ira Art
- 13
10 Aug
5524 Thompson P
E 13
146 Aug
6730 Thompson N B
A 24
104 Aug
5784 Thompson J
G 15
12 June
2613 Thompson T Cav
F 28
Thompson 142 April
320
Daniel E 2
3538 Thresh G Cav 5K July
18
85 Aug
5147 Thurston N E
C 9
14 Oct
11235 Thornton J Art
L 21
82 Aug
6309 Thorpe W C
I 20
85 July
4393 Thurston G W
E 31
70 April
12843 Thayer G 65
E 22
39 April
679 Thierbach P M 64
D 22
24 Oct
11230 Tilton H Art
- 20
51 Sept
8283 Tillitson N P
A 9
Sept
8849 Timerson Wm Art 2 I
15
85 June
2680 Timmish ——
C 30
79 April
659 Tiner David
E 21
111 Oct
10422 Townsend W
B 6
22 Sept
8068 Townsend L Cav
G 7
52 July
3883 Townsend Jno
A 24
Townsend Geo 111 April
535
M F 14
9050 Thornson E 22 Sept
 - 17
100 Aug
4774 Toney L
D 5
164 Oct
10727 Tolal Pat
K 11
Aug
5833 Towner L Cav 5G
16
120 Aug
6047 Tobias A
G 18
85 June
2112 Toomey J F, Cor
I 17
99 Jan
12465 Tourney P 65
B 16
Feb
12636 Tocdt H 1K
10
22 Feb
12708 Tomlinson W F
G 28
77 July
3193 Tripp Ira, S’t 64
B 12
Oct
10442 Tripp O S Art 3K
7
Sept
9507 Truman A M Art 2D
22
Sept
7629 Trueman R Art 7G
2
76 Sept
8544 Tremor M
F 12
22 Aug
7317 Trumpp E Cav
F 30
115 July
3882 Trumbull H
I 24
Aug
7187 Travis T Cav 8G 64
29
4052 Truesdale W J 85 July
H 27
140 July
3425 Trompter F, S’t
B 16
99 Mar
100 Tracey Pat
I 22
April
707 Turner Wm, Cor Cav 5G
24
49 Sept
7970 Turner Jno
A 5
22 Oct
11376 Turner J Cav
M 24
16 June
1688 Turner Thos Cav
B 6
85 June
2120 Turner J B
C 17
22 Oct
10535 Tuthill C Cav
G 8
Sept
9687 Tuthill S D Art 2M
24
29 Oct
10604 Tuft E
C 10
15 Sept
7915 Turden E S Cav
D 5
Aug
7421 Turton W F Art 2 I
31
85 July
3796 Tubbs W H
D 22
154 July
3084 Tupple H, S’t
H 9
120 July
3129 Tucker L
D 10
2893 Tuttle W 48 July
 K 4
22 Oct
10494 Tyrrell J Cav
A 8
15 July
4217 Uncer Jas
H 29
14 April
416 Uber Chas, S’t
A 7
Jan
12401 Udell J Art 7H 65
5
15 Oct
10887 Ulmer H Art 64
K 14
77 June
2317 Underburg L W
G 22
47 Mar
254 Underhill H
E 30
62 May
1495 Underwriter A
F 21
106 May
1091 Van Clarke Wm
D 14
Sept
9087 Van Allen C 7E
18
May
1025 Van Buren J W Art 3K
11
April
664 Van Buren H Art 3K
21
Sept
10071 Van Bethysen H Art 7 I
30
71 Jan
12539 Van Bramin T 65
K 27
132 June
1511 Van Derbreck A 64
B 3
24 July
3463 Van Dugen —— C
M 17
6560 Van Hosen C 95 Aug
A 23
12 Oct
10656 Van Housen B Bat
- 11
124 July
3371 Van Haughton J
C 15
104 May
1418 Vanderbrogart W
F 27
Sept
8957 Vanarsdale P 1G
16
152 Sept
8782 Vanalstine H
A 14
Sept
8806 Vanclack F 5D
15
85 Sept
7564 Vanvelzer J M
I 2
15 Sept
7635 Vanburen J Cav
B 2
59 Oct
11446 Vanscott L
C 25
Oct
11596 Vanarnum J Cav 8E
28
Aug
7054 Vanwagner C Art 2F
28
Aug
7244 Vanesse M Cav 2K
29
Aug
7252 Vanzart Wm Art 7E
30
169 Aug
6472 Varney C
E 22
Aug
6634 Vanalstine C Art 7C
23
3333 Vanest J H Art 14 July
 B 15
120 Mch
83 Vanvelsen J
A 21
June
2089 Vaughan W H Cav 8K
17
85 May
937 Vespers Jas W
D 9
52 Sept
7506 Van Osten C
H 1
Aug
5661 Vencot L Cav 2H
14
July
4196 Veil Wm Art 6F
29
June
1539 Vernon S Cav 2M
1
178 Sept
7846 Vincent R
I 4
July
2782 Vincent Richard 1K
2
14 July
2879 Vinsant G M Art
I 4
178 July
2715 Vish O
E 1
22 Aug
6525 Vibbard Geo Cav
E 22
15 Sept
10023 Voerling H Art
C 29
10 Aug
4623 Vogle Anton
C 3
Aug
5503 Voorhies A H Cav 1H
13
85 Oct
11507 Voorhies E R
C 26